SOVIET FRUNZE ACADEMY LECTURES

The original material is a series of lecture notes taken by a student at the Soviet Frunze Academy during the 1960's. There are several thousand pages of handwritten notes and diagrams in several languages. The author switched between languages freely, sometimes interpolating notes to himself in one language on material presented in another. In some cases the material is in one language but transliterated into the other. Since the sounds of letters in one language cannot be made by a speaker of the other the author had to resort to substitution (ie using a "b" for a "p" or the reverse). Throughout the author has made extensive use of acronyms, abbreviations, and shorthand descriptions for military terms. Thus this product could only have been prepared by someone thoroughly familiar with the language and culture of both countries as well as extensively knowledgeable about Soviet military terminology and practice.

In approaching the task stated in the contract we have been mindful of the importance of extracting on a priority basis the most important or potentially useful information. Since the terms of the contract precluded considering extensive translation of the original documents, we have sought to focus on providing more thorough discussion of the content of selected portions. Elaboration on the basis of analysis of the text was necessary, since the original frequently is in the form of a student's abbreviated lecture notes without sufficient explanation for a reader to understand exactly what was meant.

The original material includes the whole range of topics typically included in lectures on the tactical employment of brigades and some material on divisions. However, we have not attempted to show this in our work. Rather, in accordance with the interests of the contract sponsors, we have focused on those text discussions that related to the use of norms and formulas for calculating combat requirements in terms of forces and means or of dimensions of objectives and similar matters. Even with this focus, it was not possible to extract all the possibly useful information within the time limits available under the contract.

The first step was to skim through the entire body of material and make a brief annotation of the sections containing material relevant to our purposes. This outline is provided at the front of this report in two forms. The material is listed in order of the numbering system used to identify the various notebooks or "chapters" of the original and it is listed again according to subject matter headings we have established for organizing it.

The second step was to select those sections that seemed most important for the sponsor's purposes. In this selection we were mindful by the sponsor's guidance that the product should relate to Chapter 5 of the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures in which we previously provided extensive information on Soviet combat norms and calculations. Thus we focused first on material not included in previous work. The third step was to extract as much as possible of this data and the fourth step was to reorganize it into a more coherent form with required explanation and discussion. The completed sections are in PART I of this report. In PART II are the sections for which we completed step three but not step four.

INTRODUCTION i

OUTLINE OF CONTENTS 1

1. BRIGADE (REGIMENT) COMMAND AND STAFF 10
----- Role and responsibilities of different sections of the staff 11
----- Timetable of assigning (conveying) missions to elements of combat formations of Bde (regt) during the conduct of the battle 12
----- Calculation of Time and Space for Brigade (Regiment) Counter-attack 13

2. COMPOSITION OF ARMY'S COMMAND AND STAFF 14

3. DISTRIBUTION OF DIVISION STAFF OFFICERS TO DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF CONTROL POINT 15

4. COMBAT DOCUMENTS 15
----- First group: Troop control documents 16
----- Second group: Accounting documents 16
----- Third group: Informational documents 16

5. DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY ARMY RECONNAISSANCE SECTION IN PEACE TIME AND THEIR BRIEF CONTENT 17
----- Map of enemy's grouping of nuclear weapons 17
----- Map of enemy's grouping of ground forces 17
----- Map of enemy's grouping of air and air defense forces 17
----- Map of the preparation of (showing work done to prepare) the territories of the TVD 18
----- Catalogue of enemy's covered targets 18

6. ARTILLERY 19
----- Calculation of the number of targets assigned to anti-tank reserve on the firing line 19

7. CALCULATION OF DIVISION ANTI-TANK CAPABILITY 21

8. AIR FORCE ( MILITARY AVIATION FORCES 22
----- Support of tactical helicopter-borne combat action 22
----- Fighter bomber aviation support 22
----- Methods of attack by fighter bomber aircraft 23
----- Combat capability of fighter bomber aviation 23
----- Target destruction capability 24
----- Bomber Aviation 25
----- Allocation of flight resources of supporting aviation to Army's missions and days of operation 25
----- Number and capability of reconnaissance aircraft allocated to the army for one day of operation 27

9. AIR DEFENSE 27
----- Norms related to the deployment of Army's P-15 air defense recon radar company in defense 27
----- Calculation of air defense capability 28
----- Calculation of the capability of units and large units of air defense means to shoot down enemy aircraft 28
----- Other Calculations 30
----- Calculation of combat capability of air defense rockets 33
---------- a. Calculation of the time of action against aerial targets 33
---------- b. Calculation of unit's probability of hitting aerial targets 33

10. SIGNAL COMMUNICATIONS 34
----- Calculation of distance between radio relay stations 34

11. ASSAULT RIVER CROSSING 36
----- Width of Sectors and Depth of Combat Missions 36
----- Number and types of crossings 37
----- Deployment of Crossing Equipment 38
----- Sequence of Crossing 38
----- Calculation of Engineer Forces and crossing means required for engineer support of assault river crossing by the motorized rifle division: 38
---------- 1. Calculation of the time required to cross a motorized rifle battalion 41
---------- 2. Calculation of required number of various crossing means (P) for crossing units in a given time (V_p) 41
----- Calculations for Bde (Regt) crossing 42
----- Calculations at the Division level 44

12. ENGINEER OBSTACLES 46
----- Length of defensive trenches 47

13. REAR SERVICE NORMS AND CALCULATIONS 48
----- Daily Ammunition Expenditure in Battalion during the Offensive Battle 48
----- Depth of Troop Rear Service (Tactical Rear Service) in Battle 48
----- Capability of Brigade (Regiment) Rear Service Subunits 49
----- Capability of Division Rear Service Elements 49
----- Mobile reserve of material means at the division level 50

14. CALCULATIONS RELATED TO TECHNICAL SERVICE 51
----- Criteria used in forecasting the number of damaged vehicles during the conduct of combat action at the division level 52
----- Calculation of the number of vehicles to be evacuated from the battlefield 53
----- Expected repair capability of Division repair facilities 54

15. WORK OF BRIGADE STAFF IN ORGANIZING TRANSPORT BY RAILROAD 56
----- Making the Commander's Decision on the Movement (Transport) 56
----- Organization of Staff Work Upon Receipt of the Mission on Movement 57
----- Preparation of Data Required for the Commander's Decision on Transport 57
----- Forming the Commander's Decision and Issuing Missions to Subordinates 58
----- Brigade Staff Work on organizing Transport of Sub-units by Air Transport 59
----- Calculation on Transport MRBde (div) by Air Transport 60
----- Plan for Movement (Transport) of Brigade by Air Transport 61

16. BASES OF ENGINEER SUPPORT OF COMBAT 63
----- Aim and mission of engineer support of combat 63
----- Assembly area for offensive 67
----- Basic work for preparing the region for MRBde 68
----- Engineer support defensive combat 73
----- Engineer equipment allocated in defense of mrbde 73

17. BRIGADE COMMANDER EXERCISE IN PLANNING OPERATIONS 81
----- Brigade commander's order on interaction 81
----- Order of commander of 10th MR Bde for interaction of artillery: 82
----- Volume of fire mission 87
----- Calculation on supplies 88

18. ARTILLERY 89
----- Artillery battalion 90
----- Missions of artillery and artillery capabilities 91
----- Fire capabilities of artillery 92

19. RECONNAISSANCE PLANNING 98
----- Basis of troop reconnaissance 98
----- Categories and types of reconnaissance 98
----- Troop reconnaissance 98
----- Reconnaissance forces and means of combined arms units and special troops and their capabilities and operation in combined arms combat 99
----- Reconnaissance against enemy nuclear strikes 101
----- Forces and means of army level reconnaissance 101

20. AIR FORCES AND AIRCRAFT 102
----- Air force organization 102
----- Military aviation and its organization basing and combat application 104
----- Aircraft and helicopters of VVS and their technical-tactical characteristics 105
----- Basic characteristics of guided rockets (UR) and unguided rockets (HUR) 106
----- Bombs of various designations 107
----- Bombsights 108
----- Mission of aviation in combined arms combat 109
----- Capabilities of transport and support aircraft 110

21. COMBAT STRENGTH AND GROUPING OF ARTILLERY IN AN OFFENSIVE OPERATION 110

Following is a brief outline of the contents of the 460 papers related to the use of norms and calculations in combat situations.

Vol. 1:
Width of Div., Bde.(Regt.). and Bn. sector and depth of their missions during river crossing: Vol. 1 pp. 4. (in Arabic)


Vol. 2:
Calculations of number of crossing means and time required for assault crossing of Bde.(regiment) and Bn.: Vol. 2 pp. 10-17 (in Arabic and Russian).


Vol. 3:
Calculation of forces and means of Div. and Bde.(Regt.) in coastal defense: Vol. 3 pp. 8-9 (in Arabic)

Div. recon plan in coastal defense: Vol. 3 pp. 36-43 (in Russian)

Div engineer support plan, calculations, sea mine fields, and coastal obstacles in coastal defense: Vol. 3 pp. 45-53 (in Russian)

Written part of Div. Arty. plan in coastal defense: Vol. 3 pp. 58-64 (in Russian and Arabic)

Norms and calculations on different pages of the text: Vol. 3 pp. 75-95 (in Russian)


Vol. 4:
Detailed organization and equipment of MR squad, platoon, and company : Vol. 4 pp. 1-12 (in Arabic and Russian)

Practical exercise on Bn. in attack: Vol. 4 pp. 20-31 (in Russian)

Practical exercise on Bde.(Regt.) in Attack with a diagram of dividing the division breakthrough area between first echelon bdes.(regts.) and bns and number of guns and tanks assigned in each sector: Vol. 4 pp. 33-61 (in Russian)


Vol. 5:
Tables of units capability and required means to prepare defensive positions(deployment areas), mine fields, destructions and Bn. and Bde.(Regt.) defensive area in terms of engineer work along with recommended norms: Vol. 5 pp. 6-34 (in Russian)

Norms and calculations related to engineer support on different pages of the text: Vol. 5 pp. 35-50 (in Arabic)


Vol. 6:
Norms related to Div. and Bde.(Regt.) offensive action on different pages: Vol. 6 pp. 22-43 (in Arabic)


Vol. 7:
Methods of combat training of offices with practical examples of tactical exercise on the map (including clarification of the mission, estimate of the situation, formulation of the decision, plan of the conduct of lessons and exercise, calendar plan for preparing Bde.(Regt.) tactical exercise and plan of the conduct of Bde.(Regt.) tactical exercise and diagram of control elements of the exercise) are discussed in detail in volume 7 (mostly in Russian and a few pages in Arabic)

Tabulation of tank/anti-tank correlation in the table of correlation of forces and means: Vol. 7 pp. 35 (in Russian)


Vol. 8:
Norms and calculations related to Div./Bde.(Regt.) signal: Vol. 8 pp. 4-49 (mostly in Russian). It includes calculations and characteristics of frequencies, signal equipment, antennas, wave lengths etc.

Norms and diagrams related to Signal support in Bde.(Regt.) offensive and defensive battle: Vol. 8 pp. 50-78 (in Russian


Vol. 9:
Practical exercise on Div. offensive battle: Vol. 9 pp. 3-38 and Vol. 20 pp. 2-105 (Russian and Arabic mix)

Practical exercise on Div. defensive battle: Vol. 9 pp. 49-89 (Russian and Arabic mix)

Table and calculations of Div. engineer capabilities in preparing the defense and POZ capabilities: Vol. 9 pp. 73-76 (in Arabic)

Ammunition expenditure prior to the enemy, attack, during the battle and during the first day and possible number of casualties in Div. defense: Vol. 9 pp. 68-78 (in Arabic and Russian)

Norms and calculation of Div. air defense assets: Vol. 9 pp. 90-108 (in Arabic)


Vol. 10:
Organization and capabilities of the main capitalist countries armies and their method of action in offensive and defensive battle at Div. and Corps level: Vol. 10 pp. 3-44 (in Russian and Arabic)


Vol. 11:
Calculation of Army's capabilities and correlation of forces and means in the context of a practical exercise on defensive operation: Vol. 11 pp. 3-15 (in Arabic)

Combat documents of the army in defensive ops: Vol. 11 pp. 16-44 (in Russian)

Calculation of army engineer assets to prepare control points Vol. 11 pp. 52 (in Arabic)

Calculation of army radar coverage and enemy aircraft attrition by army and Div. air defense assets in offensive and defensive ops: Vol. 11 pp. 46-50 & Vol. 20 pp. 50-53 & Vol. 25 pp. 14-19 (in Arabic)


Vol. 12:
Work of Bde.(Regt.) commander and staff (including the preparation of combat documents) in the context of a practical exercise on Bde.(Regt.) offensive battle: Vol. 12 pp. 3-88 (in Russian and Arabic)

Calculation of fire capability of 122mm how., 152 gun, and 120 mort. in 5, 10 and 20 minutes with 100% density on the basis of a pre-prepared table: Vol. 12 pp. 28 (in Russian)

Calculation of target distribution to Bde.(Regt.) Arty. units: Vol. 12 pp. 34 (in Russian)

Bde.(Regt.) signal diagram in attack : Vol. 12 pp. 36 (in Russian)

Calculation of re-supply of material means and number of possible casualties in Bde.(Regt.) attack: Vol. 12 pp. 79- 83 (in Arabic)


Vol. 13:
Organization and planning documents of air defense in Army offensive ops : Vol. 13 pp. 37-74 (in Russian)


