SOVIET VOROSHILOV ACADEMY LECTURES
FRONT OPERATIONS

I. Content of Radio Electronic Warfare

Radioelectronic warfare is an organized system of measures and actions interconnected with each other in terms of aim, time and space to detect and jam the command and control systems of the enemy troops and weapons, while attacking and destroying such systems with firepower, and also to provide electronic protection for friendly systems and means, in support of the combat operations of air, ground and naval forces. The content of radioelectronic warfare and its components are as follows:
------ Electronic jamming;
----- - Electronic protection;
----- - Direct electronic reconnaissance.

The Aim, Elements, Forms and Means of Radioelectronic Jamming:

Electronic jamming in the operations and combat actions of the armed forces is organized and conducted to destroy or impede the enemy's ability to command and control his troops and weapons at the most important levels, on main axes, and during the accomplishment of the most vital missions by friendly forces.

Electronic jamming includes the following:
----- - Radioelectronic jamming;
----- - Quantum electronic jamming;
----- - Hydroacoustic jamming.


The basic forms of electronic jamming are as follows:
----- - Jamming of enemy electronic means by interference;
----- - Use of dummy and false targets to mislead enemy rockets, aerial bombs and other weapons which have homing electronic guidance systems for use against air and ground targets;
----- - Use of laser and infrared radar reflectors to protect friendly forces and targets aimed at by enemy weapons equipped with electronic guidance systems;
----- - Use of special rockets which are automatically guided against enemy active electronic means.


Specific information about each method of electronic jamming is as follows:


Radioelectronic jamming;
----- - Conducted by ground jamming systems and by permanent, stationary, and mobile stations;
----- - Conducted also by jamming systems mounted on aircraft and ships;
----- - Conducted by jamming transmitters dropped from aircraft by parachute.  Such means contain explosives and are designed for a single jamming operation;
----- - By passive jamming (angular reflectors);
----- - By ionized radiation of high nuclear airbursts (meaning that, in a high nuclear airburst, the ionizaton of the air significantly increases and interferes with radio communications);
----- - By projection of dummy rockets, rounds and flares to misguide the weapons equipped with homing electronic guidance. 


Quantum-Electronic Jamming:

This is conducted by: 
----- - Rockets, artillery shells, rounds, plasma and infrared rays jamming;
----- - Laser jamming transmitters:  In this method a strong wave is transmitted by a laser transmitting station to the enemy radar which temporarily blinds the enemy radar observer;
----- - By aerosol, laser, and infrared ray reflectors.


Hydroacoustic jamming is conducted by: 
----- - Moving simulators and self-propelled devices designed to deceive the enemy about the location of submarines, and thus jamming enemy sonar detection means;
----- - Simulating the movement of submarines to mislead the enemy.


Electronic Protection:


Electronic protection is organized to ensure firm and reliable operations of the electronic command and control system of the troops and friendly weapons and means; to foil enemy actions to detect friendly forces and enemy attempts to jam friendly electronic control systems. Electronic protection is the protection of electronic systems and means used in command and control of the troops and weapons against the following enemy actions:  ----- - Against electronic jamming;
----- - Against enemy weapons equipped with homing electronic guidance systems;
----- - Against ionized and electromagnetic rays of nuclear bursts;
----- - Against enemy electronic reconnaissance;
----- - Against mutual interference (electromagnetic coordination).


Electronic protection is one of the measures taken to ensure reliable command and control of the troops and weapons systems. Generally speaking, the firmness and reliability of command and controlis ensured by a series of organized engineering measures, such as the establishment of an expanded network of stationary command posts, mobile command posts, other command posts established on board aircraft and ships that supplement established command posts with required facilities, and their proper deployment and proper relocation during the conduct of operations and combat.  Moreover, organization of an expanded signal communications system, provision of electronic protection of command and control systems means, and enhancement of their protection against the enemy's jamming ensures the reliability of command and control. Despite this, the firmness of command and control is achieved through the execution of the following operational and tactical actions: 
----- - Detection and destruction of enemy electronic warfare systems and means;
----- - Proper deployment and disposition of electronic systems and means within troop units in a manner that enhances their protection against jamming;
----- - Ensure effective use of friendly weapons in case of enemy jamming actions;
----- - Avoid mutual interference when a large number of electronic means are active at the same time.


