SOVIET VOROSHILOV ACADEMY LECTURES
FRONTAND ARMY OPERATIONS

1. timely detection of the aerial enemy;

2. protecting and covering main forces and important rear service targets;

3. providing air defense cover for troops during counterblows (counterstrikes) and during counterpreparatory fire.

Missions

1. covering main groupings of forces, rocket and artillery troops, rear service targets, and airfields against enemy air strikes during preparation and conduct of defensive operations;

2. detecting the aerial enemy an warning air defense about him;

3. fighting enemy air assault forces in the air;

4. covering troops during the conduct of counterpreparatory fire and during the conduct of counterblows (counterstrikes);

5. destroying enemy pilotless aircraft (drones) and manned aircraft.

1. during deployment of troops;

2. during movement of troops to counterstrike lines;

3. during development of the attack.

1. composition of the front;

2. front's missions;

3. front's role;

4. location of the front.

1. Two to three S-75 air defense rocket regiments. Each regiment containing six rockets (total of eighteen S-75 rockets [launchers] in the regiment).

2. One to two S-125 air defense rocket regiments. Each regiment is composed of three battalions containing eight rockets (launchers) (total of twenty-four S-125 rockets [launchers] in the regiment.

3. One to two air defense artillery divisions. Each division composed of three to four regiments. In each regiment there are six air defense artillery batteries containing eight guns (total of forty-eight 57 mm antiaircraft guns.

4. One air defense radio technical regiment.

1. six to eleven S-75 air defense rocket regiments;

\2. one to two air defense artillery divisions;

3. four to eight separate air defense artillery (S-60) regiments;

4. one to two S-125 air defense rocket regiments;

5. one radio technical regiment;

6. three to four radio technical battalions;

7. two to three fighter aviation divisions (six to nine regiments).

1. One to two S-75 air defense rocket regiments. Each regiment is composed of three rocket battalions containing six air defense rocket systems [launchers] (total of eighteen S-75 air defense rocket launchers in the regiment.

2. One to two air defense artillery regiments. There are six air defense artillery batteries in the regiment. Each consists of six guns (total of thirty-six 57mm air defense guns in the regiment.

3. One air defense radio technical battalion.

1. One S-60 air defense artillery regiment composed of four batteries wit six guns in each (total of twenty-four 57mm guns in the regiment).

2. There are 114 Strela-2m air defense rockets in a motorized rifle division and sixty-nine Strela-2Ms in a tank division.

1. platoon of ZSU-23-4 with four systems;

2. platoon of ZPU-4 with four systems.

1. fire power;

2. coverage area;

3. maneuver capability of air defense units and large units;

4. capability to supply and prepare rockets.

1. air targets;

2. dimension of destruction areas;

3. numbers of targets which may be destroyed in one cycle of fire in a specific time.

- S-75 air defense rocket regiment engages air targets and under favorable conditions may destroy them and resume fire on other targets after two minutes;

- the S-60 air defense artillery regiment of the division fires on one target at a time;

- the army's S-60 air defense regiment may fire on two targets at a time;

- the air defense battery of motorized rifle and tank regiments may destroy one target at a time and may shift fire on another target after one minute;

- the Strela-2M squad (three Strela-2M portable rockets) fires on one target. Probability of destroying the air target with one squad is 0.53-0.6. Therefore, three squads must be employed to destroy one aerial target.

1. altitude;

2. speed and position of flight of the target;

3. type of destruction and jamming means;

4. range of the air defense means;

5. distance between air defense battalions.

1. time of deployment into combat formations;

2. speed of movement;

3. range of movement (zapas khoda);

4. crossing capability (cross country movement capability).

1. striking forces;

2. fire means;

3. army rear service targets.

1. protect against enemy air strikes;

2. cover and support their free (unimpeded) maneuver;

3. successful conduct of their combat missions.

1. inflicting decisive losses on the aerial enemy over the approaches and over the location of the friendly forces;

2. foiling strikes of the aerial enemy;

3. timely detection of the aerial enemy.

1. covering main groupings of forces and other targets in army areas;

2. conducting reconnaissance to detect the aerial enemy and warning the air defense;

3. destroying enemy pilotless (drones) and manned reconnaissance aircraft;

4. fighting enemy air assault troops in the air.