Vol. 14:
Details of rear service calculations and norms in the context of troops rear service support (tactical) level (Bn., Bde.-Regt., Div.): Vol. 14 pp. 3-71 (in Arabic and Russian)


Vol. 16:
Model for calculation reactive power of Arty. missiles: Vol. 16 pp. 20 (in Russian)

Calculation of Bde.(Regt.) and Div. Anti-tank weapons to destroy enemy tanks: Vol. 16 pp. 44 (in Russian)

Tables and different calculations related to Div. Artillery: Vol. 16 pp. 9-28 (in Russian)


Vol. 17:
Calculation of time and space for Bde.(Regt.) counter-attack in defensive battle: Vol. 17 pp. 103-104 (in Arabic)

Norms related to march, meeting engagement (in Russian) and defense (in Arabic) on different pages of the text: Vol. 17 pp. 13-107


Vol. 18:
Details of the structure and number of officers in Army Reconnaissance directorate and their specific duties: Vol. 18 pp. 18-19 (in Russian)

Vol. 20:
Calculation of volume of Arty fire missions and its capability during the Arty prep fire in Div offensive battle : Vol. 20 pp. 34-37 (in Russian)

Vol. 21:
Formula for calculation of the number and frequency of medium maintenance in battle: Vol. 21 pp. 10 (in Russian and Arabic)

Norms and tables related to technical support in battle: Vol. 21 pp. 4-33(mostly in Russian)


Vol. 22:
Norms and calculations related to railroad and air transportation: Vol. 22 pp. 8-17 (in Russian)


Vol. 23:
Practical exercise on Bde.(Regt.) march and meeting engagement: Vol. 23 pp. 5-39 (in Russian and Arabic)


Vol. 24:
Practical exercise on Bde.(Regt.) defensive battle: Vol. 24 pp. 2-83 (in Russian)

Calculation of fire capability of Bde.(Regt.): Vol. 24 pp. 39-43 (in Russian)


Vol. 26:
Norms related to combat formation, ammunition and distance of airfield from the front line for different types of aircraft: Vol. 26 pp. 2-35 (in Russian)

Norms related to attack methods and combat capabilities of different types of aircraft: Vol. 26 pp. 54-68 (in Russian)


Vol. 27:
Norms and calculations related to different effects of nuclear weapons: Vol. 27 pp. 3-32 and Vol. 28 pp. 2-7 (in Russian)

Norms related to protection against mass destruction weapons: Vol. 27 pp. 33-70 (in Russian)

Formula and calculation of the time of fallout of nuclear explosion and its density: Vol. 27 pp. 46-48 (in Arabic)


Vol. 28:
Calculations related to topography and aerial photography: Vol. 28 pp. 8-61 (in Russian)


Vol. 30:
Probability of enemy aircraft hit by air defense weapons and their capability: Vol. 30 pp. 14-16 (in Arabic)


Vol. 31:
Troop control documents in different forms of combat action at Bde.(Regt.) level: Vol. 31 pp. 4-95 (in Russian)


Vol. 32:
Norms related to Army offensive and defensive operations on different pages of the text: Vol. 32 pp. 18-66 (in Arabic)


Vol.33:
Practical exercise on Bde.(Regt.) offensive battle: Vol. 33 pp. 2-32 (in Russian)


Vol. 34:
Norms related to combat employment of artillery and its tasks to support the battle: Vol. 34 pp. 2-55 (in Russian)

COMBAT Action( Operation)

Width of Div., Bde. (Regt.) and Bn. sector and depth of their missions during river crossing: Vol. 1 pp 4. (in Arabic)

Calculations of number of crossing means and time required for assault crossing of Bde (regiment) and Bn: Vol 2 pp 10 - 17 ( in Arabic and Russian).

Calculation of forces and means of Div and Bde(Regt) in coastal defense: Vol 3 pp 8-9 ( in Arabic )

Detailed organization and equipment of MR squad, platoon and company : Vol 4 pp 1-12 ( in Arabic and Russian )

Practical exercise on Bn in attack: Vol 4 pp 20-31 ( in Russian )

Practical exercise on Bde(Regt) in Attack with a diagram of dividing the division breakthrough area between first echelon bdes(regts) and bns and number of guns and tanks assigned in each sector: Vol 4 pp 33-61 ( in Russian )

Norms related to Div and Bde(Regt) offensive action on different pages: Vol 6 pp 22-43 ( in Arabic )

Methods of combat training of offices with practical examples of tactical exercise on the map ( including clarification of the mission, estimate of the situation, formulation of the decision, plan of the conduct of lessons and exercise, calendar plan for preparing Bde(Regt) tactical exercise and plan of the conduct of Bde(Regt) tactical exercise and diagram of control elements of the exercise) are discussed in detail in volume 7 (mostly in Russian and a few pages in Arabic )

Tabulation of tank/anti-tank correlation in the table of correlation of forces and means: Vol 7 pp 35 ( in Russian )

Practical exercise on Div offensive battle: Vol 9 pp 3-38 and Vol 20 pp 2-105 ( Russian and Arabic mix )

Practical exercise on Div defensive battle: Vol 9 pp 49-89 (Russian and Arabic mix )

Calculation of Army's capabilities and correlation of forces and means in the context of a practical exercise on defensive operation: Vol 11 pp 3-15 (in Arabic)

Combat documents of the army in defensive ops: Vol 11 pp 16-44 (in Russian)

Norms and calculations related to railroad and air transportation: Vol 22 pp 8-17 (in Russian)

Practical exercise on Bde(Regt) defensive battle: Vol 24 pp 2-83 (in Russian)

Practical exercise on Bde(Regt) offensive battle: Vol 33 pp 2-32 (in Russian)

Practical exercise on Bde(Regt) march and meeting engagement: Vol 23 pp 5-39 (in Russian and Arabic)

Troop control documents in different forms of combat action at Bde (Regt) level: Vol 31 pp 4-95 (in Russian)

Norms related to Army offensive and defensive operations on different pages of the text: Vol 32 pp 18-66 (in Arabic)

Work of Bde(Regt) commander and staff (including the preparation of combat documents) in the context of a practical exercise on Bde(Regt) offensive battle:Vol 12 pp 3-88 (in Russian and Arabic)

Calculation of time and space for Bde(Regt) counter-attack in defensive battle: Vol 17 pp 103-104 (in Arabic)

Norms related to march, meeting engagement(in Russian) and defense(in Arabic) on different pages of the text: Vol 17 pp 13-107



RECONNAISSANCE

Div reconnaissance plan in coastal defense: Vol 3 pp 36-43 ( in Russian)

Organization and capabilities of the main capitalist countries armies and their method of action in offensive and defensive battle at Div and Corps level: Vol 10 pp 3-44 ( in Russian and Arabic )

Details of the structure and number of officers in Army Reconnaissance directorate and their specific duties: Vol 18 pp 18-19 (in Russian)



ENGINEERS

Div engineer support plan, calculations, sea mine fields, and coastal obstacles in coastal defense: Vol 3 pp 45-53 ( in Russian )

Tables of units capability and required means to prepare defensive positions (deployment areas), mine fields, destruction, and Bn and Bde(Regt) defensive area in terms of engineer work along with recommended norms: Vol 5 pp 6-34 ( in Russian )

Norms and calculations related to engineer support on different pages of the text: Vol 5 pp 35-50 ( in Arabic )

Table and calculations of Div engineer capabilities in preparing the defense and POZ capabilities: Vol 9 pp 73-76 (in Arabic )

Calculation of army engineer assets to prepare control points Vol 11 pp 52 (in Arabic)



ARTILLERY

Written part of Div Arty plan in coastal defense: Vol 3 pp 58-64 ( in Russian and Arabic )

Calculation of fire capability of 122mm how,152 gun, and 120 mort. in 5, 10, and 20 minutes with 100% density on the basis of a pre-prepared table: Vol 12 pp 28 (in Russian)

Calculation of target distribution to Bde(Regt) Arty units: Vol 12 pp 34 (in Russian)

Model for calculation reactive power of Arty missiles: Vol 16 pp 20 (in Russian)

Calculation of Bde(Regt) and Div Anti-tank weapons to destroy enemy tanks: Vol 16 pp 44 (in Russian)

Tables and different calculations related to Div Artillery: Vol 16 pp 9-28 (in Russian)

Calculation of volume of Arty fire missions and its capability during the Arty prep fire in Div offensive battle : Vol 20 pp 34-37 (in Russian)

Calculation of fire capability of Bde(Regt): Vol 24 pp 39-43 (in Russian)

Norms related to combat employment of Arty and its tasks to support the battle: Vol 34 pp 2-55 (in Russian)



NAVAL SUPPORT OF TACTICAL GROUND ACTIONS

Norms and calculations on different pages of the text: Vol 3 pp 75-95 ( in Russian )



SIGNAL

Norms and calculations related to Div/Bde(Regt) signal: Vol 8 pp 4-49( mostly in Russian ). It includes calculations and characteristics of frequencies, signal equipment, antennas, wave lengths etc.

Norms and diagrams related to Signal support in Bde(Regt) offensive and defensive battle: Vol 8 pp 50-78 ( in Russian )

Bde(Regt) signal diagram in attack : Vol 12 pp 36 (in Russian)



REAR SERVICE

Ammunition expenditure prior to the enemy, attack, during the battle and during the first day and possible number of casualties in Div defense: Vol 9 pp 68-78 ( in Arabic and Russian )

Calculation of re-supply of material means and number of possible casualties in Bde(Regt) attack: Vol 12 pp 79- 83 (in Arabic)

Details of rear service calculations and norms in the context of troops rear service support (tactical) level (Bn, Bde-Regt, Div): Vol 14 pp 3-71 (in Arabic and Russian)



AIR DEFENSE

Norms and calculation of Div air defense assets: Vol 9 pp 90-108 ( in Arabic )

Calculation of army radar coverage and enemy aircraft attrition by army and Div air defense assets in offensive and defensive ops: Vol 11 pp 46-50 & Vol 20 pp 50-53 & Vol 25 pp 14-19 (in Arabic)

Organization and planning documents of air defense in Army offensive ops : Vol 13 pp 37-74 (in Russian)

Probability of enemy aircraft hit by air defense weapons and their capability: Vol 30 pp 14-16 (in Arabic)



TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Formula for calculation of the number and frequency of medium maintenance in battle: Vol 21 pp 10 (in Russian and Arabic)

Norms and tables related to technical support in battle: Vol 21 pp 4-33 (mostly in Russian)



AIR FORCE

Norms related to combat formation, ammunition and distance of airfield from the front line for different types of aircraft: Vol 26 pp 2-35 (in Russian)

Norms related to attack methods and combat capabilities of different types of aircraft: Vol 26 pp 54-68 (in Russian)



WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

Norms and calculations related to different effects of nuclear weapons: Vol 27 pp 3-32 and Vol 28 pp 2-7 (in Russian)

Norms related to protection against mass destruction weapons: Vol 27 pp 33-70 (in Russian)

Formula and calculation of the time of fallout of nuclear explosion and its density: Vol 27 pp 46-48 (in Arabic)



TOPOGRAPHY

Calculations related to topography and aerial photography: Vol 28 pp 8-61 (in Russian)

PART I

1. BRIGADE (REGIMENT) COMMAND AND STAFF
(From volume 23)

The control organ of brigade (regiment) is composed of commander, staff and chiefs of arms and services. The number of officers totals 39 as follows:
1. Commander 1
2. Deputy commander 1
3. Staff 13
4. Arty chief and his staff 3
5. Chiefs of combat arms 2
6. Chiefs of combat support 2
7. Chief of rear service and his staff
----- Organization-planning 4
----- Feeding services 3
----- Clothing services 1
----- POL supply 3
----- Medical service 3

8. Chief of technical service 1
9. Chief of financial service 1
10. Total 39

Brigade (regiment) staff is composed of operations, reconnaissance, signal, secret, and cadre sections. The number of officers in each section is as follows:
1. Chief of staff 1
2. Operations section 4
-----Section chief 1
----- Deputy section chief 1
----- Assistants to the chief 2

3. Reconnaissance section 2
----- Section chief 1
----- Deputy section chief 1

4. Signal section 2
----- Section chief 1
----- Deputy section chief 1

5. Secret (cipher) section 2
----- Section chief 1
----- Deputy section chief 1

6. Section of cadres 2
----- Section Chief 1
----- Deputy Chief 1

Role and responsibilities of different sections of the staff

The role and responsibilities of different sections of the staff in organization, planning and conduct of combat action of the troops are shown in the following table.

Note: The (x) marking in the table indicates that the section is primary responsible for the function and (+) indicates that the section participates in planning on questions related to its area of operations.

Legend:
CO - Commander;
CS - Chief of staff;
OP - Chief of ops;
RE - Chief of recon;
SC - Chief of secret section;
SS - Chief of signals;
Engr - Chief of engineers;
Chem - Chief of chemical service;
Arty - Chief of Artillery;
PVO - chief of Air defense
Rear - Chief of rear services

Timetable of assigning (conveying) missions to elements of combat formations of Bde (regt) during the conduct of the battle.

This example is given for the situation when the second echelon is being committed in to battle.

This second example is for a situation when the Bde(Regt) column enters a meeting engagement with the advancing enemy and Bde(Regt) elements are being committed into battle as they get ready.

Calculation of Time and Space for Brigade (Regiment) Counter-attack

The brigade (regiment) can launch a counter-attack against the attacking enemy in a defensive battle when the enemy fights in the depth of the first echelon defending battalions and it does not have reached the third trench or the second echelon company position of the first echelon defending battalion.The speed of the attacking enemy in such a situation should not exceed 2 km per hour.