NOTES:  The laser was initially used to measure distance, and now it is used also in missile warheads for guidance purposes.  Hydroacoustic is the method of producing noises in the water to cover the noises of submarines and surface ships and to make it impossible for the enemy to detect and locate friendly ships by sonar electronic means.  Laser reflectors are used against laser range finders; infrared reflectors are used against night vision devices; aerosol reflectors are used against laser devices, television, night vision means and others. 

II. The Role and Objectives of Radioelectronic Warfare in the Front Offensive Operation

Radioelectronic warfare is a form of operational support conducted in support of offensive operations. This means that it is conducted in close coordination with the missions of the troops in the operation and in support of the accomplishment of these missions.

In Front offensive operations, radioelectronic warfare is composed of the basic components of such types of warfare, i.e., electronic jamming, electronic protection and direct electronic reconnaissance.  The specific objectives and tasks of radioelectronic warfare are determined by the aim and missions of the operation itself, as well as by the electronic situation in the Front's area of attack.

The objective of radioelectronic warfare in Front offensive operations can include the following: 
----- - Disruption of the command and control system of the enemy's main grouping of forces on important axes by radio jamming;
----- - Decrease the effectiveness of enemy nuclear and conventional attacks that use electronic guidance means;
----- - Secure reliable command and control of the Front's troops under conditions of enemy electronic jamming through coordinated action of Front radio- electronic means within the Front's attacking elements;
----- - Impede enemy electronic reconnaissance and decrease its effectiveness.

The achievement of the aforementioned objective is ensured by accomplishing a number of special tasks in each component of radioelectronic warfare coordinated with the actions of troops in the operation, as well as with the measures taken by the Front to destroy enemy command posts and important electronic targets incorporated in the enemy command and control and weapons systems. Radioelectronic special tasks are also coordinated with rocket and air forces strikes, with the actions of airborne/seaborne assault landings, with the actions of special purpose (SPETZNAZ) reconnaissance groups, and also with operational concealment arrangements. 

Targets for Front REW systems:

The targets of Front radioelectronic warfare are the enemy systems and means used in command and control of his troops, the electronic means associated with weapons systems, the means employed to conduct radioelectronic reconnaissance, and also enemy radioelectronic jamming means. 

In the European theater of strategic military action, the enemy will employ 40,000 - 60,000 or more radioelectronic means across the entire attacking zone of a Front.  The major part of such means will be integrated into the systems assigned for command and control of the ground forces, tactical aircraft, air defense troops and means, and also for conducting radioelectronic warfare. Within the enemy's ground forces, the command and control of operational formations, large units and units, and also the coordination among them, is ensured by wire, radio and radio-relay communications links. 


Targets during operations with Nuclear weapons:

In operations conducted with the employment of nuclear weapons, the targets of Front radioelectronic warfare troops will be the radio and radio-relay stations incorporated into the command and control system of enemy groups of armies, field armies, army corps, groups of enemy army security services and its radioelectronic warfare troops.


Targets during operations without use of Nuclear weapons:

In operations conducted without the employment of nuclear weapons, the targets of radioelectronic warfare are radio and radio- relay communications means incorporated into the tactical command and control system of enemy first-echelon ground forces. 

In the area of an American division, the following numbers of radio communications nets may be deployed:  up to ten shortwave radio nets; up to 26 radio-relay nets; and up to 400 VHF radio nets.  In the area of a group of armies the following numbers:  580 shortwave radio nets; and up to 3,500 VHF radio nets. The total number of important radio and radio-relay communications links in the command and control system of enemy operational formations and large units, within the area of the Front's attack, in the Western theater of operations is shown below. 

III. Assessment of NATO Radioelectronic Systems


The Number of Important Communications Links In the Command and Control System of NATO Forces:


Group of Armies:
----- - In one unit of measurement:  ten to twelve shortwave radio links and ten to twelve radio-relay links, including one shortwave radio link for nuclear forces and nine to eleven shortwave radio and ten to twelve radio relay links for first-echelon forces. 
----- - In the entire zone of the Front's attack:
----- - Number of units of measurement:  1;
----- - Number of shortwave radio links: l0 - l2;
----- - Number of radio-relay links: l0 - l2;

These figures include one shortwave radio link for nuclear forces and the rest of the shortwave radio-relay for first-echelon forces.
----- - On the axis of the main attack: 
----- - Number of units of measurement:  l;
----- - Number of short wave radio links: l0- l2;
----- - Number of radio-relay links: l0 - l2;

These figures include one shortwave radio link for nuclear forces and the rest of the shortwave radio-relay for first-echelon forces. 