1. planning army air defense and conveying missions on air defense to troops;

2. establishing groupings of air defense troops in the departure (FUP) areas, preparing them for combat actions and maintaining constant combat-readiness to repel enemy air attacks.

3. organizing air defense during the conduct of offensive operations to accomplish missions related to the following:



- assault crossing over major water obstacles;

- committing second-echelon forces into combat;

- repulsing enemy counterblows;

4. organizing troop control and interaction of air defense forces and means;

5. organizing combat support measures and supply of air defense guided rockets.

1. composition, groupings, and likely directions of the attack from the aerial enemy and the main groupings of enemy ground forces;

2. operational formation of army troops, its command posts, army boundaries, and army missions;

3. position areas of air defense and radio technical units, immediate adjacent, front and national air defense means operating in army areas, in departure (FUP) areas, and in the entire depth of army offensive operations. The line of reconnaissance of the aerial enemy by radar and the destruction (killing) zone of air defense means.

4. fighter aviation airfields, lines of intercepting enemy aircraft, areas of air patrolling;

5. missions conducted by forces and means of other branches of services in the interest of air defense (where, when, and by what means enemy air targets are destroyed.

6. directions (areas) of the flight of aircraft carrying airborne assault troops;

7. bridges and crossings over rivers.

1. brief deductions of the assessment of the enemy;

2. concepts and missions of air defense;

3. combat composition of air defense troops and means and their combat capability;

4. control of air defense forces and means;

5. organizing coordination (interaction) with fighter aviation and other air defense means;

6. availability, supplying (delivering), and distributing rockets (rounds);

7. methods of numbering air targets;

8. warning troops of the aerial enemy;

9. combat-readiness and combat standby (on-call) duties of air defense means.

1. plan of detection (reconnaissance) of the aerial enemy;

2. warning and signal diagram;

3. other necessary tables and graphics.

1. likely groupings in crossing areas;

\2. form of movement to water obstacles;

3. their deployment on the friendly bank of the water obstacles.

1. their organic air defense means;

2. fighter aircraft;

3. national air defense forces.

1. crossing sites;

2. road junctions;

3. built-up areas;

4. open terrain segments;

5. oasises.

1. army air defense rockets and artillery;

2. adjacent divisions air defense means;

3. air defense means of the army's second-echelon troops.

1. the process of distributing targets among air defense means;

2. sustaining and continuing control of actions of air defense troops by air defense chiefs of divisions and commanders of army's air defense large units and units whose efforts are directed toward the accomplishment of the assigned missions;

3. all-around support of combat actions.

1. by army air defense radio technical battalions, reconnaissance, and target acquisition radars of the reconnaissance, and control platoons of air defense;

2. by chiefs of motorized rifle and tank divisions;

3. by reconnaissance and target acquisition (identification) of air defense units and subunits;

4. visual observation from all command posts of the troops.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE TWO RADAR POSTS DEPLOYED ACROSS THE ENEMY'S FRONT AND THE TWO OTHER COMPANIES KEPT IN RESERVE

1. expand radar coverage areas during the conduct of the offensive operation;

2. establish a new line of radar posts.

1. in a centralized method from the command post of national air defense large units;

2. in a decentralized method from the command post of the closest radar of national air defense forces deployed in army areas.

1. in a centralized method from the army air defense control points;

2. in a decentralized method from the closest army radar post or from the reconnaissance and target identification radar stations (CPU) of divisions and air defense units.

1. to cover main forces and vital army rear service targets;

2. to cover army troops during the conduct of army counterblows (counterstrikes) against enemy air attacks;

3. to quickly detect (reconnoiter) the aerial enemy.

1. covering main groupings of forces, rocket and artillery troops, vital rear service targets, and command posts against enemy air strikes;

2. reconnaissance (detection) of the aerial enemy and warning of air defense troops about him;

3. fighting enemy airborne assault troops and their destruction in the air;

4. covering forces conducting army counterblows (counterstrikes).

1. its organic air defense means;

2. air defense units and subunits of first-echelon large units operating in directions of counterblows (counterstrikes);

3. by army's air defense rocket and artillery units.

1. a centralized form from the army command posts;

2. a decentralized form from the army radar companies or from local national air defense forces.

1. situations;

2. missions;

3. time.