When the brigade (regiment) decide to launch a counter-attack in a situation like this, the distance of the counter-attacking force ( second echelon or reserve) from the line of counter-attack will be 2 km. To determine the time required for launching counter attack the following equation can be used :

T=(D x 60 ÷ V) + T_d + T_p

Where:
-----T=Total time to launch the counter-attack
-----D=Distance to the line of counter-attack
---- V=Speed of movement of counter-attacking troops
---- T_d=Time required for deployment
---- T_p=Time required for other preparations

Therefore if the speed is 12 km/h , time required for deployment 15 minute and time for final preparation 10 minutes then the total time required to launch the counter-attack will be as follows:

---- T=(D x 60 / V) + T_d + T_p
---- T=(2 x 60 / 12) + 15 + 10
---- T=( 10 ) + 15 + 10
---- T=35 minutes

2. COMPOSITION OF ARMY'S COMMAND AND STAFF

The following list shows the number of officers in different directorates of the Army control organs:

1. Army Commander 1
2. Army Staff: 1
----- Chief of staff 1
----- Operations Section 16
----- - Chief 1
----- - Deputy chief 1
----- - Deputies and senior assistants 6
----- - Assistants 6
----- - Graphics 1
----- - Typist 1

Reconnaissance Section 9

Signals Section 11

Org-Mob Section 8

Topography section 2

Secret troop control Section 9

Administration Section 4

Combat training Section 7

3. Chief of Arty and his staff 20

4. Chief of air defense and his staff 10

5. Chief of technical service and staff 14

6. Chief of engineer troops and his staff 6

7. Chief of chemical troops and staff 4

8. Chief of rear services and his staff
----- Rear service staff 8
----- Personnel section 2
----- Feeding section 6
----- Procurement section 4
----- Roads section 5
----- Transportation section 4
----- POL section 4
----- Medical section 8
----- Veterinary section 2
----- War booty section 2
----- Clothing section 4

3. DISTRIBUTION OF DIVISION STAFF OFFICERS TO DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF CONTROL POINT
(From volume 6)

a. Forward Command Post
----- Deputy chief of operations
----- Officer from reconnaissance section
----- Officer from artillery staff
----- Signal detail and security

b. Main Command Post
----- Commander
----- Chief of staff
----- Chief of operations
----- Operations staff
----- Chief of reconnaissance and his staff
----- Chiefs of Arty, Air defense, Engineer, Signal, Air force control group and their staff
----- Others as required

c. Alternate Command Post
----- Deputy division commander
----- Deputy chief of operations
----- Reconnaissance officer
----- Deputy chief of artillery
----- Deputy chief of air defense
----- Others as required

d. Rear Control Point
----- Chief of rear services and his staff
----- Chiefs of personnel, cadres, Armament and their staff
----- Chief of technical service and his staff
----- Chief of finance
----- Other sections dealing with rear service matters

4. COMBAT DOCUMENTS
( From volume 31)

The flow of information in combat situation at the units, large units and formation headquarters amounts to thousands of words per hour. The number of words of information received or sent by the division and army staff is as follows:

The division command post receives up to 24,000 words per hour and sends up to 17,500 words per hour

The army command post receives up to 925,000 words per hour and sends up to 115,000 words per hour.

Such an enormous amount of information is used in preparing a large variety of combat documents.

Depending on their purpose and content , the combat documents are classified in three groups:

a. First group: Troop control documents
----- Working maps
----- Initial (preliminary) instructions
----- Combat instructions
----- Combat order
----- Commander's decision marked on a separate map (plan of the operation)
----- Plans and combat instructions on combat support
----- Plan and instructions on commandant services
----- Plan and instructions on signal communications
----- Plan of security and defense of control points
----- Other documents such as the table (map) of inter-action and instructions on secret troop control.

b. Second group: Accounting documents
----- Combat situation reports (doneseni)
----- Reconnaissance situation reports
----- Signals situation reports
----- Operational summary
----- Reconnaissance summary
----- Historical briefs (reports) on combat action
----- Journal of combat action
----- Historical (otchutni) briefs map on operational, reconnaissance and other subjects

c. Third group: Informational documents
These are documents for internal use for information purposes and include the following:
----- Calculations and tables of correlation of forces and means
----- Calculations of march (transportation of materials) and others
----- Information and data such as on specifications of bridges, rivers, etc.

5. DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY ARMY RECONNAISSANCE SECTION IN PEACE TIME AND THEIR BRIEF CONTENT

a. Map of enemy's grouping of nuclear weapons
- Scale of the map: 1/200,000
- Contents:
----- Location of nuclear rocket and artillery units and subunits during the peacetime
----- Depots of nuclear ammunition, rocket fuel. points of concentration and supply
----- Areas of concentration of nuclear delivery means----- Main and alternate launch (fire) positions of nuclear delivery means
----- Control points and points of guidance
----- Deployment of radio technical means
----- Airfields of nuclear attack aircraft

b. Map of enemy's grouping of ground forces
- Scale of the map: 1/500,000 or 1/200,000 - Contents:
----- Peace time location of units and large units and their staff (headquarters) with details showing every single battalion.
----- Location of units and subunits capable of using nuclear weapons
----- Areas of operational deployment of units and large units, launch (fire) positions of nuclear delivery means, their distance from the state border and their likely route of movement
----- Other calculations and data required for the assessment of the enemy,s grouping of ground forces

c. Map of enemy's grouping of air and air defense forces:
- Scale of the map: 1/500,000
- Content:
----- location of bases of units and large units of military aviation forces and air defense forces down to aviation squadrons and classification of airfields.
----- Number and type of aircraft based there and their practical capacity
----- Airfields not occupied by aviation forces and their classification and practical capacity
----- Control points and points of guidance of tactical air force and areas of deployment of radio navigation system
----- Location of air defense units, particularly air defense rocket troops, down to battery level
----- Air defense zones and sectors and boundaries between zones of air defense weapons
----- Control points and areas of deployment of warning and guidance radar stations

d. Map of the preparation of (showing work done to prepare) the territories of the TVD
- Scale of the map 1/200,000
- Contents:
------ Prepared and constructed positions for launching rockets of various classes and designation
----- Active and prepared bases of military aviation forces and airfields including their classification and capacity
----- Stationary and field depots of nuclear weapons, fuel, ammunition, combat equipment and military supplies
----- Active and prepared trunk and line communications
----- Sections of terrain prepared for demolitions and obstacles
----- Defensive positions and fortifications and other targets prepared for military purposes


f. Catalogue of enemy's covered targets
The catalog is prepared for all covered targets which can serve the purposes of the initial nuclear strike.
The following information is reflected in such catalogs:
----- Coordinates (geographic and map)
----- Dimensions of the target
----- Terrain characteristic (Open, mountainous, altitude from the sea level)
----- Level, concentration of forces and combat equipment, their mobility, and their capability to restore their combat effectiveness
----- Heating options in case of the destruction of hydro-technical facilities
----- Average meteorological conditions at different times of the year and different hours of the day and night

During peacetime, the catalogs are constantly updated as new data continues to add to the document.

6. ARTILLERY
(From volumes 12, 16, and 24)

a. Calculation of the number of targets assigned to anti-tank reserve on the firing line

The line of fire assigned to anti-tank reserve of the division is the line on which the anti-tank weapons take positions to repulse the enemy tanks attack. The frontage depends on the number of weapons in the anti-tank reserve and their fire and maneuver capability.

The number of targets assigned to anti-tank reserve depends on the following factors:
----- The effective distance of the weapon in which enemy tanks can be practically engaged (depending on range of the weapon, visibility and terrain condition)
----- The speed of the target
----- Number of shots required to fire at one target
----- Speed of fire of the anti tank weapon
----- Number of weapons in the anti tank reserve

Given the above mentioned factors, calculation of the number of targets to be assigned to the anti tank reserve can be made by:
----- a - First finding out how long the target will be exposed to the anti tank fire using the following formula:

T=D / V

----- b - Second by finding out how many rounds (missiles) can be fired by one weapon during the time the enemy tanks are exposed and within range. This is taken from the table.

----- c - Third by applying the following equation:

N_t=N_r x N_w / N_st

Where :
N_t=number of targets
N_r=number of rounds fired in "T" time
N_w=number of weapons
N_st=number of possible shots per target

Suppose the anti-tank reserve is composed of 12 weapons with a range of 3 km against enemy tanks which will be exposed within the effective range of the weapons. The speed of the enemy tanks is 15 km per hour.

Step one :
T=D / V
T=3 x 60 / 15
T=12 minutes

Step two:
Suppose each weapon can fire 55 rounds in 12 min and 10 shots are required per target (from the table)

Step three:
N_r=55
N_st=10
N_w=12
N_t=N_r x N_w / N_st
N_t=55 x 12 / 10
N_t=60 - 70 targets

Note: The number of shots required to destroy one target can be determined by the probability of hit and the type of the enemy target and enemy's capability to inflict losses on firing anti tank weapons. This can be done by using the following models:

(1) Probability of destruction by one type of weapon:

P_n=1 - (1 - P1) (1 - P2).....(1 - P_i)

Suppose the probability of effectiveness of one shot is 0.3 then on the basis of the above model it will take about 10 shots to get a nearly 100% destruction probability.

(2) To apply the probability of destruction of weapon by enemy's fire the following model can be used:

M=N_t[1-(1-P1(1-q)] x N_w x t x N_s ÷ N_t

Where:
M=Number of targets to be destroyed
N_t=Total number of enemy targets
P1=Probability of destruction by one weapon's one shot
q=Probability of destruction of weapon by enemy fire
N_w=Number of weapons
N_s=number of shots per minute
t=Duration of fire per minute

7. CALCULATION OF DIVISION ANTI-TANK CAPABILITY
(From volume 16)

\A simple calculation of divisional anti-tank capability in defense can be done by using the following equation:

AT=[(N₁ x K₁) + (N₂ x K₂) + ...(N_n x K_n)] x Q

Where :

AT=Total number of enemy tanks that can be destroyed by divisional anti-tank means
N₁, N₂ ...N_n=the number of different types of divisional organic and attached anti-tank weapons
K₁, K₂....K_n=Probability of effectiveness of anti-tank weapons against enemy tanks
Q=Coefficient of enemy's capability to destroy divisional anti tank weapons during the combat action.

In order to conduct such calculations, first we have to make a table of overall number of division anti-tank weapons. An example is shown below:

In such calculations the overall coefficient of enemy's capability to destroy the divisional anti tank weapons is assumed 30 % or 0.3.

Using the above table as the initial data for calculation of the division's capability to destroy enemy's attacking tanks during the defensive battle we can develop the following equation:

N₁=166
N₂=24
N₃=36
Q=0.3
AT=[(N₁ x K₁) + (N₂ x K₂) + ...(N_n x K_n)] x Q
AT=[(166 x 0.3) + (24 x 0.5) + (36 x 2)] x 0.3
AT=[49.8 + 12 + 72] x 0.3
AT=134 x 0.3
AT=40.2 tanks

Therefore using the above number and types of antitank weapons, the division will have the capability of destroying about 40 enemy tanks.

8. AIR FORCE ( MILITARY AVIATION FORCES ) \
(From volume 26)

Support of tactical helicopter-borne combat action

The helicopter unit assigned to carry the airborne assault unit to the target is deployed in a base area. There the unit is dispersed so that each company is deployed in a separate strip.

30 minutes before the departure of the desant the helicopter unit moves to desant embarkation area which will be located not less than 30 km from the front line.In the desant embarkation area the helicopter unit deploys in separate company deployment areas.

From there the desant under heavy fighters cover moves to its assigned target.

The required average time needed for flight preparation and embarkation (loading) / debarkation (unloading) is shown in the following table.

Fighter bomber aviation support

The fighter bomber aviation supports the ground forces in three basic methods:
-----On call strikes
----- Pre-planned strikes
----- Independent search and destroy missions (hunting)

On call strikes are conducted by standby aircraft based on assigned airfields. Sometimes they can be conducted by air patrol (dijurni) aircraft.

The preplanned strikes are conducted by pre assigned aircraft on designated targets at pre-planned time.

Independent search and destroy missions are conducted according to the plan in selected areas. The dimension of the area for one fighter bomber aircraft is 20 km x 20 km.

The distance of supporting fighter bomber aircraft bases from the front line is 70 - 100 km and their tactical range is 150 - 200 km from the front line in the depth of the enemy.

The bomb security distance is 1000 meters from own troops.

Methods of attack by fighter bomber aircraft

There are three basic methods of attack by fighter bomber aircraft:
----- Attack from diving position
----- Attack from horizontal flight position
----- Bombing from low altitude ( Kabrirovani )

In first method the aircraft approaches the target at an altitude of 1000 - 1500 meters and then dives over the target for the attack.

In the second method, mostly used in bad weather, the aircraft approaches the target at a low altitude of 50 - 500 meters and attacks the target from horizontal flight position.

In the third case the aircraft approaches the target at a very low altitude of 50 - 100 meters and abruptly ascends to a higher altitude over the target to release the bomb on the target.

Combat capability of fighter bomber aviation

Combat sorties

The number of combat sorties (flights) per fighter bomber aircraft is 3 per day.