The total number of important communications links in the command and control systems of the enemy group of armies, first-echelon corps, first echelon divisions and operational-tactical air and air defense command.  ----- - In the entire zone of the Front's attack:
----- - Number of shortwave radio links: 224 - 296;
----- - Number of VHF radio links: 257- 308;
----- - Number of radio-relay links: ll7 - l65;
----- - On the axis of the main attack: 
----- - Number of shortwave radio links: ll7 - l5l;
----- - Number of VHF radio links: l33 - l56;
----- - Number of radio-relay links: 79 - 89;


Enemy tactical aircraft

In enemy tactical aircraft, electronic means are employed in the following systems:  Command communications systems, guidance and control system, reconnaissance system, mutual identification system and jamming system. The targets of radioelectronic warfare in the above-mentioned systems are the following:  Radio nets, reconnaissance and warning system, the VHF radio communications designated to command and control the aircraft in the air and to guide them against air and ground targets, guidance and bombardment systems of the radios mounted on the aircraft bodies, LORAN-D type guidance system, electronic reconnaissance means to detect ground targets and radioelectronic jamming means. 


Enemy air defense

In the enemy air defense system, the important targets of radioelectronic warfare are:  Reconnaissance radars, the target indication system, the fighter aircraft guidance system, VHF radio-links incorporated into the guidance system of fighter aircraft, radio and radio-relay communications of air defense elements, guidance radars of surface-to-air missiles and antiaircraft guns, homing guidance of SAM warheads, and radars mounted in the bodies of fighter aircraft.


Enemy electronic warfare systems

In the system of electronic warfare of opposing enemy units, the targets of the Front radioelectronic warfare are the following:  Electronic reconnaissance means, jamming devices, the means of transmitting false information, the command and control system of electronic reconniassance units and subunits, and also enemy radioelectronic jamming means. 


The effect required to interrupt enemy command and control

Analysis and experience in field exercises suggest that, to interrupt the command and control of enemy troops and weapons during the offensive operation of the Front in the Western theater of strategic military action, the accomplishment of approximately the following amount of work is required: 
----- - Elimination of 20 - 25 signal communications centers by means of destruction, and jamming of up to l50 shortwave radio links and up to l00 radio-relay and atmosphere links by radioelectronic jamming means;
----- - Cover and protect the Front's 50 - 60 installations against enemy radioelectronic reconnaissance and enemy direct bombardment, while complicating the use of on-board radars of enemy tactical aircraft;
----- - Interfere with enemy operation of 30 - 50 command posts, warning posts, tactical aircraft and air defense control and guidance centers; and jam the radars of 40- 60 HAWK and NIKE HERCULES surface-to-air missile batteries;

IV. Front Radioelectronic Warfare Troops and Material and Their Capabilities

The Front radioelectronic warfare troops and means include:  special purpose radio and radioelectronic units and subunits, electronic systems designated to jam combat aircraft, jamming stations of a single-type action, passive jamming devices of the engineer troops, special rockets (drones) automatically guided against enemy active radars, and electronic reconnaissance units (subunits). 

To conduct jamming operations, the following units will be organic to the Front in the offensive operation: 
----- - One to two special purpose radio battalions operating at Front level; (RADB SPETZNAZ F)
----- - One special purpose radiotechnical (radioelectronic radar) battalion operating at Front level; (RTB SPETZNAZ F)
----- - Frontal helicopter radio squadron;  (VERT RAD ESK SPETZNAZ)
----- - Three to five special purpose radio battalions operating at army level (the number of such battalions is determined by the number of armies organic to the Front); (RAD SPETZNAZ A)
----- - Three to five special purpose radiotechnical (radioelectronic) battalions operating at the army level (their number depends on the number armies in the Front); (RTB SPETZNAZ A)
----- - Three to five special purpose helicopter radio squadrons operating at army level (one squadron in each army);


The Front air army has one special purpose air forces radio regiment and one special purpose radiotechnical squadron.  Moreover, there is one radio jamming squadron organic to each bomber and reconnaissance regiment of the Front air army.