1. assembly;

2. marches;

3. arrival in designated areas to conduct combat missions.

1. covering main forces nd other vital army targets in assembly areas, during marches, halts, daily, nightly, rest, and twenty-four hour rests, in passages, bridges, defiles, crossings, passes, etc. against the aerial enemy and to support organized arrival in designated areas;

2. conducting enemy reconnaissance and warning air defense troops about the enemy in coordination (interaction) with national air defense forces, and the military district (front) in the area of jurisdiction in which army marches are conducted.

1. receiving missions and instructions from higher echelons on the conduct of marches (movements) and air defense;

2. making decisions and planning air defense;

3. assigning missions on air defense to troops;

4. establishing groupings of air defense troops;

5. organizing troop control and coordination (interaction).

1. In assessing tactical and technical characteristics of enemy aircraft it must e noted that enemy air strikes on army troops at a distance of up to 1,000 km from enemy airfields will be launched by enemy tactical aircraft. At longer distances by enemy strategic aircraft.

2. Strikes on units march columns, railroads, bridges, and other targets will be launched by groups of four to six or twelve to sixteen and even twenty aircraft and sometimes more.

3. Flight of enemy aircraft will be conducted at low, medium, and high altitudes under cover of fighter aircraft and under conditions of heavy radio-electronic suppression (jamming). Therefore, during movements of army troops from the interior of the country to the TVD, their air defense covers must be organized through the entire depth of their movements.

1. by organic means;

2. by railroads;

3. by a combined form (using organic means and railroads).

1. in areas of concentration after the combat alert signal and in assembly areas;

2. covering march columns during their passage through water obstacles, mountain passes, defiles, major built-up areas, and road junctions;

3. in small and large halt areas, in areas of day (night) rest, and in twenty-four hour rest areas.

1. in embarkation, debarkation, and re-embarkation areas;

2. covering railroad columns along movement routes;

3. air defense cover at railroad center areas (railheads), bridges, defiles, passes, and tunnels.

1. in areas of concentration after combat alert signals and in assembly areas;

2. in embarkation, debarkation, and re-embarkation areas;

3. covering marching columns and railroad columns during movements;

4. air defense in small and large halts, in areas of day (night) rests, and in areas of twenty-four hour rest;

5. air defense while crossing bridges, in major road junction areas, during passage through mountain passes, defiles, and tunnels.

1. on the basis of instructions from the general staff (when the army is directly under the Supreme High Command);

2. in accordance with instructions from military districts;

3. front staff (when army is under their command).

1. which large units of national air defense forces and military district (front) air defense forces and means are deployed in the sector of army movements and what missions are assigned to them;

2. methods of interaction of army air defense troops with the above air defense fores;

3. methods of reconnaissance of the aerial enemy and warning army troops about the flight of enemy aircraft.

1. situations and capabilities of army air defense troops;

2. groupings of national air defense forces and air defense means of military districts (fronts) which are deployed in army sectors of movement (march);

3. groupings, capabilities, and characteristics of actions of the aerial enemy.

1. which groupings of forces and targets must be covered at what phases;

2. how interaction between army, national air defense forces, and air defense forces and means of military districts (fronts) should be established;

3. methods of conduct of reconnaissance of enemy, warning, and control of the air defense troops during the march (movement).

1. deductions from assessments of aerial enemies;

2. sectors and directions of army troops marches, departure areas (starting areas), and aims of marches;

3. marching formations of the army and locations for air defense troops in the formation;

4. concentration areas per combat alarm signal, assembly areas, areas of embarkation and debarkation, areas of halts, day (night) rests, areas of twenty-four hour rest, passes, bridges, defiles and crossings and time for crossing them. Critical targets which need to be covered against air attacks (rear service troops and units, crossing sites, mountain passes, defiles, road junctions, etc.);

5. composition and groupings of national (military district, front) air defense forces in army march sectors and methods of interaction with them;

6. composition, capabilities, and groupings of army air defense troops and their relocation through the entire depth of march;

7. organization of defense for air defense rockets and artillery;

8. air defense cover by fighter aircraft;

9. radar reconnaissance and methods of control of radar reconnaissance elements;

10. methods for numbering air targets during the passage of army troops through national air defense large units and through territories of Warsaw Pat allies;

11. methods of warning of marching troops;

12. level of combat-readiness and duty (dijurnie) troops of air defense forces;

13. availability, delivery, and distribution of air defense rockets and shells.