The coefficient of average combat readiness for fighter bomber aviation is 8% or 0.8

Therefore the number of actual sorties (flights) per day is determined by using the following equation:

N=N_a x N_s x K

Where :
N=Number of sorties per day for the unit
N_a=Number of combat aircraft in the unit
N_s=Number of possible sorties per aircraft per day
K=Combat readiness coefficient

A fighter bomber squadron composed of 12 aircraft will have the following number of combat sorties per day:

N=N_a x N_s x K
N=12 x 3 x 0.8
N=28.8 or 29 aircraft sorties

Target destruction capability

Target destruction capability of fighter bomber aircraft is based on established norms for effectiveness of different types of aircraft against different types of targets under different circumstances. It also depends on the level of desired destruction of the target.

For planning purposes suppression of target by fighter bomber aircraft requires at least 20% destruction of the target. The Destruction of the target requires at least 60% destruction of the target.

To determine the number of fighter bomber aircraft required to inflict a certain level of destruction on a specific target the following formula can be used:

N=N_t x N_a x L_d

Where :
N=Number of aircraft to inflict destruction on all targets
N_t=Number of individual targets
N_a=Norm for required number of aircraft per target
L_d=Level of desired destruction

Suppose the norm for required number of SU - 7B fighter bomber to destroy one medium tank is 3 - ( It takes 3 aircraft to attack and destroy one tank).To determine the number of aircraft to suppress one tank company (17 tanks) or to destroy the company the following equations can be used:

a. To Suppress (20% destruction):

N=N_t x N_a x L_d
N=17 x 3 x o.2
N=10.2 or 11 aircraft or one squadron

b. To destroy (60% destruction)

N=N_t x N_a x L_d
N=17 x 3 x 0.6
N=30.6 or 31 aircraft

The same method of calculation can be used for various types of aircraft against different types of targets on the basis of technical and tactical characteristics and norms established for different types of fighter bomber aircraft.

Bomber Aviation

Methods of attack
----- Attack on pre-planned targets
----- On call attack on targets
----- Independent search and destroy missions (hunting)

Allocation of flight resources of supporting aviation to Army's missions and days of operation

Allocation of flight resources of supporting bomber and fighter bomber aviation is specified in terms of squadron sorties (flights). In the process the total number of assigned flights for the entire period of the operation is divided by the days of operation to get the average number of available sorties per day.

For example if the army is supported by 11 squadron flights of bomber aviation and the duration of army's operation is 7 days, then the average number of flights per day will be as follows:

11 ÷ 7=1.5 flights per day

But obviously the flights will not be evenly divided among days over the entire period of the operation but they will rather be divided in a way to provide more support for the conduct of the immediate mission, particularly the first day, than the long range mission.One variant can be as follows:

a. Immediate mission: 7 flights
First day: 3 flights
Second day: 2 flights
Third day: 2 flights

b. Long range mission: 4 flights

The break down of total number of flights allocated to the long range mission in terms of days of operation can not be plan in advance because of many uncertainties of the situation.

The above calculation constitutes the basis for the plan of distribution of available flight resources to missions and days of the operation.

During the conduct of the operation, the army commander may adjust, increase or decrease the number of available flights for different days of the operation.

A similar calculation is done for distribution of allocated number of squadron flights of supporting fighter bomber aviation. For example if the army is supported by 47 squadron flights of fighter bomber aviation for the entire operation then:

47 ÷ 7=6.7 squadron flights per day

As mentioned in the case of bomber aviation the available number of squadron flights will not be evenly distributed among days of the operation but the larger part will be assigned to support the conduct of the immediate mission. Depending on the situation and enemy's capability in the depth, the break down of the total flights can be as follows:

- Total number of squadron flights 47
- Allocated to immediate mission 27
- For long range mission 20 \

The average flights per day will be as follows:

a. Immediate mission
27 ÷ 3=9 sqn flights per day

b. Long range mission:
20 ÷ 4=5 sqn flights per day

Number and capability of reconnaissance aircraft allocated to the army for one day of operation

The army is provided with 10 flights (sorties) of tactical and the same number of operational reconnaissance aircraft. The capability of these aircraft are as follows:
------ Tactical reconnaissance aircraft can reconnoiter 1 - 2 target in one flight.
------ Operational reconnaissance aircraft can reconnoiter 2 -3 targets in one flight

To calculate the daily air reconnaissance capability of the army the following number are used:

Tactical : 10 x 1 to 2=10 - 20 targets
Operational: 10 x 2 or 3=20 - 30 targets

Total capability=30 - 50 targets

9. AIR DEFENSE
(From volumes 9, 11, and 13)

Norms related to the deployment of Army's P-15 air defense recon radar company in defense

Prior to the enemy's attack the radar company is deployed in 2 lines:

The first line deploys in 2 posts
The distance of first line from the front is 30-60 km
The second line is deployed in two posts at a distance of 60-90 km from the first line.
Each line deploys on a front of 90-120 km

During the battle the number of radar posts depends on the effective distance between them. For example, the Army sector in defense is 120 km wide. If the distance between radar posts is required to be 30 km then 120/ 30=4 points (posts) . If the distance between posts is required to be 60 km then 120/60=2 points (posts).

It must be noted that the range of P-15 radar depends on the altitude of the target as follows:
----- For 7 km altitude the range is 190 km
----- For 500 m altitude the range is 70 km
----- For 200 m altitude the range is 50 km
----- For 100 m altitude the range is 20 km

Calculation of air defense capability

The enemy has 112 aircraft in the Army's sector with an 80% coefficient of employment. He can use 90 and with 75% he can use 60-65 aircraft for the following purposes:
----- During the preparation of the attack
----- During the conduct of the operation

Number of enemy aircraft that can be destroyed by air defense means will be as follows:
-----2 separate air defense Arty regts type CZA :
----- 48 x 100/400=12 aircraft

One separate air defense Arty regiment type MZA:
----- 24 x 200/600=8 aircraft

Air defense rocket units:
----- 36/2=18 aircraft

TOTAL=12 + 8 + 18=38 aircraft

Calculation of the capability of units and large units of air defense means to shoot down enemy aircraft

The air defense assets of motorized rifle brigades (regiments) are capable to fight with low altitude (up to 600 meters) and partially with medium altitude aerial targets (up to 3000 meters). Fire capability of the unit's air defense means is characterized by expected average number of aircraft destroyed during the fire strike of the weapons.

Calculation of probability of hit "P" depends on the area of fire zone, capability for successive engagement (shooting), and the number of targets to be engaged simultaneously.

Expected average number of aircraft to be destroyed is calculated by using the following equation:

P=m x p x K_upr

Where:
P=Expected average number of aircraft to be destroyed
m=Number of shots
p=Probability of destroying the target
K_upr=Coefficient of guidance system ( 0.6 - 0.8)

A motorized rifle brigade (regiment) with an air defense battalion composed of eight 37 mm gun and six 14.5 mm machine guns can fight the enemy targets by 37 mm guns up to an altitude of 3000 meters and with 14.5 mm machine guns up to an altitude of 2000 meters.

Combat capability of the Bde (Regt) air defense battalion using one unit of fire involves firing 2400 shells of 37 mm and 28800 rounds of 14.5 mm machine gun. The norm of ammunition expenditure required to destroy one aircraft is 600 shells of 37 mm gun or 10000 rounds of machine gun. Given this norm one unit of fire can destroy up to 7 aircraft.

Anti aircraft machine guns of motorized rifle battalions in the Bde (Regt) using one unit of fire (6000) rounds can destroy one aircraft.

On the basis of these norms the total air defense capability of Bde (Regt) will be destruction of 7 - 8 aircraft by using one unit of fire. However the air defense units can not fire so much ammunition at one time because the enemy aircraft will not remain in range so long. Therefore the fire capability and effectiveness is further affected by the capability of maneuver and reaction time of the air defense means in a mobile combat situation.

One way of calculation is to determine the number of weapons systems "N", number of shots per unit of fire by each system during the flight of the target within the range of the weapon "S" , number of available units of fire "R" and required norm of rounds to destroy one target "K".

M_c=N x R x S / K

For example if 24 utils of a weapons system with a total of 4 units of fire each composed of 200 shots attacks air targets with a required norm of 600 shots to shot down one target , then the total capability will be as follows:
M_c=N x R x S / K
M_c=24 x 200 x 4 / 600
M_c=32 aircraft

Suppose we calculate the total capability of division air defense means when the division has the following means :

Division Air Defense Regt: 4 batteries of 37 mm guns with a total of 24 guns.

Bde (Regt) Air Defense Bn:
- 2 batteries of 37 mm guns; a total of 8 guns
- One battery of 14.5 mm guns; a total of 6 guns

Battalion Air defense platoon (12.7 mm): 3

Total in the division:
- Div 24 guns (37 mm)
- Bde(Regt)
8 x 3=24 guns (37 mm)
6 x 3=18 guns (14.5 mm)
- Bn 9 x 3=27 guns (12.7 mm)

With the above air defense units and subunits the division can engage five aerial targets at the same time within the effective range of its air defense assets. In this case the number of total shots by all individual weapons within their respective range or their radius of effectiveness during the flight of the aerial target totals 1440 - 1870 shots. The required norm of shots by the given mix of weapons to down one single aircraft is 800 shots. Therefore the division capability to shot down enemy aircraft in this case will be as follows:

M_c(a)=1440 / 800
M_c(a)=1.8 aircraft or about 2 aircraft
M_c(b)=1870 / 800
M_c(b)=2.3 aircraft

A division using one unit of fire of air defense means can engage 20 - 22 aircraft flying at altitude suitable for divisional assets to deal with.

Other Calculations

In order to determine division's capability to repulse enemy air attacks in a specific situation, the reconnaissance information about the aerial enemy and assessment of his capabilities and likely concept of action is taken in to consideration.

For example if the enemy possess the capability of using 3 squadron of combat aircraft against the division (a total of 48 aircraft) with a coefficient of 60% availability, the division can face 15-20 aircraft simultaneously.
These available enemy aircraft may fly in 4 - 5 groups with an interval of 5 - 6 km between the groups.

Now we calculate divisional air defense assets:

12.5 mm 9 bns x 3=27
14.5 mm 3 bdes(regts) x 6=18
37 mm 3 bdes(regts) x 8=24
37 mm Div Ad Regt=24
57 mm attached AD Regt=24

Suppose that the amount of available ammunition is as follows:

In units 0.7 unit of fire
In div depot 0.5 unit of fire
Total 1.2 units of fire

Now if we take the capability of the division using one unit of fire, while not less than two batteries engage one aircraft, we can calculate the division capability for each type of weapons and the overall division capability by a set of models shown below.

a. To determine the number of shots a specific weapon can fire during the time the enemy aircraft flies within the radius of effectiveness of a specific unit:
N=1.5 x R x V_s / V_t

Where:
N=Number of shots
R=Radius of effectiveness of the weapon (in km)
V_s=Speed of fire (in minute)
V_t=Speed of aircraft (in km/minute)

First we calculate the "N" for the different air defense systems. For example we take the 57 mm gun unit.

Suppose the enemy aircraft is flying at a speed of 15 km per minute at a 1000 meter altitude. The radius of effectiveness of 57 mm gun is 5.9 km and the firing unit can fire 50 shots per minute. Now using the above model we have :
N=1.5 x R x V_s / V_t
N=1.5 x 5.9 x 50 / 15
N=30 shots

b. To determine the number of possible engagements using one unit of fire (200 round) we use the following equation:
S=B_k / N

Where:
S=Number of engagements
B_k=Number of rounds in one unit of fire
N=Number of shots

Therefore we have:
S=200 / 30
S=6 - 7 engagements

c. To determine the probability of hit for different weapons we use the following equation:
P=1 - ( 1 - P1)ⁿ

The probability of hit( coefficient of accuracy ) for one battery of 57 mm gun is 0.2. Therefore the hit probability or probability of destruction by 2 batteries (which engage one aerial target) can be determined as follows:
P=1 - ( 1 - 0.2 )²
P=0.36

d. Using the above calculations ,we can now determine the probable number of aircraft that can be shot down by different units separately and by the entire divisional assets as a whole. To do this we use the following model:
M_c=m x P_n x K_upr x n

Where :
M_c=Number of aircraft shot down
m=number of possible engagements
P_n=Probability of target hit
K_upr=Coefficient of weapons guidance accuracy (6-8)
n=number of fire units

Now using the data calculated for 57 mm unit in paragraph a - c above, we can determine the probable number of enemy aircraft shot down by a 57 mm regiment( 2 fire units) as follows :

M_c=m x P_n x K_upr x n
M_c=7 x 0.36 x o.6 x 2
M_c=3 aircraft

e. On the basis of calculations made in this method the overall capability of the division air defense assets using one unit of fire of ammunition will be as follows:
57 mm Regt 3 aircraft
Div 37 mm Regt 2 aircraft
Bdes(Regts) assets 2-4 aircraft
Total 7-9 aircraft

Calculation of combat capability of air defense rockets

The combat capability of air defense rockets depend on their technical and tactical characteristics, time of their preparation and reaction, number of rockets launched against aerial targets, probable hit accuracy and reliability of the guidance system.