The aforementioned units are to accomplish the following tasks:
----- - The special purpose radio battalions of "Front" version (RADB SPETZNAZ F) are employed to interrupt the command and control systems of the enemy operating by radio communication at the operational - tactical level. This task is conducted by jamming enemy's short wave radio communications.
----- - The special purpose radio battalions of "Army" version (RADB SPETZNAZ A) are employed to interrupt the command and control of the enemy ground forces at the tactical level through jamming the enemy's shortwave and VHF radio communications operating in the enemy's divisions and brigades.
----- - The special purpose helicopter radio squadrons are employed to interrupt the enemy's command and control at the operational - tactical and tactical levels through jamming the enemy's radio relay and troposphere communications links.
----- - The special purpose airforce (aviation) radio regiments and squadrons are employed to cover the frontal aircraft (Front and army aircraft) against the enemy's air defense.
----- - Front and army special purpose radiotechnical battalions are intended to cover and protect the main groupings of the troops and rear service installations against enemy electronic reconnaissance and their direct bombardment through the use of guidance radioelectronic means mounted on the enemy aircraft bodies the battalions are also intended to jam enemy VHF radio communications used to control aircraft in air.
----- - Front air army special purpose radiotechnical squadrons are to interrupt by radioelectronic means the radio guidance and control of enemy aircraft which are attacking Front aircraft and ground targets.  The squadrons are to cover and protect the main airfields against enemy reconnaissance and direct bombardment conducted by the use of guidance radioelectronic means on-board enemy aircraft. 

The Number and Types of Jamming Means and the Capabilities of the Front's Special Purpose Radio Units:

Front Special Purpose Radio Battalion:
----- - Number in Front:l - 2;
----- - Organic jamming sets:
----- * Type: R-325M;
----- * Number in one unit: l8;
----- * Total number in Front: l8 - 36;
----- * Range of operation in kilometers: l00 - l,500;
----- - The combat capabilities of one unit (having a 0.9 combat readiness coefficient) are that it can simultaneously jam the main shortwave radio communication links of the command and control system of one group of armies, one OTAC (operationaltactical air command) and two national tactical air commands or it can jam the main shortwave radio communications links of command and control system of two army corps and one national tactical air command.


  Front Special Purpose Helicopter Radio Squadron:
----- - Number in Front:  l;
----- - Organic jamming sets: 
----- * Type:  R-949;
----- * Number in one unit:  9;
----- * Total number in Front: 9;
----- * Range of operation in kilometers: l70 - 200;
----- - The combat capabilities of one unit (having a 0.9 combat readiness coefficient) are that it can simultaneously jam the important radio-relay communciations links of two army corps and of two national tactical aircraft commands.


Army Special Purpose Radio Battalion
----- - Number in Front:  3 - 5
----- - Organic jamming sets: 
----- * Type:  R-378, R-330A and R-405;
----- * Number in one unit:
----- R-378 - l2;
----- R-330A - l2;
----- R-405 - 6;
----- * Total number inFront:
----- R-378 - 60;
----- R-330A - 60;
----- R-405 - 30;
----- * Range of operation: 
----- R-378: 50 - 700 km;
----- R-330A: 25 - ll0 km;
----- R-405: 40 - l20 km;
----- - Combat capabilities of one unit (having a 0.9 combat readiness coefficient) are that it can simultaneously jam important radio-relay, shortwave and VHF radio links of one or two divisions across a 60 km Front. 

  Army Special Purpose Helicopter Radio Squadron: 
----- - Number in Front:  3 - 5;
----- - Organic jamming sets: 
----- * Type:  R-949;
----- * Number in one unit:  9;
----- * Total number in Front: 27 - 45;
----- * Range of operation in kilometers: l70 - 200.
----- - Combat capabilities of one unit (having a 0.9 combat readiness coefficient) are that it can simultaneously jam the main radio-relay communications links of two to three divisions for a period of two to three hours, two to three times in 24 hours. 