1. their rapid deployment into combat formations;

2. establishment of strong reconnaissance and fire systems during stops, rests, halts, and arrival in assembly areas.

1. deploy into combat formations;

2. occupy positions near movement routes;

3. establish reconnaissance and troop control;

4. take measures to receive warning signals about the aerial enemy.

1. bridges;

2. passages;

3. defiles;

4. crossings;

5. etc.

1. areas;

2. targets;

3. main groupings of forces.

1. political and administrative centers;

2. industrial and military areas;

3. other important targets located in its area.

1. groupings of forces;

2. airfields;

3. aircraft;

4. areas of mobilization of forces;

5. naval bases;

6. communication routes;

7. supply bases;

8. preventing breakthrough of the aerial enemy into the depth of the country.

1. air defense of ground forces during their conduct of groupings in the TVD;

2. reinforce air defense of naval forces at sea and during the conduct of operations by them;

3. reinforce front air defense during their conduct of operations;

4. air defense of airborne forces and military transport aviation in departure areas of airborne assault and along their course of flight.

1. missions;

2. significance of directions to be defended;

3. characteristics of TVDs;

4. dimensions of TVDs;

5. number of targets to be covered;

6. characteristics of enemy actions.

1. making decisions on air defense;

2. assigning missions to air defense forces and means;

3. planning air defense by the air defense army;

4. deploying air defense forces, establishing groupings of air defense troops, preparing for combat actions, and maintaining constant readiness to repel enemy air attacks;

5. organizing air defense cover by fighter aviation;

6. organizing coordination (interaction);

7. organizing troops control;

8. organizing all-around supporting measures including the preparation of air defense guided rockets.

1. repulsing enemy initial massive strikes;

2. covering forces of military districts during their movement;

3. reinforcing air defense of communication routes.

1. determining methods for conducting reconnaissance and mutual warning about the enemy;

2. coordinating methods for covering targets by joint actions;

3. specifying and assigning (distributing) lines of commitment for fighter aviation into combat;

4. specifying methods of coordination (interaction) between fighter aircraft and air defense rockets;

5. methods of control of air defense troops in repulsing enemy initial massive strikes.

1. in a centralized method from the air defense army's (air defense large units) command posts;

2. in a decentralized method from command posts of radio technical units.

1. assigned troops;

2. directions of actions;

3. lines;

4. control;

5. direction (guidance) of aircraft to targets;

6. others.

1. front's chief of air defense;

2. front fighter aviation division commander;

3. front air army's deputy commander.

1. general staff;

2. instructions of main commands of national air defense forces;

3. main command of naval forces;

4. decision of related commanders.

1. missions of interacting troops;

2. composition of interacting forces and means;

3. organizing interaction;

4. controlling interacting forces;

5. organizing support of interacting forces and means.

1. reconnaissance of the enemy;

2. warning and mutual information about the situation;

3. methods of joint action in covering front (fleet) forces in their permanent garrisons;

4. methods of joint action in repulsing the initial massive strike of the aerial enemy;

5. methods of joint actions in covering troops during their deployment and at departure (FUP) areas;

6. organizing joint actions while conducting offensive operations.

1. main directions of actions of aerial enemies, composition, and character of his actions;

2. boundaries of interacting formations within which interaction is conducted;

3. groupings and compositions of forces involved in interactions;

4. targets to be covered;

5. command posts, guidance (direction) [points, boundaries (limits) of radar operation (ranges) areas;

6. fire areas (sectors) of air defense rocket units;

7. line of commitment for fighter aircraft into combat;

8. areas of combat patrolling for fighter aviation in the air.

1. direct air defense of each group or detachment;

2. area air defense of all moving formations of seaborne assault forces.

1. ships of seaborne assault forces;

2. surface ships;

3. radar aircraft;

4. helicopters (AWACS).

1. 57mm antiaircraft guns;

2. ZSU-23-4s;

3. Strela-2Ms;

4. antiaircraft machine guns.

1. radar aircraft (AWACS);

2. helicopters;

3. radar ships.

1. its organic and attached air defense means;

2. fighter aviation;

3. air defense means of ships.