In tactical terms the combat capability of the air defense rockets is translated in to the number of aircraft that can be destroyed by the air defense rockets deployed in start (launch) positions. In order to determine this several calculations are required to be conducted. The main calculations are showed below.



a. Calculation of the time of action against aerial targets

This includes the time that aerial targets can be engaged plus the time to engage the second target. This time can be calculated by using the following equation:

T_s=T_o1 + T_p2

Where:
T_s=time of strike
T_o1=Time to engage the first target
T_p2=Time to prepare for engaging the second target


b. Calculation of unit's probability of hitting aerial targets

In order to calculate unit's capability to destroy aerial targets we must first determine the number of rockets in the unit "m", its coefficient of guidance system "K_upr" and probability of hitting the target with a single rocket "P". This is shown in the following equation:
M (c)=m x P_n x K_upr

Where:
M_c=Number of aircraft shot down
m=number of rockets
P_n=Probability of target hit
K_upr=Coefficient of weapons guidance system

To determine the "P_n" the following formula is used:
P_n=1 - (1 - P1)n

Suppose there are 18 surface to air missiles in a unit.If the Pn is 0.5 and the coefficient of guidance system is 0.6, what will be the capability of the unit in shooting down aerial targets.
M (c)=m x P_n x K_upr
M (c)=18 x 0.5 x 0.6
M (c)=7.2 or about 7 aircraft

10. SIGNAL COMMUNICATIONS
(From volume 8)

Calculation of distance between radio relay stations

To insure direct communication between control points radio relay posts are established. In order to provide radio relay communication in long distances and when the terrain condition is not favorable to establish direct sight because of natural barriers, intermediate relay stations are deployed. Depending on the number of intermediate stations and their capacity, they can support radio relay communication at a distance of 120 km and more.

There are three types of radio relay line of communication. They include the following:
----- Open line (otkritya trassa): When no terrain feature blocks the direct line of sight between radio relay stations.
----- Semi open line (polotkritya trassa): When the line of direct sight is blocked by a barrier less than 50 meters in height.
----- Closed line (zakritya trassa): When the line of direct sight is blocked by a barrier higher than 50 meters.


In order to calculate the height of the intermediate radio relay station on the ground the following equation is used:
H_m=(H₁ + A_h) + (H₂ + A_h) ÷ 2

Where :
H_m=height of intermediate station
H₁=height of one radio relay position
H₂=height of the radio relay position on the other end
A_h=height of antenna

Suppose we have two radio relay stations - one at the Army command post and the other at the division command post. The height of army's radio relay position on the ground is 170 meters and the height of Division radio relay position is 160 meters.The height of antenna is 14 meters. In order to determine the height of the intermediate radio relay position on the ground we use the following equation:
H_m=(H₁ + A_h) + (H2 + A_h) ÷ 2
H_m=(160 + 14) + (170 + 14)
H_m=179 meters

But it should be noted that at large distances the curved form of the earth surface necessitates a certain amount of height added to the average height of the intermediate radio relay position. In order to calculate this the following formula is used:
H_p=H + (R x R) ÷ 50

Where:
H_p=The highest point with the addition of earth surface curve difference
H=The height of the radio relay position located on the lowest ground
R=The distance between two radio relay positions

Suppose the distance between the Army and Division radio relay positions is 50 km. Using the above numbers the Hp will be calculated as follows :
H_p=H + (R x R) ÷ 50
H_p=160 + ( 50 x 50 ) ÷ 50
H_p=210 meters


Now in order to have an "open line" or "otkritya trassa" the sum of average height of intermediate radio relay station, or "H_m", must be equal to the sum of the highest point with the addition of the earth surface curve difference, or "H_p". In other words H_p - H_m should equal "0". Therefore we have the following equation:

Z_t=H_p - H_m

In this equation the Z_t is the extent of closed line ( zakriti trassi) or the area blocked by terrain barriers. According to definitions discussed above, if Z_t is "0" the line will be open; if it is between 0 and 50 the line is semi open; if it is more than 50 the line is closed.

Therefore the difference of H_p and H_m will give us the idea whether the line is open (otkritya trassa), or semi open (polotkritya trassa) or closed (zakritya trassa).
Using the numbers we had for the height of the Army and Division radio relay positions and assuming the distance between them is 50 km, we will have the following equation:

Z_t=H_p - H_m
Z_t=210 - 179
Z_t=31 meters

The outcome shows that the line of communication between the radio relay stations will be semi-open or (polotkritya tarassa).

11. ASSAULT RIVER CROSSING
(From volume 1)

Width of Sectors and Depth of Combat Missions

a. Sectors
- MR Division 8 - 10 km
- MR Bde (Regt) 4 - 6 km
- MR Bn 2 - 3 km

b. Depth of Combat Missions

- MR Division:
Immediate mission: Destruction of enemy's personnel and weapons in the area of his first echelon battalions and seizure of enemy's Arty positions and reaching to the depth of 5 - 6 km in enemy's defenses.

Subsequent mission: Destruction of enemy's Bde reserves and reaching to the depth of 8 - 12 km.

Final(daily) mission: Destruction of enemy's Division reserves and seizure of a line in the depth of 16 - 20 km.

- MR Bde (Regt):
Immediate mission: Destruction of the enemy in the area of first echelon battalion of the defending enemy or, in case of insufficient neutralization of the enemy defenses and on supporting attack directions, the destruction of enemy troops in the front line company strong points.

Subsequent mission: Accomplishment of destruction of the enemy forces in his first echelon battalion defensive position and seizure of enemy's Arty positions and reaching to the depth of 5 - 6 km in enemy's defenses.

Direction of the continuation of the attack: It is assigned on the basis of requirements of the division combat missions.


Note: During the assault river crossing the enemy forces on the water obstacle must be neutralized and suppressed to the point that they can not put up a strong resistance against the attacking forces and their crossing operation. In this context the enemy first echelon battalions located on the river will receive the heaviest blows launched by the attacker means of destruction. Therefore the depth of division and regiment immediate missions may be identical and conforming. Once the attacking troops move beyond the depth of first echelon defending battalions,the correlation of forces and means may change on the local basis due to the enemy's maneuver and commitment of his reserves. Therefore the depth of regiment combat missions will be far behind the depth of the division missions.

On the other hand a sufficiently deep bridge-head that can support the deployment of the division first echelon troops should be secured before the first echelon completes its crossing i.e 2 - 3 hours. Consequently the regiment will have to move fast on the far bank and accomplish a deeper immediate mission to secure sufficient space for the deployment of the crossing troops.


Number and types of crossings

In the sector of crossing (attack) the following types of crossings are established:
------Assault crossing sites
----- Ferry (raft) crossing sites
----- Bridge crossing site

The number of each type of crossing depends on the number of crossing elements and the combat formation of the division in assault river crossing.In general the number of crossings established at different level can be as follows:

In the battalion sector: 1 - 2 and sometimes 3 assault crossings.
In the Bde (Regt) sector: 3 - 6 assault crossings.
Up to 8 assault crossings.

Moreover 2 - 3 ferry crossing sites are established in the division and 1 - 2 in the Bde(Regt).

The bridge crossing is established in the division. The number of bridges depend on the width of the river and available equipment. If the river is not very wide (not more than 60 meters), then 2 bridges can be established, mostly simultaneously. If the river is wider then only one bridge can be established.

The tanks can be crossed through the bridge while the distance between tanks are maintained at 250 meters and the speed of movement up to 20 km/h. In order to deceive the enemy it is needed to establish deception bridges. (For each real bridge 1 - 2 deception bridges are established.)


Deployment of Crossing Equipment

The assembly areas for amphibious assault crossing vehicles and raft components are established in the area of first echelon units and close to arty positions up to 3 km from the water obstacle. The bridging equipment and means are concentrated in an area 6 - 8 km from the water obstacle.


Sequence of Crossing

The first echelon battalions cross by amphibious assault crossing means in the first wave.

Artillery of first echelon brigades (regiments) cross by rafts established after the first echelon battalions are crossed.

The division second echelon, Arty and tank reserve may cross by the divisional bridge.



Calculation of Engineer Forces and crossing means required for engineer support of assault river crossing by the motorized rifle division:

There are two variants of calculation:
-----1. Calculation of crossing time (Vp) for units (subunits) by available crossing means (P).
-----2. Calculation of required number of various crossing means (P) for crossing units in a given time (Vp).

Initial data required for the calculation:
----- Composition of the forces to be crossed (M)
----- Characteristics of the river (T)
----- Number of available crossing means (P) or the time given for crossing (Vp)

- M involves the determination of the number of vehicle/waves of crossing means i.e. (M) BAV or (M) K-61 etc.
- T involves the determination of the time to cross a given length of the river plus the loading and unloading time:

Note

1.1.1. In order to calculate the required number of various crossing means for crossing units in a given time (Vp) first one should determine how many boat loads of personnel(BAV), amphibious vehicle loads of equipment (K-61; GSP) and raft loads of equipment are required to load and cross the forces and means of a given unit at one wave. This will provide the (M) variant in the equation. For example take one motorized rifle battalion:
First we list the battalion's full strength and the number of crossing equipment to cross them. This is shown in the following table:

2. In order to determine the (T) which involves the determination of the time to cross a given length of the river plus the loading and unloading time the following model is used:

T=2 W/D + V

Where:
T=Time required for one wave of crossing a given length of a river by a specific means of crossing .
W=Width of the river
D=Speed of movement of the crossing vehicle in water
V=Time required for loading and unloading.


Suppose the width of a river is 200 m, and speed of crossing vehicle in water is 9 km/h( 150 meters/minute) and loading /unloading time is 6 minutes then :
T=2 x W/D + V or
T=2 x 200/150 + 6 or
T=9 minutes


1. Calculation of the time required to cross a motorized rifle battalion

Now to determine the time required to cross a MR battalion when 4 BAV assault boats and 4 amphibious assault vehicles K-61 are available we can use this equation:
V_p=M x T/P

Where:
M=Composition of the forces to be crossed in terms of crossing vehicle loads.
T=Characteristics of the river as calculated above.
P=Number of available crossing means
V_p =The time given for crossing .

Now using the battalion table above and other initial data we can calculate as follows:

1. BAV: V_p=M x T/P
V_p=20 x 9/4
V_p=45 minutes


2. K-61 V_p=M x T/P
V_p=20 x 9/4
V_p=45 minutes

Since the BAV and K-61 are used simultaneously, the time required for crossing the entire battalion will be 45 minutes.


2. Calculation of required number of various crossing means (P) for crossing units in a given time (V_p).

Using the same data we can determine the number of BAV and K-61 required to cross a battalion in 30 minutes:

1. BAV: P=M x T/V_p or
P=20 x 9/30 or
P=6 BAV

2. K-61 P=M x T/V_p
P=20 x 9/30 or
P=6 K-61

Calculations for Bde (Regt) crossing

In order to determine the (M) regarding the number of full-load of BAV, K-61 and rafts required to cross the Bde (Regt) in one wave we will make a table similar we did for the battalion:

Now on the basis of the calculations shown in the table, we can determine the time required to cross a Bde (Regt) by using a given number of crossing means or the number of required crossing means to cross the unit in a given time.

Suppose we want to determine the number of different types of crossing means required to cross the Bde (Regt) in 3 hours across a 200 m wide river:

Time required for one trip:

- T=2 x W/D + V
- T=2 x 200/150 + 6
- T=9 minutes

Required number of BAVs:

- P=M x T/V_p
- P=108(from the table above) x 9/ 180 minutes
- P=108 x 9 /180
- P=6 BAVs

Required number of K-61:

- P=M x T/V_p
- P=150 (from the table above) x 9/ 180 minutes
- P=150 x 9 / 180
- P=7 K-61

Required number of 50 ton rafts:

NOTE: Since the rafts can be prepared after the first wave of crossing troops get across the river (9 minutes) and preparation of the rafts needs another 25 minutes, therefore
9 + 25 minutes must be deduced from the given time of 180 minutes to cross the Bde (Regt). Therefore:

- P=M x T/V_p
- P=23 (from the table above) x 9/180-(9+25)
- P=23 x 9 / 145
- P=2 rafts of 50 tons

Now in order to determine the required time to cross a Bde(Regt) by using a given number of crossing means, the following equation is used:
V_p=M x T/P

In this equation the "M" is shown in the table above, the "T" 9 minute for BAV and K-61 and 13 minutes for rafts. P is the given number of crossing equipment.

Suppose the Bde(Regt) is allocated 8 BAVS, 10 K-61 and 3 rafts of 50 ton capacity. To determine the required time of crossing by different means will be as follows:

Required time for crossing by BAV:

- V_p=M x T / P
- V_p=108 x 9 / 8
- V_p=122 minutes

Required time for crossing by K-61 :

- V_p=M x T / P
- V_p=150 x 9 / 10
- V_p=150 x 9 / 10
- V_p=135 minutes

Required time for 50 ton rafts:

- V_p=M x T / P + time of preparation (9+25 min)
- V_p=23 x 13 / 3 + (9+25)
- V_p=135 minutes

On the basis of above calculation the total time required to cross the Bde (Regt) by given number of crossing equipment will equal 2 hours and 15 minutes.

Calculations at the Division level:

The number of crossing means required to cross the division in an assault river crossing in a given time equals the sum of equipment required by the first echelon brigades (regiments) plus bridging equipment to establish the divisional bridge (bridges). On the basis of our calculations at the bde (Regt) level the division will need the following means:
----- 12 - 16 BAVs
----- 16 K-61
----- 1/2 set of TPP for making 6 rafts of 50 ton capacity

Bridging equipment to establish division bridge

The time required to cross the division in an assault river crossing equals the time required to cross the first echelon brigades (regiments) plus the time required to get the rest of the division across through the division bridge (bridges).

The calculations related to first echelon brigades (regiments) re shown above. Calculation of time to cross the rest of the division through the bridge is shown in the table below:

LENGTH OF COLUMN OF DIVISIONAL UNITS AND TIME OF THEIR CROSSING THROUGH THE BRIDGE

A simpler way to determine the time required to cross a unit by a given number of crossing means is shown in the following table for an artillery battalion.