Number and Types of Jamming Means and the Capabilities of Front's Special-Purpose Radiotechnical Units


  Front Special Purpose Radiotechnical Battalion: 
----- - Number in Front:  1;
----- - Organic jamming sets: 
----- * Type:  SPB-7, SPO-8, SPO-l0, R-834P and R-388;
----- * Number in one unit: 
----- SPB-7 - 9;
----- SPO-8 - 6;
----- SPO-l0 - l2;
----- R-843P - 6;
----- R-388 - 2;
----- * Total number in Front: same as above
----- * Range of operation: 
----- SPB-7: l20 km;
----- SPO-8: l30- l50 km;
----- SPO-l0: 200 km;
----- R-834P: 50- l50 km;
----- R-388: 60 - 300 km;
----- - Combat capabilities of one unit are that it can cover and protect the positions of two Front SAM brigades, Front command post area, and assembly areas of two divisions against enemy direct bombardment by aircraft using weapons with electronic guidance means onboard its aircraft and radar homing guidance. 


  Army Special Purpose Radiotechnical Battalion: 
----- - Number in Front:  3-5; (depending on the number of organic armies)
----- - Organic jamming sets: 
----- * Type: SPB-7, SPO-8, SPO-l0, R-834P and R-388;
----- * Numbers in one unit: 
----- SPB-7 - 9;
----- SPO-8 - 6;
----- SPO-l0:  12;
----- R-834P:  6;
----- R-388:  2;
----- * Total number in Front:
----- SPB-7 - 27 - 45;
----- SPO-8 - l8 - 30;
----- SPO-l0: 36 - 60;
----- R-834P: l8 - 30;
----- R-388:  6 - l0;
----- * Range of operation:
----- SPB-7 - l20 km;
----- SPO-8- l30 - l50 km;
----- SPO-l0: 200 km;
----- R-834P: 50 - l50 km;
----- R-388: 60 - 300 km;
----- - Combat capabilities of one unit are that it can cover and protect the main grouping of the army against enemy direct bombardment using guidance electronic means on board its aircraft and radar homing guidance. 


Front Air Army Special Purpose Radiotechnical Air Squadron:
----- - Number in Front:  l;
----- - Organic jamming sets: 
----- * Type: SPB-7,SPO-8,SPO-l0,andR-834P;
----- * Numbers in one unit: 
----- SPB-7 - 4;
----- SPO-8 - 4;
----- SPO-l0:  9;
----- R-834P:  24;
----- * Total number in Front:  same as above (same as in l unit);
----- * Range of operation: 
----- SPB-7 - l20 km;
----- SPO-8- l30- l50 km;
----- SPO-l0: 200 km;
----- R-834P: 50 - l50 km;
----- - Combat capabilities of one unit:  It can simultaneously jam 24-48 VHF radio communications links used to guide enemy aircraft against air and ground targets across a 200 km front.  It can also cover and protect two to four airfields against enemy air radar and their direct bombardment from enemy aircraft using electronic guidance means on board its aircraft, and it can also simulate four to nine airfields.

Front Special Purpose Radio Unit Capabilities


As illustrated above, the Front's special purpose radio units with a 0.9 combat readiness coefficient can jam simultaneously the important radio and radio-relay communications links of two enemy army corps and one national tactical air command, or those of one army group, one OTAC and two national tactical air commands. By employing army special purpose radio units, radio communications link of six to ten enemy divisions can be jammed simultaneously.

Front and army special purpose radiotechnical units cover the Front's and armies' SAM brigade positions and the main body of Front's and armies' forces against enemy reconnaissance and direct bombardment using an electronic guidance system mounted on the aircraft. They also divert enemy aircraft at very low altitudes from their basic course, and they prevent attack against ground targets by enemy aircraft using electronic guidance systems with VHF radio communications links. 

V. Principle Measures for the Organization of Radioelectronic Warfare


General


In Front offensive operations, radioelectronic warfare is organized by the Front staff on the basis of the decision of the Front commander and the instructions of the armed forces general staff on radioelectronic warfare. Before the Front commander makes his decision the Front staff estimates the electronic situation, determines the number of command posts and important electronic targets in the enemy command and control system of troops and weapons to be destroyed, and proposes suggestions to the Front chief of staff on the organization of radioelectronic warfare. In the process of making operational decisions the Front commander specifies the forms for interrupting the enemy command and control system and the measures to protect the reliability of friendly forces' command and control.

The chief of staff issues instructions on radioelectronic warfare on the basis of the commander's decision, and with close consideration for the suggestions made by the chief of operations, the chief of reconnaissance, the chief of radioelectronic warfare and the chiefs of other arms and services.  In such instructions the chief of staff specifies the aim, the general concept of radio- electronic warfare, and the principal targets in the enemy electronic system to be destroyed by fire.