12. ENGINEER OBSTACLES
(From volume 5)

The density of anti-tank mines in defensive mine fields is usually 0.75 per meter of front or 750 per one kilometer of front.

In the most critical areas where a strong anti-tank defense is required the density of mines will be increased to 1000 mines per one kilometer of the mined area. How ever it is not possible to have a high density of mines everywhere. Therefore in order to provide the maximum density in critical areas, the density of mines in secondary directions should be reduced and only part of the exposed frontage be covered by mine fields.

The probability of enemy tanks hit by anti-tank mines depend on the density of the mines in the mine field. Calculations and practical exercises indicate that probability of tanks being hit by anti-tank mines at different density will be as follows:

For a density of 1000 mines per kilometer of front the probability of hit is 70 - 80% or 0.7 - 0.8

For a density of 500 mines per kilometer of front the probability of hit is 50 - 60% or 0.5 - 0.6

It must be noted that when 50% of attacking tanks are hit the tanks cannot accomplish their tasks and the attack is considered unsuccessful.

Note In order to determine the required density of mines on a given front with a specific percentage of mine fields; or to determine the possible density of mines on the same front; or to determine the possible frontage and/or possible percentage of mine fields on the same front, the following formula can be used:

N=D x P x N

Where:
N=Required number of mines to construct the mine obstacle
D=Width of the area to be covered by mine obstacle
P=Percentage of mined area along the covered front
N=Density of mines ( number of mines per kilometer of mined areas' front)

On the basis of the above formula the following equations can also be used:

D=N ÷ P x N
P=N ÷ D x N



Length of defensive trenches

Since the defensive trenches are prepared not in straight lines along the front but they are dug in irregular lines, the length of trenches do not exactly correspond to the width of the front in defensive position. Usually the proportion is 1 : 1.2. It means that the actual length of a trench along a 1 km of front will be 1200 meters or 1.2 km.

The length of communication trenches depend on their location, terrain features and the nature of defense. Calculations and experiences of practical exercises show that under normal conditions the length of the communication trenches will be only 5% of the overall length of lateral trenches in the battalion defensive position.

13. REAR SERVICE NORMS AND CALCULATIONS
(From volumes 9, 12, and 14)

Norms for the reserve of material means at the battalion level are shown in the following table:

Daily Ammunition Expenditure in Battalion during the Offensive Battle

During the conduct of the offensive battle the daily (24 hours) expenditure of ammunition in battalion will be as follows:

Depth of Troop Rear Service (Tactical Rear Service) in Battle

The depth of the troop rear service area includes the rear service area of brigades (regiments) and the divisional rear service area.

The depth of the troop rear service area is usually as follows:
----- In offensive battle 30 - 40 km
----- In defensive battle 50 - 60 km

In offensive battle the rear service area for brigades (regiments) is usually not designated. When such area requires to be designated it reaches half way the overall depth of the troop rear service area i.e 15 - 20 km.

In defensive battle the brigades (regiments) are assigned rear service area which is usually 20 - 25 km.

The rest of the depth allocated to the troop rear service area becomes the divisional rear service area where part of the army forward rear service element may also deploy to support the first echelon divisions. This depth will be as follows:
----- In offensive battle 15 - 20 km
----- In defensive battle 25 - 40 km

Capability of Brigade (Regiment) Rear Service Subunits

The medical company primarily conducts first step physician medical aid and evacuation of wounded from the battlefield and battalions medical points. the company can also conduct sanatory - epidemic reconnaissance.
During a period of 24 hours the company can conduct the following types of medical aid:
----- Providing medical aid to 100 - 150 wounded
----- Simultaneous evacuation of 60 wounded (sick)

The Auto-Armored repair facility conducts routine (current) repair of tanks, armored personnel carriers and automobiles and evacuation of damaged vehicle from the battle field.
In the course of a 24 hours period it can conduct current repair of 8 - 13 APCs and automobiles and 1 - 2 tanks.

The artillery repair facility can repair 1 2 mortar or guns and up to 30 small arms in a 24 hours period.


Capability of Division Rear Service Elements

The transportation battalion ( composed of ammunition transport company, POL company, and technical-armored equipment company) can lift 440 tons of material including 90 tons of POL.

The medical battalion primarily conducts relatively prolong medical aid and evacuation of wounded from the battlefield and brigade (regiment) medical points. the battalion can also conduct sanatory - epidemic reconnaissance.
During a period of 24 hours the battalion can conduct the following types of medical aid:
----- Provide medical aid to 250 wounded
----- Provide continued medical care for 100 wounded and sick up to 10 days
----- Simultaneous evacuate of 80 wounded (sick)

The Auto-Armored repair facility conducts routine (current) and medium repair of tanks, armored personnel carriers and automobiles & tractors and evacuation of damaged vehicle from the brigades (regiments) to the division collecting point.

In the course of a 24 hours period it can conduct medium repair of 2 - 3 APCs and automobiles and 1 - 2 tanks. It can also evacuate 2 - 3 tanks and 20 automobiles to a distance of 10 kilometers.

The artillery repair facility can repair 1 mortar or guns and up to 30 small arms and 2 -3 optical instruments in a 24 hours period.



Mobile reserve of material means at the division level

The mobile reserve of material means is an established amount of material means such as ammunition, POL, foodstuff and water to be maintained always at full stock in the division. the amount of the mobile reserve is determined on the basis of pre-prescribed norms.

The requirement of material means to support the conduct of specific combat action is determined on the basis of the following equation:

Requirement=Expenditure + Mobile reserve

If the expenditure is 2 basic loads for ammunition then:

Total requirement=2 + 1.25=3.25 basic loads


The established norms of mobile reserve of material means at the division level are shown in the following table:

14. CALCULATIONS RELATED TO TECHNICAL SERVICE
From volume 21)

In order to determine the likely maintenance and repair requirement of tracked and wheel vehicles during the conduct of combat action, total motor-resource expected to be spent during the combat action must be calculated for the entire depth of the mission and for all various category vehicles.

The calculation includes the distance measured from the map multiplied by the coefficient reflecting the intensity of the battle and the type of terrain. This can be expressed in the following equation:

M_r=D x K

Where:
M_r=Motor-resource of a specific vehicle
D=Distance to be covered
K=Coefficient

Suppose the brigade (regiment) assembly area for attack is 20 km from the assault line, the depth of the immediate mission is 4 km, the depth of subsequent mission is 8 km and further depth of the unit's advance during the day is expected to be 18 km. The total motor-resource for each vehicle during the day can be calculated as follows:

M_r=D x K

Suppose the "K" for different parts of the mission is as follows:

----- From assembly area to assault line 1.5
----- From the assault line to Immediate mission 2.5
----- Then to the line of subsequent mission 2.0
----- Then to the line reached at the end of the day 1.5

On the basis of the above data the following calculation can be made:
(1) From the assembly area to assault line:
20 x 1.5=30 km

(2) From the assault line to the line of immediate mission
4 x 2.5=10 km

(3) From the line of immediate mission to the line of subsequent mission
8 x 2=16 km

(4) To the expected line of daily advance
18 x 1.5=27 km

(5) Total=30 + 10 + 16 + 27=83 km

The calculation of expected number of vehicles requiring medium level maintenance and service is conducted the same way. It is expressed in the following equation:
S=L x M

Where:
S=The actual distance
L=Depth of the mission measured on the map
M=Maneuver coefficient

The maneuver coefficient for different vehicles is as follows:

For tanks 2.0 - 2.5
For APC 1.5 - 1.7



Criteria used in forecasting the number of damaged vehicles during the conduct of combat action at the division level

In order to plan repair of damaged vehicle during the conduct of the combat action the following norms and criteria are used as planning guidelines:

Expected number of damaged tanks: 15% of the number participating in the battle

Expected number of damaged APCs: 7 - 8% of the number participating in the battle

Expected number of damaged automobiles: 4 - 5% of the number participating in the battle

The above number of damaged vehicles will be requiring different levels of repair. The percentage is shown below:

For example if there are 61 tanks at the beginning of the battle, the expected number of damaged tanks will be as follows:

61 x 0.15=10 tanks

The percentage of different types of repair for the above number of tanks will be as follows:

----- Routine repair 10 x 0.4=4 tanks
----- Medium repair 10 x 0.25=3 tanks

Comparing these numbers with the divisional repair capability, one concludes that the division can repair every day the tanks requiring routine and medium repair while the vehicles requiring capital repair are evacuated to the Army and Front facilities.



Calculation of the number of vehicles to be evacuated from the battlefield

It is assumed that up to 80% of damaged vehicles are repairable and being repaired.
-----50 - 60 per cent of such vehicles will require evacuation. Therefore if we expect 10 tanks to be damaged, the number of tanks to be evacuated will be as follows:
----- 10 x 0.8 x 0.5=4 tanks

The brigade (regiment) recovery vehicles can evacuate damaged tanks up to a distance of 5 km, and the divisional recovery vehicles to a distance of up to 10 km.



Expected repair capability of Division repair facilities

Given the organic repair means and facilities of the division, the number of different vehicles which can be repaired and evacuated by the divisional means per day is shown in the following table.

The divisional Technical repair workshop is employed in three ways:

1. Attached to two units by giving element of combat vehicle repair and one evacuation platoon to one unit and the rest to another unit.

2. Attached in two equal parts to two units.

3. Deployed in one place ( in assembly area , prior to attack and in case of heavy damage in one area.

The capability of motorized rifle brigade (regiment) to repair and evacuate different types of vehicles is shown in the following table:

The following sections contain notes extracted from indicated volumes of the 460 papers.


15. WORK OF BRIGADE STAFF IN ORGANIZING TRANSPORT BY RAILROAD
(From volume 22)

1 Organization of staff work on receipt of the mission for transport (movement).

2. Preparation of data, necessary for the commander to make his decision on the movement.

3. Forming the commander's decision and issuing missions to subordinates.

Troops transport and troop echelon.

Length of each individual troop echelon

Measurement of troop echelons' dimensions by length and weight

Maximum measurements:
----- Weight: 1200 +/- 200 T
----- Length: 60 +/- 5 wagons
----- (65 wagons=65.8,2=533 m)

System of troop control for the movement (transport)



Making the Commander's Decision on the Movement (Transport)

1. composition of troop echelons and distribution of loading stations.
2. Assembly areas prior to loading and time for leaving them
3. Beginning and end for loading of each echelon
4. Troop control during loading and movement
5. All-sided support for loading and for movement
6. Regions for assembly (sbora) after the movement and assembly areas. (sosredotochnaya rayonov)

Initial data:
1. receipt of mission
2. information on military commandant issues, how many echelons, stations, and time of loading, situation in region of station;
3. Calculation data, calculation on troop echelons, calculation of time and on movement in waiting area, on loading and on movement.



Organization of Staff Work Upon Receipt of the Mission on Movement:

Distribution of missions within the brigade staff:

* NNO=Chief operations dept;
NR=Chief recon dept;
PNO=Dpty chief of ops.
ZNO=Asst. Chief of opns.
C/S=Chief of staff

Preparation of Data Required for the Commander's Decision on Transport

1. Calculation on troop echelons
a. Determining quantity of loading means for transport of sub-units:

Information on troop composition:

NO NO echelons 1021 - 1027

Loading stations: Beikoz Ubbad Kigi

time --- echelons: 1021 1022 22.00 20.9 22.00 20.9 1023 1024 2400 20.9 3.20 21.9 1025 1026 1027 3.00 21.9 5.00 21.9 6.00 21.9

Forming the Commander's Decision and Issuing Missions to Subordinates

As a result of forming the desision the staff must work out the following documents:

1. loading plan
2. unloading plan
3. transport plan
4. combat orders on movement

The combat order on movement shows (orders):
1. Enemy data
2. Brigade mission
3. the following: missions of troop echelons; No of troop echelon, composition, chief of echelon, loading stations, time for loading, waiting region, time for movement to waiting region, unloading station, assembly area after unloading and concentration area.