He also assigns the following missions to the chiefs of combat and combat support arms and services, and also to organic and attached operational formations, large units and units: the component elements of radioelectronic warfare, including electronic reconnaissance, electronic jamming, electronic protection and the distribution of electronic means and supplies.  All measures to be taken in this connection are coordinated with each other.

Following the announcement of the Front commander's decision and the instructions of the chief of staff on the organization of radioelectronic warfare, the Front staff plans radioelectronic warfare, establishes the required grouping of troops and means to conduct electronic jamming, organizes the preparation of such groups to execute the assigned missions, issues missions for radioelectronic warfare to the troops, organizes control over the execution of the assigned mission and also organizes the command and control and coordination among the troops and means employed to conduct radioelectronic warfare.

VI. The content and method for conducting the principal measures for the organization of radioelectronic warfare.


Estimate of the Electronic Situation:

The estimate and assessment of the electronic situation, as a element in the estimate of the general situation, is made by the Front staff and all chiefs of combat and combat support arms and services who are involved in the employment of electronic means. The assessment is made in close consideration of the forms of conduct of the offensive operation with or without the employment of nuclear weapons, and in accordance with the operational situation and the direction of the troops' operation.  The estimate of the electronic situation considers enemy electronic systems and means used in command and control of its troops and weapons in the Front's attack area, enemy radioelectronic warfare means, friendly electronic systems and means, Front electronic jamming troops and means, terrain conditions and the transmission of radio waves. 

Analysis and assessment of enemy electronic systems and means used in command and control of its troops and weapons are made jointly by the chief of radioelectronic warfare and chief of reconnaissance.  They determine the most important and dangerous elements of the enemy's electronic systems in order that they will be jammed during the operation by electronic jamming devices in coordination with friendly means of destruction that are to be employed to destroy enemy electronic systems and means by firepower.  They consecutively analyze and evaluate available information on each enemy command and control system with their different elements and at different levels of command from army group and OTAC down to and including battalions.

Depending on the conditions of preparation for the operation, during the planning of the operation of friendly forces, the enemy may not have succeeded in the deployment of its forces and their field command and control system. Therefore, during the assessment and estimate of the electronic situation and electronic systems used in command and control of the enemy nuclear force, army, air and air defense forces, the most likely grouping (configuration) of enemy electronic troops and means is taken into consideration.

For each enemy electronic system, the mission, significance, composition, deployment, capabilities, and likely routine of operation are analyzed and evaluated.  Their strong and weak points and aspects, as well their most dangerous elements, are determined and, finally detailed calculations concerning the jamming of likely electronic targets at each echelon and in each system are worked out.


Conclusion

In the conclusion of the estimate of the electronic situation relevant deductions about capabilities, methods, forms and the duration of destroying the operation of enemy systems in the course of offensive operations, with or without employment of nuclear weapons, are made and accordingly, the required number and type of troops and means are specified for the conduct of electronic jamming.

In respect to each enemy electronic system, the chief of the Front radio-electronic warfare assesses, on the basis of detailed calculations, the capabilities of special purpose units in jamming enemy systems on the axis of the main attack and on supporting attack directions, in connection with the mission of the troops in the operation. (The detailed listing of enemy and friendly electronic and REW forces is given above.)

On the basis of the assessment of the enemy electronic system the chief of Front radioelectronic warfare, jointly with the Front's operation department, specifies the number of command posts and electronic targets to be jammed and to be destroyed in the enemy command and control system during the offensive operation, with or without the employment of nuclear weapons.

All chiefs of combat and combat support arms and services at Front's headquarters, who are utilizing electronic means in their own operations, including the chief of radioelectronic warfare, make a special estimate of the electronic situation in support of electronic protection of the system and means used in their respective arms and services.  In the process of system assessment, they consider the detected or likely grouping of enemy electronic reconnaissance and electronic jamming troops and means and, consequently, they determine the enemy capability to detect and jam the operation and also destroy the electronic systems employed in their respective arms and services by electronic jamming and by rockets equipped with electronic homing guidance.  They also assess the impact of enemy actions to transmit false information. Their estimate of the situation is made on the basis of detailed calculations in close consideration of the charactertistics and operational routine of their own electronic systems, as well as enemy electronic reconnaissance means and electronic jamming stations. 
The overall estimate of the electronic situation concerning the friendly forces should be made by the chief of the operations department on the basis of special assessments made by the chiefs of radioelectronic warfare, reconnaissance, signal, air defense, and artillery and rocket troops.

The conclusion deduced from the estimate of the electronic situation is reported to the Front commander before he makes the decision about the operation. Such deductions are also reflected in planning documents for radioelectronic warfare.


The content of such deductions can be as follows: 
----- - Likely impact on the electronic situation in case of the employment of nuclear weapons; likely impact of the actual conditions under which the offensive operation is conducted; measures taken by the Supreme Command and adjacent units for radioelectronic warfare. 
----- - Enemy electronic targets and command posts to be destroyed by destructive means or to be jammed by jamming means; the capabilities of the Front to interrupt the command and control of enemy troops and weapons by electronic jamming means. 
----- - Enemy capability to detect and interrupt the operation of the Front electronic system, likely axes of concentration of the efforts of enemy electronic reconnaissance means, as well as of its electronic jamming developed prior to the commencement of operations as well as during the conduct of the operation.
----- - Suggestions for the organization of radioelectronic warfare. 


Decision

In making the decision for the operation (combat action), the commander specifies:  on what axes, in which phases, at what levels, and by what forms and means, enemy command and control of the troops should be destroyed.  He also specifies the measures to ensure the reliability of friendly forces command and control of the troops.

On the basis of the commander's decision, and in close consideration of the suggestions made by the chiefs of operation, reconnaissance, and radioelectronic warfare, and the chiefs of the other arms and services, the Front chief of staff issues instructons on radioelectronic warfare which are documented in the form of combat instructions on radioelectronic warfare.  In such instructions the following points are specified. 
----- - The axes of concentration of the main efforts of radioelectronic warfare, the method and forms of its execution, the method covering and protecting the grouping of troops and targets against enemy electronic jamming operations;
----- - Targets and principal means in the electronic system of enemy command and control which are to be destroyed by fire power;
----- - Missions to chiefs of departments of arms and services, operational formations, large units and units on all component aspects of radioelectronic warfare including electronic reconnaissance, electronic jamming and electronic protection.

I. Planning Radioelectronic Warfare


On the modern battlefield, radioelectronic warfare is of a universal nature and is involved in the combat employment of all combat arms, combat support arms and services.  Therefore, radioelectronic warfare is an area of responsibility and interest of the Front commander, army and division commanders, combined arms and special arms staffs, and the chiefs of all arms and services.  It is by no means the responsibility and area of operations of the chief of radioelectronic warfare alone. Generally, the principal organizer of radioelectronic warfare is the staff of the combined arms formation (Front staff, army staff), primarily the chief of staff. 
The measures for radioelectronic warfare are planned in the framework of the operation.  It is reflected in the following documents: 
----- - In the reconnaissance plan and in the plans for the combat employment of special purpose units and special purpose reconnaissance units;
----- - In the plan for electronic jamming;
----- - In the plan for combat employment of artillery and rocket troops;
----- - In air defense, signal communications, engineer and chemical plans and in the operational concealment plan.

The following points concerning radioelectronic warfare are reflected in the plan of the operation: 
----- - Inflicting losses on enemy command posts and signal centers by nuclear attacks and fire strikes;
----- - Seizure of enemy command posts and signal centers;
----- - Destruction of enemy radioelectronic warfare means.

In the reconnaissance plan and the plans for combat employment of special-purpose units and special-purpose reconnaissance units, the following points are reflected: 
----- - Missions to acquire information about enemy electronic means and to provide combat arms and services as well as electronic jamming troops with reconnaissance information;
----- - The employment of special-purpose reconnaissance groups using different types of electronic jamming devices;
----- - Missions to protect electronic systems of reconnaissance organs and units;
----- - Missions of special-purpose reconnaissance groups on reconnaissance, destruction and seizure of enemy command posts and electronic means.

In the plan for electronic jamming worked out by the chief of radioelectronic warfare, the following points are reflected: 
----- - Mission to detect enemy electronic means, and on target indication for electronic jamming means;
----- - Missions of electronic jamming units to jam and interfere in the operation of electronic systems and means in the enemy command and control set-up;
----- - Protection of electronic means, as well as of special-purpose radio and radiotechnical units; measures to supply equipment and stores to electronic systems in case of enemy jamming operations.