10. Air defense at the loading and unloading stations;
11. command post and operational group for loading and unloading



Brigade Staff Work on organizing Transport of Sub-units by Air Transport

1. Missions of staff on organizing transport:

Calculation on Transport MRBde (div) by Air Transport

Chief of Staff _______BDE
Rank, Signature

Chief of Ops Dept _____BDE
Rank, Signature

Initial Data for Calculations

1. personnel and combat equipment composition of brigade for the transport
2. data on size and weight of transported equipment
3. data on capacity of air transport means
4. Capabilities of variants of air transport to lift

Brigade lifted in three trips
1st trip: Brigade command, recon co, chem plat, signal co, defense & regulating Co, movement , 1st and 2nd MRB
2nd trip: 3rd MRB, arty, arty repair, engr co, PVO btry, vehicle repair,
3rd trip: truck trans co, medical co, units



Plan for Movement (Transport) of Brigade by Air Transport

I. Initial data for planning movement
-----1. Brigade concentration region (by battalions and sub-units) until receiving mission;
-----2. Airfields used for movement and air units on them
-----3. Airfields for landing
-----4. concentration region after the movement
-----5. Measures of the senior commander on support of the movement (PVO, commandant service, and others)
-----6. Radiological and chemical situation

II. commander's decision on the air movement
-----7. Concept of the movement
-------- - aim of the movement
-------- - quantity and composition of trip serials
-------- - Airfield and time for loading and unloading

-----8. Missions of sub-units by trip serials
---------- means of reinforcement
-------- - regions for waiting before the loading
--------- march route to waiting regions
--------- calculation of time of loading sub-units in waiting area, beginning and end of loading.
------- - area for assembly after unloading
------ - start and end of movement (lift)

-----9. location of brigade command post during movement, loading and unloading

III. Measures on support for the movement

- on maskirovka

- defense against enemy mass destruction weapons

- radiological and chemical reconnaissance in region of loading and unloading

- PVO in these regions

- commandant's service

- signal

IV. Control signals
- start of movement "777"
- move to waiting area "888"
- start loading "999"

16. BASES OF ENGINEER SUPPORT OF COMBAT
From volume 5)

1. Aim and mission of engineer support of combat
: The complex of work

Engineer support of combat has the following aims
----- create conditions for successful employment of combat technology, maneuver and rapid movement of troops;
----- enable the shielding of troops from all means of enemy mass destruction;
----- make the enemy forces' maneuver more difficult and participate in his destruction;

Basic missions of engineer support of combat include the following:
----- engineer reconnaissance of enemy and terrain
----- preparation and maintenance of movement and maneuver routes of troops, supply transport and evacuation;
----- provide various mines and distribution of mines;
----- construct and maintain river crossings (water obstacles);
----- control of the existence of mines and demolitions on the terrain;
----- establishment of obstacle and landing demolitions;
----- preparing and maintaining crossings on water obstacles;
----- preparing fortifications, maskirovka;

Engineer troops and their combat employment
----- engineer troops fulfill very complex missions in engineer support,

Engineer units and sub-units by their TOE are divided into categories:
----- troops sapper (combat engineer) sub-units
----- engineer units of the reserve of the high command.

2 Engineer support of offensive combat

I. Aim and missions of engineer support of offensive combat

Engineer support of offensive combat is conducted with the aim: ---

II. fulfilling the basic missions of engineer support in offensive combat:
-----Engineer reconnaissance of enemy defenses and terrain
----- Engineer observation posts
----- engineer fitting out (preparation) of the regions occupied by the brigade prior to the offensive
-----Engineer troop capability for preparing defensive areas (deployment areas) firing positions and observation points;

Capabilities of sub-units to fulfill work in length of time during preparation of troop deployment areas

Loading (charging) measured and means of service

COMPLEX SUPPLY CHARGE SPZ-2
Employment: As a rule for use in mine fields,

Assembly area for offensive

Secrecy of deployment of MRBde
Covered areas (protected from all fire means
Firmness (stability) MR bde in case of enemy launching attack


Basic work for preparing the region for MRBde

Engineer support for defensive combat

Capabilities of sub-units for engineer construction of defensive positions of company and OP -- (variant)

Engineer support defensive combat

Aim of engineer support

Mission of engineer support
----- engineer reconnaissance terrain and erecting field fortifications
----- construction of engineer obstacles
----- building travel routes
----- construct water supply points
----- fulfill engineer measures on maskirovka


Engineer equipment allocated in defense of mrbde

Fortification equipment allocated in defense of MRBde

VOLUME OF BASIC WORK, EXAMPLE REQUIREMENTS IN FORCES, MEANS AND TIME FOR FORTIFICATION CONSTRUCTION ALLOCATED FOR DEFENSE OF MRBDE

17. BRIGADE COMMANDER EXERCISE IN PLANNING OPERATIONS
(From volume 12)

Clarification of mission
Aim of division commander:
His aim for 10th motor rifle brigade:
Conclusions:
Measures that must be taken immediately:

Calculation of planning time:
Instruction no 1 of brigade commander
Evaluation of enemy:

Brigade commander's order on interaction
Interaction during preparatory fire:


A. From Chi - 50 min the artillery and mortars begin artillery fire preparation for the attack. This continues to Chi - 4 min.

Construction of fire preparation:
1. The first fire strike=10 min. It is on platoon strong points of the enemy first echelon company and on his artillery.
2. Second fire strike=8 min. It is on platoon strong points in the depth of defense, mortars, observation points and also the destruction of targets in the first defense echelon by use of direct fire weapons.
3. Third fire strike=7 min. It is a repeat of the first fire strike.
4. Fourth fire strike=9 min. It is a repeat of the second strike.
5. Fifth fire strike=12 min. It is on targets of the first fire strike and also the destruction of targets by the direct fire weapons.

Covering fire strike: This begins at Chi - 6 and continues for 9 minutes to Chi + 3 min. As the troops approach the enemy position this shifts forward.


B. Weapons designated to participate in the fire:

2 guns from the 57mm plat of 1st MR Bn
2 guns from the 57mm plat of 2nd MR Bn.
2 guns from the 57mm plat of 3rd MR Bn.
3 guns from the 82mm RR plat of 1st MR Bn.
3 guns from the 82mm RR plat of 2nd MR Bn.
6 guns of AT gun Co of brigade

Total 18 guns.


C. Location, time, and means for breaking lanes in enemy obstacles and method for making lanes.

For the 1st MR Bn - make 3 lanes in own obstacles - made by hand. and make 8 lanes in enemy obstacles by using explosive means.

For 2nd MR Bn - at start of fire preparation, make 2 gaps in own obstacles by hand and make 6 lanes in enemy obstacles by hand means.

Order of commander of 10th MR Bde for interaction of artillery:

Artillery - the graphic for fire preparation will show targets for neutralization with full density and for less than full density

Third Independent fighter bomber squadron: From Chi - 50 min use two flights (6-8 aircraft) to deliver strikes on enemy tanks in the depth of the defense area.

Assembly areas: 1,2,3, MR Bns.
Conduct fire on infantry on the forward edge from Chi - 12 to Chi - 5.


Infantry will start the attack at Chi - 4.

The direct support tanks move out of their waiting areas at Chi - 28.

The order of movement for tanks is 2nd Tank Co, 1st Tank Co, 3rd Tank Co. The march route is from A-- to B--.

Direct fire weapons:
The 1st MR Bn destroys targets located along the front from X-- to Y--.
The 2nd MR Bn destroys targets located along the front from Z-- to W--.
firing positions will be occupied from the start of artillery fire.


AT reserve:
Occupy fire position line -- to -- .


Engineers:
With explosives and equipment from Chi - 50 start to make gaps of size --- . For 1st MR Bn make 7 gaps and for 2nd MR Bn make 6 gaps.
For locations and designations of gaps for 1st MR Bn consult with the brigade engineer.


Aviation:
Bomber aviation during the period from Chi - 50 delivers strikes on enemy in the area SURA.

8th Independent Fighter-bomber Squadron during period of artillery fire preparation uses 2 flights to deliver strikes on enemy tanks in area 556. During period of support fire with 2 flights it strikes enemy reserves in region AA. With 2 flights it interdicts enemy movements on a line AA - BB.


Close support tanks:
From Chi - 50 by signal, start movement from waiting area and by Chi - 8 move to the line of deployment.

During attack and accomplishment of immediate mission:


Artillery:
From Chi - 4 shift to begin fire support fire;
From Chi - 4 to Chi conduct fire on the 1st line of successive concentration fire on the forward edge and the 2nd trench line.
From Chi fire on strong points in the depth of the defense; after that fire artillery successive concentration fire to the line of --- to ---.
Next, for concentration fire on individual targets discovered at depth at moving enemy reserves preparing to counterattack on the axis --- to --.
Conduct fire on newly discovered artillery and mortars.
With the capture of the forward line, the brigade artillery group by batteries starts to move to new fire positions in area -- to --.
After fulfillment of the immediate mission by the first echelon rifle battalions, the 10th Bde's 10th Arty Bn is re-subordinated to the 1st MR Bn and the 57th Independent Arty Bn is re-subordinated to the 2nd BR Bn.


8th Independent Aviation fighter bomber squadron:
Be prepared to deliver strikes on enemy reserves moving on axis Nergi - Kitab.

1st and 2nd MR Bns:
At Chi attack the forward edge and don't stop; develop the attack into the depth of enemy defense.
During that time the 1st MR Bn with part of its force will attack hill xxx, with the aim of not stopping, use flanking fire and develop conditions to encircle the enemy.
The 2nd MR Bn be prepared with its fire of the 1st Rifle Co to attack strong points ---.
----- with the overrunning of enemy strong points, the battalions shift to pre-attack formation; the 1st Bn moves on axis ---; and the 2nd Bn on axis ---.
----- in case of counterattack the 1st, 2nd and 3rd MR Bns. take action ---.

3rd Bn begins its movement on signal from 1st and 2nd Bns.

AT Reserve:
Follows behind the 2nd MR Bn being prepared to deploy on firing lines ---.

Anti-air Bn:
Move behind 2nd MR Bn covering the 3rd MR Bn, brigade arty group, 2nd BN and brigade command post.

Movement support Detachments No 1 and 2:
On their axes support preparation of roads.
----- with capture of forward line xxx, the command post switches to axis ---.

During fulfillment of subsequent mission

1. artillery:
Be prepared with fire of the 57th Independent How. arty Bn and 58th Independent Gun arty Bn to support the commitment into battle of the 3rd MR Bn. In preparation conduct a 10 minute fire strike delivered on enempersonnel and fire means in area ---.
Stop movement of enemy reserves to line ---.
continue counter-battery battle with enemy artillery .
57th Ind. How Bn (- btry) with commitment into battle of the 3rd MR Bn shifts to support it.
After infantry occupies line --- the brigade artillery group moves to area ---.

Aviation:
During the attack deliver strikes with 2 flights on enemy reserves ( ) and be prepared to stop enemy reserves from the area ---.

3rd MR Bn:
Move on route --, --; prepare to enter battle from line --, --; breakthrough enemy positions in interaction with the 2nd MR Bn in area ---.
Develop the offensive on axis --, --.
When committed into battle it will be supported by re-subordination of attached 1st Tank Bn.


Brigade reserve will be 1 Rifle Co.

2nd MR Bn.
With its main force develop the offensive on axis ---, in interaction with the 3rd MR Bn.
Breakthrough enemy defense on line ---.
Destroy enemy in region --- and capture line ---.
Be prepared to become forward detachment on axis ---.

AT Reserve and mobile obstacle detachment:
Be prepared for deploying on lines ---, ---, ---.

Anti-air Co:
cover the commitment into battle of the 3rd MR Bn from fire positions in area ---; with further advance cover 3rd MR Bn, 2nd MR Bn and Brigade artillery group.

Independent movement support Det # 1:
Follow the 3rd Mr Bn and prepare march routes for 3rd MR Bn for attack on axis ---.

Independent movement support Det # 2:
With capture of line ---, ---; move to axis ---.

Command post is in area ---.

Developing the offensive on axis ---.

The main forces of the brigade will concentrate on axis ---(main axis).

1st Mr Bn:
with completion of destruction of enemy in region ---; then reverts to Bde 2nd echelon.
concentrate in region ---.
prepare for continued offensive on axis ---.

3rd MR Bn:
with the destruction of the enemy in area ---, shift to conduct pursuit on axis --- and be prepared to deliver blow to north and seize SURA.

2nd MR Bn:
Complete destruction of enemy in area ---, go over to the pursuit on axis -- and be prepared to conduct march to seize ASH.

Artillery:
Re-subordinate 10th Arty Bn to 3rd MR Bn.; 57th Ind. How Bn to 2nd MR Bn..

Mobile obstacle Det and AT reserve:
Move behind 3rd MR Bn.

CP moves behind 3rd MR Bn.

Signal of interaction: 111

Problem # 1.
To determine the distribution of artillery fire capability of 122, 152 how and 120 mortars for fire on covered troops with full norms of density of number of shells.

Consider firing for 5, 10, and 20 minutes:

122mm 25 shells ÷ 150 norm per ha.=1/6 ha in 5 min;
122mm 40 shells ÷ 150 norm per ha.=1/4 ha in 10 min;
122mm 60 shells ÷ 150 norm per ha.=1/2 ha in 20 min;
152mm 20 shells ÷ 90 norm per ha.=1/4 ha in 5 min;
152mm 30 shells ÷ 90 norm per ha.=1/3 ha in 10 min;
152mm 40 shells ÷ 90 norm per ha.=1/2 ha in 20 min;
120mm 30 shells ÷ 140 norm per ha.=1/5 ha in 5 min;
120mm 35 shells ÷ 140 norm per ha.=1/4 ha in 10 min;
120mm 45 shells ÷ 140 norm per ha.=1/3 ha in 20 min;

Volume of fire mission

The problem is to determine the total area of enemy targets that can be fired on successfully by our artillery.

Enemy target set:

1. Neutralization of covered troops 39.2 ha
2. Neutralization of arty batteries 3 batteries
3. quantity of targets 18

Study the fire mission with the use of density of destruction according to norms.

1. platoon strong points in company 1st echelon 22.6 ha (100%)
2. platoon strong points at depth 16.6 ha (50%)=8.3 ha
3. total quantity of covered troops neutralized 31 ha

Neutralize artillery and mortars 4.1 ha of target

Total to be neutralized 35.1 ha (100%)

Artillery fire capability of 10th MR Bde 36.5 ha

Reserve is 36.6 - 35.1=1.5 ha

Battery of 85mm
Target # 101=2.3 ha (100%)
Target # 200=0.6 ha (100%)
Total 2.9 ha


57th Arty Bn
Target 107=8 ha (100%)
Target # 206=7 ha (100%)
Total 11.5 ha

Calculation on supplies

18. ARTILLERY
(From volume 16)

Artillery battalion:

Artillery battalion of three batteries deploys with 1 km between batteries in an area of 1-2 km by 1 - 2 km

1. Fire on individual targets by individual guns, batteries or battalions

2. concentration fire, long range fire by several battalions at designated distance=fire by several batteries

3. Destruction fire - fire planed against enemy counterattack force

4. Massive fire - fire for aim of bringing fire concentrations of several batteries or battalions together on one target area

5. Fire strikes in curtain of fire is fired on lines in succession to a depth of 4 km: norm 1 122mm gun for 35 meters frontage or 1 85mm for 15 meters:

6. Successive concentrations of fire

Fire on areas designated along parallel lines total depth up to 4 km. (ed. now 8 km to depth of 1st bde position).