The following points are reflected in the plan for combat employment of artillery and rocket troops: 
----- - Missions to deal with enemy electronic means;
----- - Employment of different types of electronic jamming means;
----- - Inflicting losses on enemy command posts, signal center electronic command and control means, enemy electronic warfare means and reconaissance means;
----- - Measures to protect artillery and rocket troops' electronic systems.

Moreover, measures concerning radioelectronic warfare are all reflected in air defense, signal, engineer support and chemical support plan as shown below: 

In the air defense plan:
----- - Missions to detect enemy radioelectronic means, as well as its electronic jamming devices used in support of the combat employment of enemy aircraft;
----- - Destruction of flying objects carrying jamming devices measures to protect air defense electronic means. 

In the signal plan:
----- - Measures to protect signal electronic means and system. 

In the engineer support plan:
----- - The use of radar, laser, and infrared reflectors. 

In the chemical support plan:
----- - The use of aerosols to jam enemy electronic means;
----- - In the engineer and chemical departments of Front headquarters, plans to protect command and control means are organized as well.


The Electronic Jamming Plan: 

The electronic jamming plan is usually worked out graphically on the map. It reflects the employment of electronic jamming units.  Moreover, written instructions are also attached to the plan. On the map, the following points are illustrated:
----- - Detected and likely units of enemy troops, their electronic means including radioelectronic men and material in the Front's attack zone;
----- - Enemy command posts and important electronic targets to be destroyed by Front and army troops and equipment in accordance with the decision of the Front commander;
----- - Some elements of the Front's operational formation; (organization for combat)
----- - The areas of deployment, missions and operating zones of the special-purpose radio and radio-technical unit; the time of conducting radio jamming and the method of their maneuver in the course of the operation;
----- - Deployment of special-purpose radio and radiotechnical unit's command posts in the starting area;
----- - Measures to be taken by engineer troops for concealment of the troops, the direction of movement of the troops, river crossings and rear services installations;


The following points are reflected in the graphic portion of the combat employment of electronic jamming units: 
----- - Missions of electronic jamming troops during the initial nuclear strike and during the accomplishment of important missions by Front troops or different days of the offensive operation:

To special-purpose radio units:
----- - Detecting and jamming enemy radio and radio-relay communications;

To special purpose radio technical units units:
----- - Protecting Front troops and targets against enemy radioelectronic warfare;
----- - The time of relocation of the positions of radioelectronic warfare units, time of reconnaissance and electronic jamming;
----- - Capabilities of electronic jamming units.

In the written part of the electronic jamming plan, those points are specified which can not be reflected on the map; such points are the following: 
----- - Deductions from the assessment of enemy electronic systems and means;
----- - Objective and concept of electronic jamming prior to the commencement of combat operations, during the launch of the Front's initial nuclear strike and the enemy nuclear counterstrike, during the initiation of the attack by Front troops and during the accomplishment of the immediate mission;
----- - Missions of Front special-purpose radio and radiotechnical units and adjacent special-purpose units cooperating with the Front, in accordance with the missions of the Front in the offensive operation;
----- - The main measures for electronic protection to be taken by special purpose radio and radiotechnical units;
----- - Reconnaissance missions to be conducted in support of electronic jamming.  Method of coordination between special-purpose radio and radiotechnical units and special-purpose reconnaissance troops;
----- - Organization of the command and control of electronic jamming personnel and equipment, and cooperation between them.

The number and content of the questions and points to be reflected in the electronic jamming plan may differ with specific conditions and the nature of the preparation and conduct of the offensive operation.  In the process of planning, the radioelectronic warfare department, in compliance with the instructions of the chief of staff, coordinates the content of the plan with the departments of operations, reconnaissance, signal and with chiefs of combat arms, with the staff of air army, with the staff of transport aircraft command, and with the staff of airborne assault troops. The plan is signed by the chief of staff and chief of radioelectronic warfare and approved by the Front commander.

The mission and specific measures for the destruction of enemy command posts and important electronic targets by the action of rocket troops, air forces, artillery, airborne and seaborne assault landing troops, and special purpose reconnaissance groups are generally illustrated in the plan of operation.  They are reflected in more detail in the plans for the combat employment of respective arms and troops. 

The missions of radioelectronic warfare are assigned to subordinate echelons by combat instructions prepared in compliance with the instructions of the chief of staff on the organization of radioelectronic warfare.