1. Mission of artillery and its means for fulfilling missions
-----a. Missions
-----b. Composition of artillery battalion
----- battalion heavy weapons company 82mm M-3
----- for direct fire 82mm RR rifle
----- 57mm gun
----- reinforcement battery from brigade AT
----- plat 76mm M-3
----- plat 107mm
(p 15)

Missions of artillery and artillery capabilities
----- Destruction=not less than 50% targets out of action in personnel and equipment
-----Neutralization=at least 30% personnel and equipment out of action
-----Harassing fire=without numerical figure
-----Interdiction=stop enemy movement
-----Screening=smoke screen
-----Illumination=light at night

Formula for rocket strength:
What is the force of the rocket engine?

R=(S x V_a) ÷ g + F_a (R_a - R_n)

S=escape gas in kg/sec
V_a=velocity of escape gas m/sec
g=force of gravity 9.8 m/sec
F_a=area of nozzle opening
R_a=pressure of gas at escape kg/ sq meter
R_n=atmosphere pressure

Fire capabilities of artillery
-----a. targets for neutralization
----- nuclear means
----- artillery and mortars
----- radio location systems & command posts
----- personnel and fire means in strong points & concentration area
----- enemy columns
----- counterattacking enemy tanks and infantry

1 destruction of enemy nuclear weapons
-----a. fire for destruction requires
----- launcher up to 10 km range=1 arty battery
----- launcher over 10 km range=1-3 batteries

for destruction of guns and batteries using nuclear ammunition must designate not less than one battalion.
-----b. for neutralization 1-2 batteries

2. Destruction of artillery
-----a. neutralization of artillery
----- to 10 km=1 battery
----- over 10 km=1-3 battery

-----b. Average norms in shells

3. Destruction of radio location station

4. Fire against troops and fire means - average norms for quantity of shells

5. Fire on enemy column

a. Enemy column requires fire strike by arty battalion

b. Norms for shells for arty battalion for fire strike on column

This should be fired into a concentration of 500 by 300 meters with long axis on line of advance, or a 300 by 300 area across the line of march

6. Stop enemy attack or counterattack

7. Fire strike:

Width of fire strike is determined by caliber and number of guns
-----85 - 100 mm=15 meters
-----122, 130, 152 mm=35 meters
-----122gun=25 meters

Norm for firing for 1 minute on 100 meters:
-----85mm 12 shells
-----100mm 8
-----122mm 6
-----130mm 6
-----152mm 4

8. Successive concentration fire:
-----a. Width of fire sector for arty battery
-----3 ha for 85mm, 100mm guns
-----4 ha for 122mm, 130mm 152mm and 120mm mtr

b.

II. Calculation of artillery capability

Fire capability depends on:
----- character of target and its density
----- quantity of artillery
----- quantity of ammunition
----- range of fire and type of fire

Example 1:
The caliber of artillery, capability of a battalion in the period of preparatory fire if for the guns there is 1,2 B/K, open enemy troops, density of fire 100% of norm.

Comment: Capability to conduct defense is calculates so the loss of division AT means will be 30%.
The range of AT missile against tanks is 2-3 km. The enemy tanks will cover that distance in about 10 -15 min. This means there should be 10 -15 minutes of artillery fire support during enemy counter-attacks.

There are 2-3 targets per artillery battalion and fire is continued for 10 - 30 min,

In a first echelon division there may be 30 tanks per kilometer of width of enemy attack. The defense must have in its first echelon brigade 12 -15 AT means per km. For each AT reserve in defense designate 3-4 fire lines for planned deployment

For neutralization of enemy personnel and weapons in the open in concentration fire for 122 how. That is 18 guns per bn. They can fire an area of 80 ha. They can fire for 4 min 20 shells for a total of 360 shells from the battalions. Each ha 20 shells.

Fire strike on 2nd echelon advancing at distance of 1.5 2 km. Speed of movement 10 km hr
Fire strike ends at 300 meters from friendly troops.
AT reserve bde - deploy on front of 1000 - 1500 meters and cover width of 2000 meters.
Battery of 120 mm mortar deploy 1 - 1.5 km back from front line
Mtr plat 82mm mtrs deploy 500 - 800 meters from front.
AT means or 107mm RR rifle - 57mm and 76 mm guns in strong points of companies by platoons a distance between platoon --

19. RECONNAISSANCE PLANNING
(From volume 18)

Basis of troop reconnaissance

Categories and types of reconnaissance
----- strategic
----- operational
----- tactical

methods and means of conducting troop reconnaissance
----- tactical reconnaissance sub-units

Troop reconnaissance
----- combat reconnaissance patrol, composed of up to a platoon, - operates 6-8 km ahead of its parent forces
----- reconnaissance group, composed of combined arms forces from platoon to reinforced company and conducting reconnaissance along an axis or of an objective. It operated up to 20-25 km ahead of a brigade or up to 30-40 km ahead of a division.
----- officer reconnaissance patrol, composed of 1-2 officers and 3-5 troops. It may operate in a helicopter, tanks, combat machines, etc. Reconnaissance may also be conducted by individual officers.
----- observation post and points, the number of points can be 2-3 for a brigade, 2-3 for the division, and 1-2 for each battalion.

Means of observation
----- listening
----- patrols
----- ambush post
----- raid and capture
----- looking post
----- reconnaissance in force (combat recon)

Reconnaissance forces and means of combined arms units and special troops and their capabilities and operation in combined arms combat
----- the brigade has a reconnaissance company of three platoons, one tank, one BRDM and one motorcycle:
----- personnel - 45
----- PT76 tanks - 3
----- BRDM - 4
----- Motorcycles - 4
----- sub-machine guns - 4
----- machine guns - 4
----- radios, pistols etc.

the division has a reconnaissance company, a reconnaissance platoon in the artillery regiment, a reconnaissance platoon in the engineer battalion, and a chemical reconnaissance platoon. The division staff reconnaissance department has 3 personnel. The composition of the reconnaissance company has four platoons and includes:
----- personnel - 85
----- PT76 tanks - 5
----- BRDM - 9
----- Motorcycle - 6
----- RP46 - 9
----- RPD - 6
----- automatic rifles - 60
----- pistols - 25

The reconnaissance platoon of the artillery regiment has 10 personnel in headquarters and two detachments for listening and radar of 4 men each with one GAZ-63.

The engineer reconnaissance platoon has 15 men in a headquarters and two sections with one MAB.

The chemical reconnaissance platoon has 23 men in four sections with 4 BTR 40.

Capabilities of reconnaissance forces and means of division and brigade
----- the reconnaissance company of brigade creates 1-2 recon groups, one group for making patrols or ambush, 1-3 observation posts and operates at a distance of 20 km from the front.
----- the division reconnaissance company can send out 2-3 reconnaissance groups to conduct patrols and create one ambush as well as deploy 2-3 observation posts. Its groups can operate up to 30-35 km forward of the front line.
----- the artillery reconnaissance platoon sets up 1-2 artillery observation posts
----- the engineer reconnaissance platoon can send out a reconnaissance group and engineer observation posts.
----- the chemical reconnaissance platoon can send 2 chemical teams and man 1-2 chemical observation posts.


Separate reconnaissance battalion

This is organized with a command group having staff and technical sections etc. and four companies for sound, radar, optical, and photographic reconnaissance. The total composition includes:
----- personnel - 232
----- vehicles - 38
----- special vehicles - 3
----- other equipment including radars etc.

The capability for sound listening:

The units set up behind the front line and can pick up targets 1-1.5 km behind enemy lines on a width of 5-6 km.

The radar reconnaissance means (SNAR) has range against ground targets of 14-16 km and against airborne targets of 38 km.

The radio reconnaissance means is set up in two stations 10-20 km apart and 3-4 km from the front. It has a range against enemy radio stations of 60 km behind enemy lines.


Reconnaissance against enemy nuclear strikes

American nuclear artillery weapons

There are 8-10 reconnaissance targets at a dept of 30-60 km.

Forces and means of army level reconnaissance

Reconnaissance department of army staff
----- chief of reconnaissance 1
----- deputy chief 1
----- troop dept
----- chief of dept 1
----- senior officers 2
----- officers 2

Duties:
----- to organize reconnaissance (develop plan, issue instructions on recon to formations, issue combat orders to army units, conduct staff missions to recon units of army
----- make map on reconnaissance actions of army units (map of recon plan)
----- control, supervise formations and offer assistance
----- organize interaction on reconnaissance
----- control forces and means

Information department
----- chief of dept 1
----- senior officer 3
----- officer 2
----- translators 2

Duties:
----- prepare headquarters map showing enemy forces, create maps of enemy situation for reports to higher headquarters.
----- collect, assess, and work out reconnaissance information
----- write up reconnaissance standard and spot reports to higher hqs
----- make information reports to hqs and troops on enemy forces
----- prepare report on enemy for the commander and chief of staff of army

Interrogation unit
----- senior officer 1
----- officer 1

Duties:
----- question prisoners, deserters, and line crossers
----- setup protocols for questioning
----- evaluate prisoners
----- send prisoners to higher staff

Senior officer for air reconnaissance 1
senior officer for radio-radar recon 1
senior officer for deep recon 1
typist 1
clerk - graphic artist 1
Total manpower in army reconnaissance 23

The army has separate artillery reconnaissance battalion, separate radio and radar reconnaissance company, separate air reconnaissance squadron with 18 IL-28R, separate aviation reconnaissance squadron with 13 MIG17R, and separate deep reconnaissance company with 6 groups of 5 men each.

20. AIR FORCES AND AIRCRAFT
(From volume 26)

(Subjects discussed in this volume)
Air force organization

Characteristics of aircraft
-----Speed of flight
-----Maximum speed, cruising speed, maximum length of flight,
-----Height of flight:
-----Speed of flight:

Military aircraft and helicopters

1. Basic means of striking are:
-----aviation rockets that are divided:
----- guided rockets
----- unguided rockets.

2. Classes of rockets:
----- air to air
----- air to ground

3. Aviation bombs:
----- high explosive aviation bombs of various calibers (weight) from 100 to 1500 to 3000 kg
----- aviation fragmentation bombs with calibers from 2.5 to 100 kg
----- fragmentation-high explosive aviation bombs from 50 to 250 kg
----- anti-tank aviation bombs 2.5 kg
----- incendiary aviation bombs 2.5 to 100 kg
----- high explosive-incendiary aviation bombs 2.5 to 100 kg.

Bombs of supporting designation include
----- light aviation bomb (illumination)
----- smoke aviation bomb
----- chemical bomb
----- propaganda bomb

4. Artillery armament in aircraft and helicopters
----- heavy caliber machine gun 12.7 mm
----- aviation cannon caliber 20, 23, 30, 37mm


In fighters and fighter-bombers are 1-3 cannon

2. Aviation machine guns
----- optical machine gun, they are used (to conduct fire) on air and identified targets during good conditions
----- radio controlled means, good for fire at targets during bad weather

3. Means of attack ground (naval) air targets
-----Radar control system - "Rim - C"


Equipping aircraft and helicopters

1. Basic types of equipment include:
----- instrument equipment
----- radio equipment
----- reconnaissance equipment


2. Instrument equipment includes:
----- speed indicator
----- altitude indicator
----- aviation compass
----- aviation clock
----- horizon indicator
----- special devices


Instruments control work motor
----- indicator of the speed of the turbine
----- thermometer gauge for manifold
----- fuel supply indicator


3. Radio equipment includes
----- 1-3 direct - radio stations ultra-short wave or short wave
----- radio compasses
----- radar systems--
----- radar systems --


4. Reconnaissance equipment
----- instrument for visual observation, --
----- aerial photography apparatus and film apparatus that functions in day and night. It uses plain and perspective photography


5. Other equipment
----- oxygen equipment
----- cabin pressure
----- antigravity pressure suit
----- parachute
----- catapult system



Military aviation and its organization basing and combat application

VVS included as arm of service
VVS designated for support of combat action of ground forces and naval flotillas.
Organization of fighter aviation:
Regiment of three squadrons
squadrons of 12 aircraft in three flights of 4 aircraft each


Organization of bomber aviation:
Regiment of three squadrons of 10 aircraft and each squadron has three flights of 3 aircraft each.


Organization of reconnaissance aviation:
Regiments and squadrons of tactical reconnaissance have organization like fighters
Regiments and squadrons of operational reconnaissance have organization like bombers.


Aerodrome
2000 to 2200 meters runway by 40 - 50 meters


Landing area:
Combat flights are designated to fly over the enemy territory with the aim of fulfilling combat missions:
Diagram of flights in wedges of 3 aircraft and larger wedges of three flights for a squadron. Diagram of aircraft echeloned right or left


Diagram of rocket motor


Aircraft and helicopters - their designations and basic characteristics:

Aviation motors used in aircraft and helicopters:
----- propeller
----- reactive
----- rocket
----- turbine

Aircraft and helicopters of VVS and their technical-tactical characteristics: