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LESSON VI: PRACTICAL EXERCISE ON ARMY
PLANNING
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1. General: In this four hour lesson the students learn how the army
commander makes his decision and issues the operations directive to the
divisions. They focus on the actions of the chief of operations directorate in
support of the commander.
2. Sublesson Introduction: This in the second of the three practical exercises.
The students will already have completed the front level exercises and
should be generally familiar with the basic Soviet procedures for making
decisions, issuing orders, and preparing plans. If they have already had the
general, theoretical lessons provided in this course, they should not require
much additional review of this material. Nevertheless, a complete treatment of
the entire process is provided with view graphs for the instructor's use. He
may wish to use more of these in the introductory lessons. After reviewing the
material, as necessary, the instructor will guide the students through an
examination of the key elements of decision making and planning. The individual
exercises are designed in sequence to proceed step by step through the planning
process. By the conclusion of the exercise they will have issued the army
directive to the division. This will be the basis for the division practical
exercise.
3. Teacher Learning Objective: To give the students a substantial background
and prepare them for roles of commander, chief of staff, and chief of
operations at army level. The lesson is on the procedural aspects of decision
making and planning, not the tactical and operational skill required to win
battles.
Task: Review the structure and organization of army troop control organs
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: The extent of the review will depend on the extent of knowledge
retained by the students from previous lessons and reading. If this lesson is
presented separately from lessons 1-4 in this series, then it could be expanded
into six or eight hours total including more complete discussion of this topic.
Task: Review the responsibilities of the army commander, chief of staff and
chief of operations. The duties of the rest of the staff and the chiefs of
combat arms, special troops and services may be mentioned as well.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: As with the previous task, the extent of this review will depend on
the requirement remaining after previous lessons. The students should have a
good understanding of the roles of all the principal staff members in order to
be able to perform the practical exercises without further questions.
Task: Review the actions of army troop control organs during organization of
offensive operations.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: The emphasis is on procedures and methods for preparing decisions,
making plans, issuing documents and similar activities, not on the tactical
skill required to make sound judgments and decisions.
Task: Issue the front operations directive prepared in the previous lesson
and show the students on the map the dimensions of the army mission,
boundaries, and other information that would be received by the army
headquarters.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: The level of detail of the opposing force should be sufficient
to enable the students to perform the necessary calculations. The more
realistic the scenario the better able they will be to see the relevance of the
calculations to combat planning.
Task: Issue exercise one and lead the students through the calculation of the
width of an army sector in the given conditions.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: This exercise is a continuation of the exercise in lesson five on the
width of the sector of main attack of the front. The instructor should
repeat the exercise as often as necessary with changed numbers to insure that
the students have mastered the formula and its application.
Task: Issue exercise two and lead the students through the calculations
required to determine the correlation of forces in the main sector of an army
offensive.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: This exercise is an important one to show the students how to use
correlation of forces in a practical way when considering the relation of
available forces to the width of the breakthrough sector. It is especially
important that they understand that the formula is not used to determine what
the width of the breakthrough sector should be, but rather
what it would be under particular circumstances. It is then up
to the commander to take the necessary measures to insure that the actual width
of the breakthrough sector and the correlation of forces both match specified
norms.
Task: Lead the students through the clarification of mission specified in
exercise three. First use the data given in the exercise as an example and then
use the information given in the directive to the army prepared in lesson five.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: Clarification of the mission is one of the most crucial steps in the
organization and planning procedure. It is essential to take the time to insure
that the students thoroughly know how to do this step.
Task: Discuss the purpose, content, and format of initial instructions as
specified in exercise four.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: The students will already have done this exercise at the
front level in lesson five. And they will have discussed it at length
in the previous lessons on Soviet theory. Therefore the instructor should be
able to issue the requirement and immediately give the students the opportunity
to write their own initial instructions. He can then issue a sample for
discussion.
Task: Lead the students through the calculation of time available for
preparation of the operation and discuss the content of the calendar plan as
specified in exercise five.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: The students will have performed this exercise at the front
level. The instructor should give the required time data to enable them to
perform the calculation. He may issue a blank calendar plan and ask them to
fill in the form. Then he should pass out a completed sample of both the time
table and the calendar plan for discussion.
Task: Discuss the requirements for raising the army to full combat readiness
status and completing its mobilization plan as requested in exercise six.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: The actual calculations for mobilization and movement into FUP areas
would require many detailed calculations each in turn requiring much specific
data on road conditions, unit assembly times, locations and distances between
garrisons and FUP areas, quantities of competing traffic on the roads, weather
and other information. About all the instructor can expect to do is discuss the
process, perhaps using the extra view graphs provided on raising units to full
combat readiness, and then go through a few of the relevant calculations. These
were practiced already in the lesson on calculations. As shown in the exercise
separate calculations would be required for the covering force troops, the
first echelon division main bodies, the support elements, and the rear
services.
Task: Determine the actual breakthrough sector and artillery requirement
according to the scenario given in the front directive issued in
lesson five, as required in exercise seven.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: This exercise puts into use the calculations practiced in lesson
three and accomplished for the front in lesson five. The norms for
artillery are given in the handbook and should be familiar from lesson five.
Task: Issue exercise eight and assist the students in calculating the
correlation of forces in the given scenario.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: This exercise makes use of the technique practiced in exercise two.
Task: Issue exercise nine and lead the students through preparation of
correlation of forces tables for this specific scenario.
Condition: Given the Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures and lesson materials.
Standard: The answers will depend on the facts presented about the NATO (US )
forces in this scenario. The instructor might present several variations in
order to give the students practice and then discuss with them how to evaluate
the results. This would lead to a discussion of what to do about those cases in
which the instructor had created an unfavorable correlation.
Task: Issue information to enable to students to make suggestions as chief of
operations.
Condition: Given the scenario provided and initial situation generated in
lesson five.
Standard: This will also required that he provide the information which would
normally have been presented by the chief of reconnaissance and the chiefs of
combat arms and special troops.
Task: Lead the students through a study and analysis of the terrain on the
situation map and assist them in making deductions on the location of
boundaries for the divisions, division missions, and other specifics of the
commander's decision as required in exercise eleven.
Condition: Given the scenario provided for the practical exercises and the
Handbook on Soviet Staff Procedures.
Standard: Since the emphasis of this course is on procedures, we are not able
to get into a thorough discussion of tactical and operational considerations
which might influence the placement of division boundaries and depths of
missions in a real situation. The instructor should point out that these issues
would be vital for the real commander, but in this case the exercise will be
accomplished with only a simple terrain analysis and use of standard norms. The
purpose of the exercise is to show the students how it is done.
Task: Issue exercise twelve and give the students time to write their aim and
concept of the army operation based on the operational directive given from the
front.
Condition: Given the scenario data generated in lesson five.
Standard: This is another of the most crucial steps in the Soviet process.
Accordingly, the instructor should make it one of his key learning outcomes and
insure that the students have a thorough understanding of what an aim and a
concept are and what they contain. He should then issue the prepared sample and
continue the discussion.
Task: Issue a blank form for the army operational directive and discuss its
content. Then let the students fill in some blanks according to the data in
this scenario. Then issue a completed operational directive and continue the
discussion. Finally convert the operational directive into the combat
instructions to be issued to one division.
Condition: Given the scenario and Handbook on Soviet staff procedures.
Standard: An army operational directive obviously contains specific
instructions to a host of units on a great number of specific issues. This is
far beyond the scope of this lesson to cover in complete detail. The instructor
should point out the format of the directive, then the generic content of each
section. He can then indicate the kind of data that would be provided in the
sections relating to the various combat arms and special troops. The students
should be asked to write the sections relating to missions of the main
subordinate formations, that is the divisions. From the map they can read the
locations of boundary lines and missions lines and put into the blanks the
names of the delimiting towns and features. The combat instruction to the
division will be used as the input data in the lesson seven on division
planning.
Task: Issue a situation for D + 4 or 5 in which the army faces a major enemy
counterattack and must also plan for the commitment of its second echelon
division. Lead the students through the recommendations of the chief of
operations, the commander's estimate of the situation, and the commander's
decision, as required in exercise fourteen.
Condition: Given the scenario and Handbook on Soviet staff procedures.
Standard: The instructor will have to supply a considerable amount of the kind
of information that would come from the chief of reconnaissance and the other
chiefs of combat arms. A situation map is provided, along with written scenario
information. He may want to develop this further or vary the situation to allow
for more than one exercise. Then issue the prepared solutions.
Task: On the basis of the solution to exercise fourteen instruct the students
to prepare combat instructions to army subordinate division for its commitment
into the engagement, as specified in exercise fifteen.
Condition: Given the scenario and Handbook on Soviet staff procedures.
Standard: The instructor should give the students a short time to write the
main parts of this combat instruction and then issue the prepared solution for
discussion.
4. Level of Instruction: Familiarization.
5. Method of Instruction: Discussion and practical exercises.
6. Author's Intent: This is the most important lesson in this course. The
practical exercises should give the students a chance to employ the concepts
and calculations they have learned in the first lessons. Since they will
generally perform the duties of an army headquarters with the OPFOR, more
attention is devoted to the army than to the division or front staffs.
7. Equipment/Materials: view graphs, maps, diagrams, class handouts for
calculations.
8. Homework: none, but students should read ahead on the scenario and practical
exercise between the first and second day of the course.
OUTSIDE READING: see general course outline for full list.
FM 100-2-1, Chapter 9
Text Voroshilov lectures on front and army operations and on troop
control
Text on Soviet decision making process
9. Annexes
Lecture notes
Discussion agenda
Homework requirements
List of Viewgraphs
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LECTURE NOTES
Written Information for Army Operations Plan
I. Brief assessment of enemy and his possible course of action:
----- brief general international situation;
----- what forces and means of enemy are located directly in front of army,
their composition, how many nuclear rockets, atomic artillery, high precision
weapons, tanks, artillery and mortars, air defense weapons, aviation,
helicopters they have;
----- the enemy second echelon forces are located ___. what forces are in their
composition including how many nuclear rockets, atomic artillery, high
precision weapons, tanks, artillery and mortars, air defense weapons, aviation,
helicopters they have;
----- what forces are operating in the security zone;
----- what kind of aviation are used in support of the action of enemy forces
and what air groups and national forces are in the order of battle, also what
PVO forces are operating under central control;
----- what forces are operating on the enemy flanks;
----- what enemy reserves may arrive and take part in the action during the
operation;
----- possible concept of enemy action at the beginning and during the
operation;
----- axis for enemy counterattacks and forces which may participate in counter
attacks.
II. Aim and concept of offensive operation of army
Aim of operation: With the use of __ number of nuclear strikes of which __ are
strategic and ___ are frontal and in interaction with __ armies, the
army will destroy ___ which enemy grouping of rocket means and the remainder of
forces of enemy corps.
On what axis the offensive will develop and which enemy reserves will be
destroyed and what time the army will seize the line of its subsequent mission.
Concept of operation:
----- with use of results of strategic, frontal, and army nuclear
strikes the army will attack the enemy on what line;
----- offensive by basic forces of ___ with what forces and how many divisions
on what axis and what axis to develop the offensive;
----- during the operation with use of how many additional nuclear strikes,
rockets with what total yield in Kts, what remaining enemy forces and in what
region will be destroyed on what day of the operation will the army seize the
line of immediate mission;
----- following the commitment into engagement of the second echelon the army
will develop the offensive on what axis;
----- during the operation how many nuclear rockets and how much yield in Kts
are used to destroy which enemy reserves;
----- if necessary to force a water barrier on the march;
----- in interaction with what front forces the army will destroy
enemy forces moving into the area and encircle them;
----- at the end of which day of the operation the army fulfills its subsequent
mission and seizes what line;
----- operational formation of army;
III. Scope of operation:
----- depth of operation - 350 km
----- duration of offensive - 6-7 days;
----- average rate of advance - 60 km per day;
----- width of offensive zone.
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Sample Operational Instruction Front to Army
The army receives its orders in the form of an extract of the front
operational directive. The form and content of this instruction follows:
I. Enemy situation: a brief description of the enemy facing the army and its
expected courses of action.
II. The content of the orders to the army describing its missions.
III. The support provided by actions of front forces and means in the
army area.
IV. Troop control: The location and movement of the front command
post, signal communication measures and the succession for the front
commander.
V. The time and location at which the army commander must report his decision
to the front commander.
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Content of Operations Plan
The operations plan is the basic, official document of record. The process for
its preparation includes the following activities and considerations. Detailed
calculations of the correlation of forces across the entire army zone and
separately on each attack direction including the analysis of quantity and
quality of enemy forces as well as the effectiveness of nuclear and non-nuclear
weapons.
Detailed planning of the breakthrough of prepared defenses is developed in
conventional war.
Detailed planning for the concentration of necessary groupings of troops and
means.
Detailed planning of preparatory and attack supporting fires based on extensive
reconnaissance.
Complete calculations of the exact location of enemy strong points, armor
protected targets, density of artillery, tanks, and motorized units.
Determination of the number of artillery pieces, tanks and aircraft to be
employed in preparatory and supporting fires and other fire support.
Distribution of the targets to be destroyed to the firing units.
Coordination of fire support with maneuver of infantry and tank large units in
terms of time, place, and objectives during the attack and breakthrough.
Organization of necessary measures to cover troops against air strikes.
Organization of all types of combat supporting measures and troop control.
Measures to support the development of the penetration toward the flanks and to
the depth.
Methods for repelling counterattacks and for consolidating captured objectives.
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Operations Plan
The form and content of the operations plan is described in the Handbook,
Chapter three. The plan is the map on which its content is depicted. There are
13 supplementary textual and tabular items attached to the plan and placed on
it in the margins. These show various data about the operation and forces and
means committed to it. They are provided for information purposes so that
everyone studying the plan will be aware of these matters. The information is
also made a record part of the plan for historical and archival purposes. While
the original data is entered into the historical record with the original plan,
the information in the tables is also kept current on a daily basis along with
other changes in planning as the operation progresses.
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Graphic Parts of the Plan as Drawn on the Map
The map (plan) shows the following essential information. This is kept current
by officers of the operations directorate.
Groupings of enemy forces and their possible courses of action;
Operational formation of the army's units for the operation at the attack
assembly (FUP) area. The immediate and subsequent missions of the army,
their contents, depths, the time of their accomplishment and the rates of unit
advances;
Directions of main and supporting attacks;
Targets to be destroyed during the initial nuclear strikes;
Missions and targets of chemical weapons;
Missions of first-echelon divisions (corps), the time of their accomplishment,
and the boundaries;
Method of commitment of the second-echelon divisions into combat and its
missions;
Composition, missions, landing areas, and the time of insertion of airborne and
seaborne units;
Locations of army and divisional command posts at the beginning of the
operation and the axes of their advance during the operation;
Scale of the operation (depth, front, rate of advance, and duration).
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Factors Included in the Written Part of the Plan Along with the
Remaining Instructions, Information, and Calculations
The following information is shown in tabular form on the map.
Best estimate (brief estimate) of the enemy alignment of forces, his
capabilities, intentions, and possible actions;
Aim and concept of the army offensive operation and targets to be destroyed
during the initial nuclear strikes;
Combat composition and combat capabilities of army units and attachments of
support arms (distribution of supporting means);
Existence of nuclear and chemical ammunition, the time of their delivery, and
their distribution;
Allocation of supporting aircraft flights to the missions and to the divisions;
Correlation of troops and means of opposing forces and the method of the
occupation of attack starting areas by army units;
Means of insuring the safety of friendly forces during the delivery of initial
nuclear strikes;
Method of executing preparatory and attack supporting fires;
Existence and distribution of supplies;
Other matters.
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Explanatory Notes for the Plan
These notes are an integral part of the operations plan (map) and are displayed
on it. They are thus available for everyone who comes to the headquarters to
study of the plan. The first three notes are written text. They are the
following items.
1. Estimate of the opponent's possible actions: This section is a brief summary
of the estimate prepared during the estimate of the situation on which the
commander's decision is based. Any changes in the enemy's probable course of
action is an immediate trigger for consideration on changing the plan or making
other appropriate response.
2. Concept and aim of the operation: This is the commander's expression of the
fundamental purpose he seeks to achieve and the main measures he plans to take
to achieve it.
3. The scope of the operation: This is the statistics on the width, depth,
duration, and average rate of advance established for the army operation.
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PLAN OF OFFENSIVE OPERATION OF EIGHTH GUARDS
ARMY
I. ESTIMATE OF PROBABLE ENEMY ACTION
Elements of the U.S V Corps are deployed directly against the forces of the
Eighth Guards Army. The first-echelon of the corps is composed of the 3rd
Armored Division and 8th Mechanized Infantry Division with a total of 18
nuclear rocket systems, 300 nuclear artillery pieces, 640 tanks, 350 artillery
pieces and mortars, 440 SAM systems, 470 helicopters, and ___ fixed wing
aircraft.
In the second-echelon of the V Corps is the 5th Infantry Division and probably
elements of West German tank forces will operate in the area, composed of ___
nuclear rocket systems, 100 nuclear artillery pieces, 130 artillery pieces and
mortars, 290 tanks,100 SAM systems, and 74 combat helicopters.
The 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and border troops are deployed in front of
the forward defense area in the security zone. During the operation the combat
action of the enemy forces will be supported by ___ combat aircraft with
nuclear capability from the U.S. and West German national air forces and the
4th ATAF of Central Army Group.
In general the enemy can launch ___ nuclear rocket strikes and aerial bombs in
the area of operation of the Eighth Guards Army and against rear services
installations of the army and the front during the conduct of his operation.
The West German III Corps in the north and U. S. VII Corps in the south are
deployed on the flanks of the U. S. V Corps. Their operations can affect the
forces of the Eighth Guards Army. Movement and arrival of strategic reserves
composed of U. S. and French armed forces and mobilization reserves of West
Germany are likely during the operation in the area of the Eighth Guards Army.
The enemy tries to inflict losses on and destroy the Warsaw Pact forces and
seize vital territories by a surprise and decisive offensive operation. If the
Warsaw Pact forces overtake the enemy in initiation of offensive operations,
the forces of the U. S. V Corps are likely to hold a pre-prepared defensive
line along the Bad Hersfeld, Niedervaule, Schlitz, Fulda, Gersfeld, and Bad
Heustadt line, to inflict maximum losses on the Eighth Guards Army by defensive
action, and then launch counter strikes by the second-echelon forces from the
line of Birstein - Gedern in the direction of Grekenhain, Lauerbach, Bad
Hersfeld, and from the line of Neustadt - Homberg in the direction of Kirtarf,
Alsfeld -Niederaula.
II. AIM AND CONCEPT OF OPERATION
Aim:
Using the result of strategic and frontal nuclear strikes, destroy the
enemy rocket forces and the main elements of the U. S. V Corps and then rapidly
develop the offensive on the direction Bad Hersfeld - Alfeld - Giessen. Then
destroy the enemy corps reserve and after that develop the offensive on the
direction Hanhausen - Limburg - Wetzlar and in interaction with the Twenty
Eighth CAA destroy the principal forces of the U. S. Vth and VIIth Corps and
occupy the line Boss - Gillenbeuren - Bullay - Sohrem.
Concept:
In the initial nuclear strike, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield
of ( ) kilotons. The enemy's nuclear rocket and artillery troops in areas ___,
his air force in areas ____, his main infantry and tank forces in areas ___,
and the enemy's command posts at ___ are destroyed and decisive losses are
inflicted on the enemy's air defense troops in areas ___, and on his rear
service installations in areas ___.
Exploiting the results of the initial strategic nuclear strike and nuclear
strikes of the front and army means the army attacks the enemy along the line
of Bad Hersfeld, Schlitz, Fulda, and Gersfeld and develops its attack by its
main forces; i.e. the 16th, 18th, and 19th Motorized Rifle Divisions in the
direction of Bad Hersfeld, Alsfeld, and Wetzlar; and during the operation by
employing additional ( ) rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys
the main forces of the U. S. V Corps in the area; Bad Hersfeld, Alsfeld,
Giessen, Echzell, Gedern, and Fulda and seizes on the third day the line of
Wettenberg, Butzbach, Bad Nauheim, and Nidderau. Subsequently by committing the
second-echelon forces into the engagement the army develops the attack in the
direction of Wetzlar, Limburg, Boppord, and Simmern and during the conduct of
the operation, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons
destroys newly detected enemy nuclear weapons, destroys the enemy's approaching
reserves from the line of march, conducts assault crossing over the Rhine River
and with the cooperation of and by exploiting the success of the Twenty-eighth
CAA encircles and destroys the main forces of the U. S. Vth and VIIth Corps and
approaching strategic reserves, and on the 7th day of the operation seizes the
line of Boss, Gillenbeuren, Bullay and Sohren.
The army's operational formation is established in two echelons:
---- - in the first-echelon: the 16th, 18th, 19th, and 21st Motorized Rifle
Divisions;
---- - in the second-echelon: the 17th and 20th Tank Divisions;
---- - the 31st Separate Tank Regiment is the army's reserve.
III. SCOPE
----Width: 55 Km
----Depth: 240 Km
----Duration: 7 Days
----Rate of advance: 35 Km/ day
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Combat Grouping of Army
This table shows the name and number of major subordinate formations that will
be available on each day of the operation.
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Distribution of Support Units
This table shows the distribution of artillery, air defense, engineer and
chemical troops from army and (when given) from front to the major
formations (divisions) and other units, and which will be held in army reserve.
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Availability and Time of Use of Chemical and Nuclear
Weapons
This shows the number of nuclear, chemical, and special rocket warheads by
yield and rocket type. It shows how many are on hand in army depots and with
the troops and how many are expected to arrive during the operation. The same
warheads are shown divided according to the formations and units that will use
them or receive their support, and according to the sequence of major army
tasks and milestones for the operation.
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Destruction of Targets in First Nuclear Strike
This table summarizes the distribution of targets and firing units. It shows
such data as the warhead yield, height of burst, degree of defeat of the target
and time for the strike. Several variants will be worked out and kept current
for quick response when the order is given.
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Distribution of Air Support
This table is a written description of the aircraft support the air army will
provide to the army. The first section shows the distribution of aircraft in
sorties according to the sequence of army missions and major milestone
activities. The second section shows the same aircraft sorties distributed by
each day of the operation.
a. In missions of the operation: ____, _____, _____, etc.
b. In days of the operation: ______, ______, ______,. etc.
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Correlation of Forces Tables
This is the most important table in that it depicts the calculation of force
ratios and densities which play such an important part in Soviet planning. It
is a set of correlations, made for different times and locations. One table
shows the total number of friendly and enemy forces and means at the beginning
of the operation and expected to be remaining after each major event. Other
tables show the correlation on individual axes and for various other
milestones.
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Measures to Protect Against Nuclear Weapons
This is the tenth section in the explanatory notes for the army plan. It is a
brief written description of the following three topics:
a. Safe line for nuclear fires:
b. Warning signals indicating nuclear explosions are immanent:
c. Marking of own troops locations: The methods that will be used to mark the
location of the forward line of troops visually to insure that pilots can
distinguish friend from foe. The troops carry colored marker panels, which are
displayed on the ground upon proper signal.
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Availability and Technical Condition of Tanks,
Self-propelled Guns, and Armored Vehicles
This table shows the number of tanks and other armored vehicles available in
operational condition and how many are in each category of maintenance in each
division and major formation. The categories are in accordance with standard
Soviet norms for kilometers before next scheduled maintenance.
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Availability, Location, and Distribution of Material
Supply
This table shows the distribution of most types of ammunition, POL, and food
available for the operation either on hand or due in and how much must remain
at the end of the operation. The ammunition is measured in units of fire, fuel
in refills, and food in days of rations.
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Warning Signal Plan
The warning signal plan gives the main alarm signals, and means for
identification.
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Appendices of the Operation Plan
Plan of the army's participation in initial nuclear strikes;
Plan of preparation and occupation of the attack starting areas;
Plan for restoring the combat capabilities of the troops and eliminating the
impact of the enemy's strikes;
Other documents.
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Plan for the Initial Nuclear Strike
The army always prepares a plan for its participation in the initial nuclear
strike even when the expectation is that the war will begin with only
conventional weapons.
The army plan is integrated in the front plan.
The front plans to destroy enemy nuclear delivery means, inflict
decisive casualties on enemy troops, air forces, air defense forces, command
posts and other targets.
The army plan specifies each target, which large unit should engage it, the
center of explosion, the number and yields of nuclear weapons, the altitude of
pall, and the safety distance for friendly forces.
It is not possible to know in detail the results of the mutual nuclear strikes
ahead of time. Consequently plans for subsequent phases of action must be
reevaluated in detail using post strike reconnaissance and operational data.
Plan is drawn graphically on a 1:200,000 or 1:100,000 scale map with written
instructions on the map or it could be a written plan with map annex.
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Content of Operations Plan for Nuclear Strike
The method of combat against enemy air forces during repulse of the enemy's
surprise attack, during the advance and occupation of FUP areas, launching the
attack and during destruction of each enemy grouping.
Measures necessary to destroy enemy nuclear weapons, command posts and vital
rear services.
Methods for seizing vital terrain features.
Allocation of air units and artillery to destroy rocket launching pans, nuclear
artillery, nuclear weapons depots, and artillery
Employment of deep reconnaissance and sabotage (subversion) groups, airborne
landing units and special detachments.
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Plan for Interaction
The Soviet command stresses the importance of interaction (coordination) among
all participating organizations and individuals. This is carefully planned by
the commander and staff and the commander uses his explanation of interaction
as an important opportunity for insuring that everyone knows his role in the
operation. Following are some main points:
Interaction is one of the most important measures;
Planned in greater detail for the initial nuclear strikes, first day of
operation, and for repelling possible enemy attacks;
Planned in lesser detail due to difficulties in assessing the situation for
later days up to the immediate mission;
Only estimated for the period of accomplishing the long range mission;
Main points are specified in the commander's decision and their detailed
illustration is shown in the plan of interaction, plan for offensive operation,
plans for employment of combat arms and plans for combat support measures;
Interaction is achieved by assigning clear missions to subordinate large units
and by mutual understanding regarding execution of missions;
In conventional war the most important issues are to determine the methods and
sequences for neutralizing enemy forces in the security zone and main defense
positions by use of artillery and tactical air strikes, for passing the state
boundaries, for commitment of advanced detachments and main bodies into combat,
and the form of destruction of the enemy's first-echelon main forces.
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Content of the Plan for Interaction
The following are the main points found in the plan for interaction. The plan
is generally prepared as a table. A sample blank table is provided.
Missions of army elements and other cooperating large units at the beginning
and during the operation;
The method for accomplishing missions;
Signals for coordination, identification of targets, mutual identification, and
mutual alert;
For interaction a special signal network is established and liaison officers
are exchanged.
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Army Operations Directive
The army operations directive is prepared by the chief of the operations
directorate under supervision of the chief of staff. It is based on the army
commander's decision. It is a written statement in order form of the first
day's combat actions shown for the addressee in the plan. The operational
directive has the following structure and content:
Enemy situation: This section contains a succinct description of the nature of
the opposing forces and character of their actions.
Mission conducted by forces and means of the front and adjacents: This
section contains the commander's understanding of the front mission as
developed in his "clarification of the mission" and the relevant
aspects of the actions by adjacents.
Concept of the operation: This is the description of the commander's
understanding of how he intends to carry out the army mission as he developed
it in his decision making process.
I order: This is the actual statement of exactly what is required from the
subordinates.
Control of army troops: This provides information on the location and movement
of the army command post and who will be the commander's deputies.
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Combat Instructions from Army to Division
Once the army commander has made his decision and the army operations plan and
operations directive have been written, the army will issue extracts of the
operations directive to each division in the form of "Combat
Instructions." The format of the instructions contains the following
sections.
I. Enemy: This is based on the statement of the enemy found in the army
operational directive.
II. Specific missions to the division: The part of the "I order"
section of the operational directive directed to the individual division.
III. Army means and missions of adjacents: The actions of the army forces in
the division's area in support of its actions and a summary of the actions of
adjacents relevant to the division.
IV. Troop control measures: A restatement from the army operational order of
the location and movement of command post, signal communications measures, and
the designation of army succession in command.
A sample of the combat instructions is provided.
I Approve --/--/89 Serial Number:______
Commander Eighth Guards Army SECRET
Major General ____ Copy Number: _______
Sig
OPERATIONAL DIRECTIVE OF
The commander of the Eighth Guards Army for offensive
operations.
Command Post at Wickerstedt,___________, (time)
_______________
(date), Map 1:250,000 August 1983 ed.
I. ENEMY SITUATION:
As a result of the development of acute international tension NATO is secretly
engaged in bringing its armed forces to the state of full combat readiness and
intends to launch a surprise attack on the territories of Warsaw Pact
countries.
Elements of the U.S V Corps are deployed directly against the forces of the
Eighth Guards Army. The first-echelon of the corps is composed of the 3rd
Armored Division and 8th Mechanized Infantry Division with a total of ___
nuclear rocket systems, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ___tanks, ___ artillery
pieces and mortars, ___SAM systems, ___helicopters, and ___ fixed wing
aircraft.
In the second-echelon of the V Corps is the ___ Infantry Division and probably
elements of West German tank forces will operate in the area, composed of ___
nuclear rocket systems, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ___ artillery pieces and
mortars, ___ tanks, ___ SAM systems, and ___ combat helicopters.
The 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and border troops are deployed in front of
the forward defense area in the security zone. During the operation the combat
action of the enemy forces will be supported by ___ combat aircraft with
nuclear capability from the U.S. and West German national air forces and the
4th ATAF of Central Army Group.
In general the enemy can launch ___ nuclear rocket strikes and aerial bombs in
the area of operation of the Eighth Guards Army and against rear services
installations of the army and the front during the conduct of his
operation.
The West German III Corps in the north and U. S. VII Corps in the south are
deployed on the flanks of the U. S. V Corps. Their operations can affect the
forces of the Eighth Guards Army. Movement and arrival of strategic reserves
composed of U. S. and French armed forces and mobilization reserves of West
Germany are likely during the operation in the area of the Eighth Guards Army.
The enemy tries to inflict losses on and destroy the Warsaw Pact forces and
seize vital territories by a surprise and decisive offensive operation. If the
Warsaw Pact forces overtake the enemy in initiation of offensive operations,
the forces of the U. S. V Corps are likely to hold a pre-prepared defensive
line along the Bad Hersfeld, Niederaule, Schlitz, Fulda, Gersfeld and Bad
Heustadt line, to inflict maximum losses on the Eighth Guards Army by defensive
action, and then launch counter strikes by the second-echelon forces from the
line of Birstein - Gedern in the direction of Grekenhain, Lauerbach, Bad
Hersfeld, and from the line of Neustadt - Homberg in the direction of Kirtarf,
Alsfeld -Niederaula.
II. MISSION CONDUCTED BY FORCES AND MEANS OF THE FRONT AND
ADJACENTS.
a. The following targets in the army's attack area are destroyed by the
front's rocket troops and aviation forces during the initial nuclear
strike:
----- enemy's nuclear weapons and nuclear depots in the area ___, ___, ____,
and ___.
----- enemy's airfields in the areas ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.
----- command posts of the Central Army Group in the area ___ and command posts
of the 4th ATAF of the Central Army Group in the area ___.
----- enemy's reserves in area ___, ___, ___, and ___.
----- enemy's rear service installations in the area ___, ___, ___, and ___.
Twenty regimental sorties of the front's fighter- bomber aviation are
allocated to the army to support the army's action during the offensive
operation and five regimental sorties of the front's helicopter
aviation and one transport aviation division from the main command of the air
force are allocated to support the airborne assaults. These sorties will be
covered by the front's fighter aviation during their flight.
b. Adjacents:
On the right flank of the army the First Guards Tank Army attacks in the
direction of Bebra, Marburg, Herborn, Lindlar. Its immediate mission is to
seize the line of Marsburg, Medebach, Ballenberg, and Marburg An Der Lahn; and
its long range mission is to seize the line of Leverkusen, Bornheim, Rheinbach,
and Hill 1251. The boundary with the right adjacent passes through Eilenburt,
Eisenach, Hill 1427, Neuwied, and HIll 1610. All points are included in the
Eighth Guards Army's area.
On the left flank of the army the Twenty-eighth Combined Arms Army attacks in
the direction of Schweinfurt, Wurzburg, Mosbach, Wiesloca and west of
Kreuznach. The immediate mission of the Twenty-eighth CAA is to seize the line
of Gelnhausen, Ashaffenburg, Michelstadt, and Mosbach and its long range
mission is to seize the line of Kira, Enkenbach, and Hill 456. The boundary
line with the left adjacent passes through Mittwelda, Kahla, Hill 2435,
Gersfeld, Bad Vilbel, Bingen and Trier. All points are included in the
Twenty-eighth CAA area.
III. CONCEPT OF THE OPERATION
In the initial nuclear strike, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield
of ( ) kilotons. The enemy's nuclear rocket and artillery troops in areas ___,
his air force in areas ____, his main infantry and tank forces in areas ___,
and the enemy's command posts at ___ are destroyed and decisive losses are
inflicted on the enemy's air defense troops in areas ___, and on his rear
service installations in areas ___.
Exploiting the results of the initial strategic nuclear strike and nuclear
strikes of the front and army means the army attacks the enemy along
the line of Bad Hersfeld, Schlitz, Fulda, and Gersfeld and develops its attack
by its main forces; i.e. the 16th, 18th and 19th Motorized Rifle Divisions in
the direction of Bad Hersfeld, Alsfeld, and Wetzlar; and during the operation
by employing additional ( ) rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys
the main forces of the U. S. V Corps in the area; Bad Hersfeld, Alsfeld,
Giessen, Echzell, Gedern, and Fulda and seizes on the third day the line of
Wettenberg, Butzbach, Bad Nauheim, and Nidderau. Subsequently by committing the
second-echelon forces into the engagement the army develops the attack in the
direction of Wetzlar, Limburg, Boppord, and Simmern and during the conduct of
the operation, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons
destroys newly detected enemy nuclear weapons, destroys the enemy's approaching
reserves from the line of march, conducts assault crossing over the Rhine River
and with the cooperation of and by exploiting the success of the Twenty-eighth
CAA encircles and destroys the main forces of the U. S. Vth and VIIth Corps and
approaching strategic reserves, and on the 7th day of the operation seizes the
line of Boos, Gillenbeuren, Bullay and Sohren.
The army's operational formation is established in two echelons:
----- in the first-echelon: the 16th, 18th, 19th, and 21st Motorized Rifle
Divisions;
----- in the second-echelon: the 17th and 20th Tank Divisions;
----- the 31st Separate Tank Regiment is the army's reserve.
IV. I ORDER
a. The 16th Motorized Rifle Division with one brigade of artillery of the VGK
reserve, one anti-tank battalion and one engineer battalion is to attack the
enemy on the line: Ludwigsau - Eichhof, to develop the attack in the direction
of Bad Hersfeld - Rockerod, to destroy the enemy in the area of Ludwigsau,
Gittersed, Rockerod, and Eichhof and continue the attack in the direction of Go
Bmanerode - Ottrau, destroy the enemy's division reserves in the area of
Willingshain, Schorbach, Ottrau, and Kemmerod and seize the line of Schorbach,
Ottrau and north of Lingellach by H + 10.
Then the division is to develop the attack in the direction of Ottrau, Alsfeld
and Hill 384 and at the end of the day seize the line of west of Anlrifttal,
Heimertshausen, and the stretch of route 49 to the south.
The future attack direction of the division for the next day is Heimertshausen
and Hill 322. The division is to assign one reinforced BMP motorized rifle
regiment as the forward detachment to destroy from the line of march the
enemy's covering forces and border troops in the enemy's security zone and
facilitate quick advance of the division's main forces to the forward defense
line of the enemy.
For the conduct of the division's attack 15 nuclear, 5 chemical and 15
conventional rockets are allocated to the division. The use of nuclear and
chemical weapons will be conducted only at signal and command of the
front for the initial nuclear strike.
The division conducts the breakthrough of the enemy's main defensive line, at a
4 km front and during the artillery preparatory fire destroys and suppresses
the enemy's strong points on the forward line and in depth, command posts,
artillery and mortar batteries and enemy's immediate reserves.
On the left the 18th Motorized Rifle Division attacks. The boundary line with
that division passes through Mohara, Hill 366, road junction southeast of Bad
Hersfeld, Kleba, Lingellach, and Nieder.
During the penetration (breakthrough) of the enemy's defense, the destruction
of the enemy's brigade reserve, development of the attack in depth and
destruction of the enemy's division reserves are conducted in interaction with
the 18th Motorized Rifle Division.
The division's command post during the penetration of the enemy's defense is to
deploy 3 km west of Fredewald road junction, and the rear service control point
during this phase is to deploy in ___.
b. The 18th Motorized Rifle Division with one artillery brigade of VGK
artillery division, one anti-tank battalion and engineer battalion attacks the
enemy at the line ___ (As for the 16th Div).
c. The 19th Motorized Rifle Division with two artillery battalions of the
army's artillery brigade, two anti-tank batteries and two engineer companies
attacks the enemy at the line ___ (as for the 16th Div).
d. The 21st Motorized Rifle Division with two artillery battalions from the
army's artillery brigade, two anti-tank batteries and two engineer companies is
to attack the enemy from the line ___ ( as for the 16th Div).
e. The 17th Tank Division is in the army's second-echelon. The division is to
deploy in departure (assembly) area in Vogelsberg, north of Weimar,
Pfiffelbach, Niedar, Hardislehen. During the operation the division is to
follow the 16th MRD by bounds at a distance of 40 - 60 km on at least 3 routes
and be prepared to be committed into battle from the line No 1. (Bieber -
Grund) with the mission to destroy the enemy's advancing reserves from the line
of march and seize the line of Mengers, Ober and Seelbach. The direction of its
future attack is Ober- Hadamar, Nassau.
The line NO. 2 of commitment is the line of ___ with the immediate mission line
at ___ and the direction of future development of the attack at ___.
At the time of commitment, the division is reinforced by 3 artillery
battalions, one anti-tank battalion and one engineer road construction
battalion.
In case of the use of nuclear weapons, the division is allocated 15 nuclear, 5
chemical, and 15 conventional rockets.
The area of responsibility of the division to fight enemy's airborne assaults
and his reconnaissance groups includes ___.
f. The 20th Tank Division is in the army's second-echelon. It is to deploy ___
(As for the 17th Tank Div).
g. Army's rocket brigade is to accomplish the following tasks:
-----1. destroy the following targets during the initial nuclear strike of the
front:
----- enemy's nuclear rocket, target No. 302 in the area of ___ by a 20 kt
warhead, air burst at H - 00.20 or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's nuclear rocket, target No. 203 in ___, by a 20 kt warhead, air
burst at H - 00:20 or at front's signal.
----- enemy's V Corps command post, target No. 304 in ___ by a 100 kt warhead,
ground burst at H - 00:2- or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's rear command post, target NO. 305, in ___ by a 100 kt warhead,
ground burst at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- airfield, target NO. 306, in ___ by a 40 kt warhead, air burst, at H -
00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- airfield, target No 307, in ___ by 40 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20
or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's second-echelon division in the area ___, ___, ___, and ___;
including the following targets:
----- targets NO. 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, and 313 - each by a 20 kt warhead,
air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
(Note: Targets for divisional rocket strikes are also designated in the same
way)
2. Time of delivery of nuclear and chemical rockets to the troops is P - 6 hrs.
Time of delivery of conventional rockets to the troops is D - 3 days.
3. The status and situation of planned targets for nuclear strike are to be
continuously followed and necessary adjustment in the plan of the nuclear
strikes is to be made according to the actual situation.
4. Preparation of rocket troops for launch is to be kept at the highest state
and technical rocket support of the rocket troops is to be organized in detail.
5. Position areas of rockets are to be well prepared in terms of engineer work
and well camouflaged. Alternate positions for rockets are to be established and
their protection against mass destruction weapons as well as the security and
defense of rocket positions and mobile rocket bases must be organized and
established.
6. To maximize the range of fire and to launch timely strikes on designated
targets, timely relocation of positions and movement of rocket troops during
the conduct of the operation, are to be planned and executed.
h. Artillery
-----1. The following artillery groups are to be established in army's large
units and units:
----- army artillery group (AAG): 10 artillery battalions;
----- army reactive artillery group (AGRA): 4 BM-22 Bns. in the 16th and 18th
Motorized Rifle Divisions:
----- divisional artillery groups (DAG) of 6 artillery battalions each
----- regimental artillery groups (RAG) on the main direction of 3 artillery
battalions each;
in the 19th and 21st Motorized Rifle Divisions:
----- DAG of up to 4 artillery battalions each
----- RAG on the main direction of 3 artillery battalions each
2. Artillery missions:
During the preparation, initiation and conduct of the offensive operation, the
artillery is to accomplish the following tasks:
----- destruction and suppression of the enemy's nuclear weapons;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during his aggression in the army's area.
At this phase in addition to the security zone's regimental artillery, part of
the divisional artillery is also assigned;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during crossing the international border
and during the battle in the enemy's security zone by artillery units of
forward detachments of the first-echelon divisions, and part of the artillery
of the first-echelon divisions:
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during breakthrough of the enemy's
prepared defense and particularly destruction of strong points, destruction of
artillery and mortar batteries, and command posts, and suppression of the
enemy's immediate reserves;
----- destruction and suppression of the enemy and providing support for own
troops during the assault support fire during the combat in the forward defense
area of the first-echelon brigades;
----- providing fire support for attacking troops during the combat action in
the depth of the enemy in the form of accompanying fire;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during his counter-attacks and counter-
strikes;
----- support of the army troops during assault river crossing;
----- support and covering of open flanks and gaps between combat formations;
----- struggle against enemy's artillery and mortars during the conduct of the
offensive operation in the depth of the enemy's defense;
----- support of the commitment of the second-echelon troops and combined arms
reserves into combat.
3. The density of the artillery for the breakthrough of the enemy's prepared
defense during the preparatory fire is 100 - 120 guns and mortars per kilometer
of front, duration of the preparatory fire is 30 - 40 minutes and the
ammunition expenditure is 0.8 - 1.0 units of fire. the density of artillery
during the commitment of the second-echelon forces into combat is to be 40 - 60
guns and mortars per kilometer of front and the duration of artillery
preparatory fire is 15 - 20 minutes with an expenditure of 0.6 - 0.8 units of
fire.
4. The assault support fire is to be conducted in the form of successive
concentration of fire on one or two lines, single or double attack moving
barrage to the depth of the first-echelon brigades i.e. 8 - 10 kms.
5. The accompanying fire is conducted by the method of concentration of fire,
massive fire, and fire on individual targets.
I. Organic and attached aviation troops are to conduct the following missions
during the preparation and conduct of the operation.
-----participation in the preparatory fire and assault support and accompanying
fire during the conduct of the operation to destroy nuclear weapons and nuclear
depots, command posts, to destroy and suppress enemy's deep reserves, air
defense and radar positions, rear service installations, signal centers,
aircraft guidance points, as well as the command posts and positions of radio
electronic warfare systems during the attack.
----- conduct of air reconnaissance and air photography in support of the
army's operation and reconnaissance for damage assessment of targets hit by
friendly nuclear strikes. Up to the initiation of the attack, the
reconnaissances to be conducted only by observation and aerial photography
using fixed wing aircraft and helicopters along the state borders without
crossing the border.
----- support and covering of the troops and army's targets against enemy's air
strikes during the preparation and conduct of the operation;
----- the flight (sortie) resources are to be distributed as follows:
----- a. to the 16th and 18th MRD's 3 fighter - bomber aviation squadron
sorties each per day;
----- b. to the 19th and 21st MRD's 2 fighter- bomber aviation squadron sorties
each per day
----- conduct struggle against the enemy tanks by combat helicopters;
----- insert airborne assault troops (desants) by transport
helicopters in the rear of the enemy in accordance with separate plans;
J. to Air defense troops;
The air defense troops are to conduct the following missions during the
preparation and conduct of the operation:
----- covering of the main combined arms and tank troops in the FUP areas,
during the breakthrough of the enemy's prepared defense and in the depth of the
enemy area;
----- covering of rocket and artillery troops in the departure (FUP) area,
during their firing and during the conduct of the operation;
----- covering of command posts in the departure area and during the conduct of
the operation;
----- covering of rear service installations in the departure area and during
the operation;
----- covering of reserves and second-echelon troops in the departure area,
during their movement and their commitment into combat;
----- covering of desants in their departure areas, during their
flight, in their landing areas in the depth of the enemy's area, and during
their combat actions;
----- covering of the troops during the assault river crossing;
----- covering the troops during the repulse of the enemy's counter strikes.
2. The fire, reconnaissance, and warning systems of the army's air defense
troops are to be coordinated with the fire and reconnaissance systems of the
front and divisions' air defense troops and fighter aviation of the
front air army and national air defense forces as part of an
integrated unified plan so that massive strikes of the enemy's air force can be
effectively repelled.
3. During the preparation and conduct of the operation, all air defense troops
of the army and lower echelons (troops) are to be brought to the state of full
combat readiness so that they will be ready to repel the enemy's air strikes.
In any situation one third of the air defense troops must be kept at combat
duty status.
4. Appropriate positions for the air defense troops are to be prepared in terms
of engineer work. In addition to the main positions, alternate positions are to
be established as well.
5. The movement of the air defense troops during the preparation and conduct of
the attack is conducted in a way so that at critical phases of the operation
all or the bulk of the air defense troops of the army and the troops have
occupied positions to repel the enemy's air strikes and they are ready for the
execution of their mission.
k. Airborne Assault troops (desant)
During the operation two airborne assaults are conducted:
1. A tactical airborne assault by a reinforced motorized rifle battalion from
the 20th Tank Division with a mortar battery.
The departure area for the desant is ___ and it should be occupied at
0600 on the first day of the operation for a 24 hrs period of preparation for
the desant force.
The desant is airlifted by the front's transport helicopter
regiment and it is supported by two fighter aviation squadrons.
The desant is landed in the enemy's rear in the area ___ at 0600 on
the second day of the operation.
The mission of the desant is to destroy the enemy's nuclear depot and
to seize and destroy the enemy's command post in ___.
Prior to the landing, the enemy's reserves and other targets in the landing
area are initially hit by front's fighter-bomber aviation and then by
rocket troops using conventional warheads. Positions of the enemy's air defense
means and airfields in the flight corridor of the helicopters are suppressed
and destroyed by the air force.
Planning of the airborne assault for movement and landing is to be worked out
by the helicopter regiment commander in cooperation with the army's operations
directorate and the commander of the airborne assault force.
The troop control during the preparation for desant is conducted from
the command post of the helicopter regiment in the departure area for the
desant, and then during the operation it is conducted from the army's
command post and the desant battalion's command/observation post.
2. Operational airborne assault (desant) by an airborne assault
regiment reinforced by one towed artillery battalion. The departure area for
this desant is ___ and it is to be occupied at 0800 on the fourth day
of the operation for the preparation of the desant. The
desant is air-lifted by an aviation transport division from the air
force main command and one transport helicopter regiment and it is covered
during the flight and landing by two fighter aviation regiments.
The landing is in the rear of the enemy in area ___ at 0600 on the fifth day of
the operation.
The mission of the desant is to seize a bridgehead on the Rhine River,
destroy enemy logistic depots and to assist the army troops during the assault
river crossing at the Rhine.
Prior to the landing, the enemy's targets in the landing area and his close-by
airfields are initially hit by fighter-bomber and bomber aviation and then by
rocket troops using conventional warheads. Enemy's air defense means and radars
located in the flight corridor of the desant are destroyed by the air
force, rocket troops and artillery.
Planning of the desant for movement and landing is to be worked out by
the commander of the aviation transport division in cooperation with the army
staff and airborne assault regiment.
Troop control during the preparation for the desant is conducted from
the command post of the aviation transport division and command post of the
airborne assault regiment, while during the combat action it is conducted from
the army's command post and the command post of the airborne assault regiment
in the combat action area.
L. Combined Arms Reserve
The 91st Separate Tank Regiment is the combined arms reserve of the army and it
is to deploy in area ___ and follow the 18th Motorized Rifle Division by bounds
at a 30 - 40 km distance and be prepared for unexpected missions during the
conduct of the operation.
M. Army's Anti-tank Reserve:
1. The army's artillery anti-tank reserve is the 51st Anti-tank Regiment from
the VGK artillery division. It is to deploy in area ___ and conduct struggle
against tanks on the army's main attack direction. The likely fire lines of the
anti-tank reserve to repel the enemy's tank counter-attack during the operation
are as follows:
----- Line NO 1: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 2: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 3: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 4: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
The army's anti-tank reserve moves during the operation on the direction of the
army's main attack following the 16th MRD.
2. The combat helicopter regiment, in addition to support of the army troops
during the operation, is to conduct struggle against enemy tanks. It is to
deploy in the area ___ and be prepared to fight the enemy tanks on the
following lines:
----- Line NO 1: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 2: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 3: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 4: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
N. Mobile Obstacle Detachment (POZ) is the first and second companies of the
army's obstacle battalion. It is to deploy in area ___ and move and operate
with the anti-tank reserve to repel enemy tanks.
O. Engineer Reserve is the 1st Battalion of the Combat Engineer Regiment, the
1st Road and Bridge Battalion and the 1st Battalion of the Pontoon Bridge
Regiment. After accomplishment of assigned missions during the preparation of
the army's operation, the engineer reserve is to deploy in area ___ and be
prepared to conduct unexpected missions during the operation. In the course of
the conduct of the operation it is to follow the 18th Motorized Rifle Division.
P. Chemical Reserve:
The chemical reserve is composed of the army's separate chemical protection
battalion. It is to be prepared to conduct unexpected missions in the course of
the operation. The chemical reserve is to deploy in area ___ and move during
the operation in the direction ___.
Q. Time of readiness of the troops for the operation is at 2400 hrs on ___.
The norms of mobile reserves of material means during the operation are to be
kept as follows:
1. Infantry weapons - 1.15 units of fire
2. Arty and mortars - 1.3 units of fire
3. Reactive arty - 1.3 units of fire
4. Tank ammunition - 2.6 units of fire
5. Air defense ammo - 2.5 units of fire
6. Auto gasoline - 2.6 refills
7. Diesel fuel - 3.1 refills
8. Foodstuffs - 15 daily rations
V. CONTROL OF ARMY TROOPS
The army CP is in Wickerstedt.
The army's rear control point is at Tumpling.
The army's FCP is at Walresleben.
The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and Rear CP during the operation,
is the direction of Waldfisch, Schenklengsfeld, Grunberg, Weilmunster, Ober
Dammerschausen.
The signal communication from army's CP to the front's commander and
staff and with the subordinate, adjacent, and interacting troops will be
established by radio, radio-relay, telephone, and mobile communications means
with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.
My deputies are:
The chief of staff, first deputy army commander, chief of political affairs,
and commander of the 16th MRD.
Chief of Operations Directorate:
(Signature)
Chief of Staff of the army
(Signature )
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SAMPLE BLANK ARMY OPERATIONAL DIRECTIVE
I Approve --/--/89
Commander _____________ Army Serial Number:
Major General ____ SECRET
Sig Copy Number:
OPERATIONAL DIRECTIVE OF
The commander of the _____________ Army for offensive operations.
Command Post at ___________,___________, (time) _______________
(date), Map 1:250,000 August 1983 ed.
I. ENEMY SITUATION:
As a result of the development of acute international tension NATO is secretly
engaged in bringing its armed forces to the state of full combat readiness and
intends to launch a surprise attack on the territories of Warsaw Pact
countries.
Elements of the ___________ are deployed directly against the forces of the
_____________ Army. The first-echelon of the _____ is composed of the
___________ Division and _______________________ Division with a total of ___
nuclear rocket systems, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ___tanks, ___ artillery
pieces and mortars, ___SAM systems, ___helicopters, and ___ fixed wing
aircraft.
In the second-echelon of the__ Corps is the ____________ Division and probably
elements of ________________ forces will operate in the area, composed of ___
nuclear rocket systems, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ___ artillery pieces and
mortars, ___ tanks, ___ SAM systems, and ___ combat helicopters.
The _____________________________ and border troops are deployed in front of
the forward defense area in the security zone. During the operation the combat
action of the enemy forces will be supported by ___ combat aircraft with
nuclear capability from the U.S. and West German national air forces and the
________ of Central Army Group.
In general the enemy can launch ___ nuclear rocket strikes and aerial bombs in
the area of operation of the _____________ Army and against rear services
installations of the army and the front during the conduct of his
operation.
The _____________________ in the north and _________ Corps in the south are
deployed on the flanks of the _______ Corps. Their operations can affect the
forces of the _____________ Army. Movement and arrival of strategic reserves
composed of _____ and ______ armed forces and mobilization reserves of
____________ are likely during the operation in the area of the _____________
Army.
The enemy tries to inflict losses on and destroy the Warsaw Pact forces and
seize vital territories by a surprise and decisive offensive operation. If the
Warsaw Pact forces overtake the enemy in initiation of offensive operations,
the forces of the _______ Corps are likely to hold a pre-prepared defensive
line along the ____________, ___________, _______, _______ and ___ ________
line, to inflict maximum losses on the _____________ Army by defensive action,
and then launch counter strikes by the second-echelon forces from the line of
________ - ______ in the direction of __________, _________, ____________, and
from the line of ________ - _______ in the direction of _______, _______,
__________.
II. MISSION CONDUCTED BY FORCES AND MEANS OF THE FRONT AND
ADJACENTS.
a. The following targets in the army's attack area are destroyed by the
front's rocket troops and aviation forces during the initial nuclear
strike:
enemy's nuclear weapons and nuclear depots in the area ___, ___, ____, and ___.
enemy's airfields in the areas ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.
command posts of the _______ ___ ____ in the area ___ and command posts of the
____ of the ____________ Group in the area ___.
enemy's reserves in area ___, ___, ___, and ___.
enemy's rear service installations in the area ___, ___, ___, and ___.
T_____ regimental sorties of the front's fighter- bomber aviation
are allocated to the army to support the army's action during the offensive
operation and _____ regimental sorties of the front's helicopter
aviation and one transport aviation division from the main command of the air
force are allocated to support the airborne assaults. These sorties will be
covered by the front's fighter aviation during their flight.
b. Adjacents:
On the right flank of the army the _____ ______ ____ Army attacks in the
direction of _____, _______, _______, _______. Its immediate mission is to
seize the line of ________, ________, __________, and _____________; and its
long range mission is to seize the line of __________, ________, _________, and
_________. The boundary with the right adjacent passes through _________,
________,________, and _________. All points are included in the ______ ______
Army's area.
On the left flank of the army the _____________ ___________ Army attacks in the
direction of _______, ________, _______ and west of _________. The immediate
mission of the ___________ is to seize the line of __________, _________, and
_______ and its long range mission is to seize the line of ____, _________, and
______. The boundary line with the left adjacent passes through _________,
_________, __________, and _____. All points are included in the _____________
area.
III. CONCEPT OF THE OPERATION
In the initial nuclear strike, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total
yield of ( ) kilotons. The enemy's nuclear rocket and artillery troops in areas
___, his air force in areas ____, his main infantry and tank forces in areas
___, and the enemy's command posts at ___ are destroyed and decisive losses are
inflicted on the enemy's air defense troops in areas ___, and on his rear
service installations in areas ___.
Exploiting the results of the initial strategic nuclear strike and nuclear
strikes of the front and army means the army attacks the enemy along
the line of ____________, _____, and ________ and develops its attack by its
main forces; i.e. the ____, ____ and ____ Motorized Rifle Divisions in the
direction of _________,________, and _______; and during the operation by
employing additional ( ) rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys
the main forces of the _______ Corps in the area; ________,________, _______,
_______, and _____ and seizes on the third day the line of _________, ________,
_________, and ________. Subsequently by committing the second-echelon forces
into the engagement the army develops the attack in the direction of _______,
_______, and _______ and during the conduct of the operation, by using ( )
nuclear rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys newly detected
enemy nuclear weapons, destroys the enemy's approaching reserves from the line
of march, conducts assault crossing over the _____ River and with the
cooperation of and by exploiting the success of the _____________ CAA encircles
and destroys the main forces of the _________ and _____ Corps and approaching
strategic reserves, and on the _th day of the operation seizes the line of
____, _______, ______ and ______.
The army's operational formation is established in two echelons:
in the first-echelon: the __th, __th,___th, and __st Motorized Rifle Divisions;
in the second-echelon: the __th and __th Tank Divisions;
the __st Separate Tank Regiment is the army's reserve.
IV. I ORDER
a. The __th Motorized Rifle Division with one brigade of artillery of the
VGK reserve, one anti-tank battalion and one engineer battalion is to attack
the enemy on the line: _________ - _______, to develop the attack in the
direction of __________ - ________, to destroy the enemy in the area of
_______, ________, ________, and to continue the attack in the direction of
_______ - ______, destroy the enemy's division reserves in the area of
__________, ________,_______, and ______ and seize the line of the immediate
mission at _________, ______ and _____________ H + 10.
Then the division is to develop the attack in the direction of ______, _______
and _______ and at the end of the day seize the line of west of _________,
______, and _________________.
The future attack direction of the division for the next day is ________ and
________. The division is to assign one reinforced BMP motorized rifle regiment
as the forward detachment to destroy from the line of march the enemy's
covering forces and border troops in the enemy's security zone and facilitate
quick advance of the division's main forces to the forward defense line of the
enemy.
For the conduct of the division's attack ___nuclear, _ chemical and __
conventional rockets are allocated to the division. The use of nuclear and
chemical weapons will be conducted only at signal and command of the
front for the initial nuclear strike.
The division conducts the breakthrough of the enemy's main defensive line, at a
4 km front and during the artillery preparatory fire destroys and suppresses
the enemy's strong points on the forward line and in depth, command posts,
artillery and mortar batteries and enemy's immediate reserves.
On the left the ____ Motorized Rifle Division attacks. The boundary line with
that division passes through ______, ________, _________, ________,___________,
and ______.
During the penetration (breakthrough) of the enemy's defense, the destruction
of the enemy's brigade reserve, development of the attack in depth and
destruction of the enemy's division reserves are conducted in interaction with
the ____ Motorized Rifle Division.
The division's command post during the penetration of the enemy's defense is to
deploy _ km west of ________, and the rear service control point during this
phase is to deploy in ___.
b. The ____ Motorized Rifle Division with one artillery brigade of VGK
artillery division, one anti-tank battalion and engineer battalion attacks the
enemy at the line ___ (As for the ____ Div).
c. The ____ Motorized Rifle Division with two artillery battalions of the
army's artillery brigade, two anti-tank batteries and two engineer companies
attacks the enemy at the line ___ (as for the ____ Div).
d. The ____ Motorized Rifle Division with two artillery battalions from the
army's artillery brigade, two anti-tank batteries and two engineer companies is
to attack the enemy from the line ___ ( as for the ____ Div).
e. The ____ Tank Division is in the army's second-echelon. The division is to
deploy in departure (assembly) area in __________, __________, ___________,
___________. During the operation the division is to follow the ____ MRD by
bounds at a distance of 40 - 60 km on at least 3 routes and be prepared to be
committed into battle from the line No 1. (______________) with the mission to
destroy the enemy's advancing reserves from the line of march and seize the
line of _______, ____, and ________. The direction of its future attack is
_______, ______.
The line No. 2 of commitment is the line of ___ with the immediate mission line
at ___ and the direction of future development of the attack at ___.
At the time of commitment, the division is reinforced by 3 artillery
battalions, one anti-tank battalion and one engineer road construction
battalion.
In case of the use of nuclear weapons, the division is allocated __ nuclear, _
chemical, and __ conventional rockets.
The area of responsibility of the division to fight enemy's airborne assaults
and his reconnaissance groups includes ___.
f. The __th Tank Division is in the army's second-echelon. It is to deploy ___
(As for the ____ Tank Div).
g. Army's rocket brigade is to accomplish the following tasks:
-----1. destroy the following targets during the initial nuclear strike of the
front:
----- enemy's nuclear rocket, target No. 302 in the area of ___ by a 20 kt
warhead, air burst at H - 00.20 or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's nuclear rocket, target No. 203 in ___, by a 20 kt warhead, air
burst at H - 00:20 or at front's signal.
----- enemy's ___ Corps command post, target No. 304 in ___ by a 100 kt
warhead, ground burst at H - 00:2- or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's rear command post, target No. 305, in ___ by a 100 kt warhead,
ground burst at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- airfield, target No. 306, in ___ by a 40 kt warhead, air burst, at H -
00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- airfield, target No 307, in ___ by 40 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20
or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's second-echelon division in the area ___, ___, ___, and ___;
including the following targets:
----- targets No. 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, and 313 - each by a 20 kt warhead,
air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
(Note: Targets for divisional rocket strikes are also designated in the same
way)
2. Time of delivery of nuclear and chemical rockets to the troops is P - 6 hrs.
Time of delivery of conventional rockets to the troops is D - 3 days.
3. The status and situation of planned targets for nuclear strike are to be
continuously followed and necessary adjustment in the plan of the nuclear
strikes is to be made according to the actual situation.
4. Preparation of rocket troops for launch is to be kept at the highest state
and technical rocket support of the rocket troops is to be organized in detail.
5. Position areas of rockets are to be well prepared in terms of engineer work
and well camouflaged. Alternate positions for rockets are to be established and
their protection against mass destruction weapons as well as the security and
defense of rocket positions and mobile rocket bases must be organized and
established.
6. To maximize the range of fire and to launch timely strikes on designated
targets, timely relocation of positions and movement of rocket troops during
the conduct of the operation, are to be planned and executed.
h. Artillery
1. The following artillery groups are to be established in army's large units
and units:
----- army artillery group (AAG): 10 artillery battalions;
----- army reactive artillery group (AGRA): 4 BM-22 Bns.
----- in the ____ and ____ Motorized Rifle Divisions:
----- divisional artillery groups (DAG) of 6 artillery battalions each
----- regimental artillery groups (RAG) on the main direction of 3 artillery
battalions each;
----- in the ____ and ____ Motorized Rifle Divisions:
----- DAG of up to 4 artillery battalions each
----- RAG on the main direction of 3 artillery battalions each
2. Artillery missions:
During the preparation, initiation and conduct of the offensive operation, the
artillery is to accomplish the following tasks:
----- destruction and suppression of the enemy's nuclear weapons;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during his aggression in the army's area.
At this phase in addition to the security zone's regimental artillery, part of
the divisional artillery is also assigned;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during crossing the international border
and during the battle in the enemy's security zone by artillery units of
forward detachments of the first-echelon divisions, and part of the artillery
of the first-echelon divisions:
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during breakthrough of the enemy's
prepared defense and particularly destruction of strong points, destruction of
artillery and mortar batteries, and command posts, and suppression of the
enemy's immediate reserves;
----- destruction and suppression of the enemy and providing support for own
troops during the assault support fire during the combat in the forward defense
area of the first-echelon brigades;
----- providing fire support for attacking troops during the combat action in
the depth of the enemy in the form of accompanying fire;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during his counter-attacks and counter-
strikes;
----- support of the army troops during assault river crossing;
----- support and covering of open flanks and gaps between combat formations;
----- struggle against enemy's artillery and mortars during the conduct of the
offensive operation in the depth of the enemy's defense;
----- support of the commitment of the second-echelon troops and combined arms
reserves into combat.
3. The density of the artillery for the breakthrough of the enemy's prepared
defense during the preparatory fire is ___ - ___ guns and mortars per kilometer
of front, duration of the preparatory fire is __ - __ minutes and the
ammunition expenditure is ___ - ___ units of fire. the density of artillery
during the commitment of the second-echelon forces into combat is to be __ - __
guns and mortars per kilometer of front and the duration of artillery
preparatory fire is __ - __ minutes with an expenditure of ___ - ___ units of
fire.
4. The assault support fire is to be conducted in the form of successive
concentration of fire on one or two lines, single or double attack moving
barrage to the depth of the first-echelon battalions i.e. _ - _ kms.
5. The accompanying fire is conducted by the method of concentration of fire
and massive fire on individual targets.
I. Organic and attached aviation troops are to conduct the following missions
during the preparation and conduct of the operation.
----- - participation in the preparatory fire and assault support and
accompanying fire during the conduct of the operation to destroy nuclear
weapons and nuclear depots, command posts, to destroy and suppress enemy's deep
reserves, air defense and radar positions, rear service installations, signal
centers, aircraft guidance points, as well as the command posts and positions
of radio electronic warfare systems during the attack. ----- conduct of air
reconnaissance and air photography in support of the army's operation and
reconnaissance for damage assessment of targets hit by friendly nuclear
strikes. Up to the initiation of the attack, the reconnaissances to be
conducted only by observation and aerial photography using fixed wing aircraft
and helicopters along the state borders without crossing the border.
----- support and covering of the troops and army's targets against enemy's air
strikes during the preparation and conduct of the operation;
----- the flight (sortie) resources are to be distributed as follows:
---------- a. to the ____ and ____ MRD's 3 fighter - bomber aviation squadron
sorties each per day;
---------- b. to the ____ and ____ MRD's 2 fighter- bomber aviation squadron
sorties each per day
----- conduct struggle against the enemy tanks by combat helicopters;
----- insert airborne assault troops (desants) by transport
helicopters in the rear of the enemy in accordance with separate plans;
J. to Air defense troops;
The air defense troops are to conduct the following missions during the
preparation and conduct of the operation:
----- covering of the main combined arms and tank troops in the FUP areas,
during the breakthrough of the enemy's prepared defense and in the depth of the
enemy area;
----- covering of rocket and artillery troops in the departure (FUP) area,
during their firing and during the conduct of the operation;
----- covering of command posts in the departure area and during the conduct of
the operation;
----- covering of rear service installations in the departure area and during
the operation;
----- covering of reserves and second-echelon troops in the departure area,
during their movement and their commitment into combat;
----- covering of desants in their departure areas, during their
flight, in their landing areas in the depth of the enemy's area, and during
their combat actions;
----- covering of the troops during the assault river crossing;
----- covering the troops during the repulsion of the enemy's counter strikes.
2. The fire, reconnaissance, and warning systems of the army's air defense
troops are to be coordinated with the fire and reconnaissance systems of the
front and divisions' air defense troops and fighter aviation of the
front air army and national air defense forces as part of an
integrated unified plan so that massive strikes of the enemy's air force can be
effectively repelled.
3. During the preparation and conduct of the operation, all air defense troops
of the army and lower echelons (troops) are to be brought to the state of full
combat readiness so that they will be ready to repel the enemy's air strikes.
In any situation one third of the air defense troops must be kept at combat
duty status.
4. Appropriate positions for the air defense troops are to be prepared in terms
of engineer work. In addition to the main positions, alternate positions are to
be established as well.
5. The movement of the air defense troops during the preparation and conduct of
the attack is conducted in a way so that at critical phases of the operation
all or the bulk of the air defense troops of the army and the troops have
occupied positions to repel the enemy's air strikes and they are ready for the
execution of their mission.
k. Airborne Assault troops (desant)
During the operation two airborne assaults are conducted:
1. A tactical airborne assault by a reinforced motorized rifle battalion from
the ____ Division with a mortar battery.
The departure area for the desant is ___ and it should be occupied at
0600 on the first day of the operation for a 24 hrs period of preparation for
the desant force.
The desant is airlifted by the front's transport helicopter
regiment and it is supported by two fighter aviation squadrons.
The desant is landed in the enemy's rear in the area ___ at 0600 on
the second day of the operation.
The mission of the desant is to destroy the enemy's nuclear depot and
to seize and destroy the ________ in ___.
Prior to the landing, the enemy's reserves and other targets in the landing
area are initially hit by front's fighter-bomber aviation and then by
rocket troops using conventional warheads. Positions of the enemy's air defense
means and airfields in the flight corridor of the helicopters are suppressed
and destroyed by the air force.
Planning of the airborne assault for movement and landing is to be worked out
by the helicopter regiment commander in cooperation with the army's operations
directorate and the commander of the airborne assault force.
The troop control during the preparation for desant is conducted from
the command post of the helicopter regiment in the departure area for the
desant, and then during the operation it is conducted from the army's
command post and the desant battalion's command/observation post.
2. Operational airborne assault (desant) by an airborne assault
regiment reinforced by one towed artillery battalion.
The departure area for this desant is ___ and it is to be occupied at
____ on the ______ day of the operation for the preparation of the
desant.
The desant is air-lifted by an aviation transport division from the
air force main command and one transport helicopter regiment and it is covered
during the flight and landing by two fighter aviation regiments.
The landing is in the rear of the enemy in area ___ at ____ on the _____ day of
the operation.
The mission of the desant is to seize a bridgehead on the _____ River,
destroy enemy logistic depots and to assist the army troops during the assault
river crossing at the _____.
Prior to the landing, the enemy's targets in the landing area and his close-by
airfields are initially hit by fighter-bomber and bomber aviation and then by
rocket troops using conventional warheads. Enemy's air defense means and radars
located in the flight corridor of the desant are destroyed by the air
force, rocket troops and artillery.
Planning of the desant for movement and landing is to be worked out by
the commander of the aviation transport division in cooperation with the army
staff and airborne assault regiment.
The troop control during the preparation for the desant is conducted
from the command post of the aviation transport division and command post of
the airborne assault regiment, while during the combat action it is conducted
from the army's command post and the command post of the airborne assault
regiment in the combat action area.
L. Combined Arms Reserve
The ____ ______ Regiment is the combined arms reserve of the army and it is to
deploy in area ___ and follow the ____ Motorized Rifle Division by bounds at a
30 - 40 km distance and be prepared for unexpected missions during the conduct
of the operation.
M. Army's Anti-tank Reserve:
1. The army's artillery anti-tank reserve is the ____ Anti-tank Regiment from
the VGK artillery division. It is to deploy in area ___ and conduct struggle
against tanks on the army's main attack direction. The likely fire lines of the
anti-tank reserve to repel the enemy's tank counter-attack during the operation
are as follows:
----- Line NO 1: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 2: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 3: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 4: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
The army's anti-tank reserve moves during the operation on the direction of the
army's main attack following the ____ MRD.
2. The combat helicopter regiment, in addition to support of the army troops
during the operation, is to conduct struggle against enemy tanks. It is to
deploy in the area ___ and be prepared to fight the enemy tanks on the
following lines:
----- Line NO 1: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 2: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 3: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
----- Line NO 4: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
N. Mobile Obstacle Detachment (POZ) is the first and second companies of the
army's obstacle battalion. |It is to deploy in area ___ and move and operate
with the anti-tank reserve to repel enemy tanks.
O. Engineer Reserve is the 1st Battalion of the Combat Engineer Regiment, the
1st Road and Bridge Battalion and the 1st Battalion of the Pontoon Bridge
Regiment. After accomplishment of assigned missions during the preparation of
the army's operation, the engineer reserve is to deploy in area ___ and be
prepared to conduct unexpected missions during the operation. In the course of
the conduct of the operation it is to follow the ____ Motorized Rifle Division.
P. Chemical Reserve:
The chemical reserve is composed of the army's separate chemical protection
battalion. It is to be prepared to conduct unexpected missions in the course of
the operation. The chemical reserve is to deploy in area ___ and move during
the operation in the direction ___.
Q. Time of readiness of the troops for the operation is at 2400 hrs on ___.
The norms of mobile reserves of material means during the operation are to be
kept as follows:
----- 1. Infantry weapons - ____ units of fire
----- 2. Arty and mortars - ____ units of fire
----- 3. Reactive arty - ____ units of fire
----- 4. Tank ammunition - ____ units of fire
----- 5. Air defense ammo - ____ units of fire
----- 6. Auto gasoline - ____ refills
----- 7. Diesel fuel - ____ refills
----- 8. Foodstuffs - __ daily rations
V. CONTROL OF ARMY TROOPS
The army CP is in ___________.
The army's rear control point is at _______.
The army's FCP is at _________.
The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and Rear CP during the
operation, is the direction of _________, __________, _______, __________,
_____________.
The signal communication from army's CP to the front's commander
and staff and with the subordinate, adjacent, and interacting troops will be
established by radio, radio-relay, telephone, and mobile communications means
with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.
My deputies are:
The chief of staff, first deputy army commander, chief of political
affairs, and commander of the ____ MRD.
Chief of Operations Directorate:
(Signature)
Chief of Staff of the army
(Signature)
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Sample Combat Instructions from Army to Division
I approve ___/___/Guards Army Serial No:
Major General -- SECRET
Copy No:
Combat Instructions
of the commander of the Eighth Guards Army for offensive
operation to the commander of the 16th MRD:
Command post Wickerstedt, at ____, on ____ Map 1:250,000 Aug 1983 ed:
I. Enemy
As a result of the deterioration of the international situation the NATO
has secretly brought its armed forces to the state of full combat readiness and
wants to launch a surprise attack on the territories of the Warsaw Pact.
Confronting the troops of the Eighth Guards Army, t he forces of the U. S.
V Corps are deployed with the Third Armored Division and the Eighth Mechanized
Division in the first-echelon composed of a total of up to ____ nuclear rocket
systems, ____ nuclear artillery pieces, ____ tanks,____ guns and mortars, ____
SAM systems, and ____ fixed wing aircraft and helicopters.
In the second-echelon of the V Corps, the ___ division and most likely tank
troops of the FRG will operate with a total of ____ nuclear rocket systems,
____ nuclear artillery piece tan guns and mortars, ____ SAM systems, ____ fixed
wing aircraft and helicopters.
In front of the forward defense belt, the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and
the enemy's border troops are deployed in the security zone.
The combat action of the enemy during the operation will be supported by
____ combat aircraft from the U.S. and FRG national air forces and aviation
troops of the 4th ATAF, organic to the Central Army Group, which has nuclear
capability. During the conduct of the operation the enemy can launch a total of
( ) strikes of nuclear rockets, rounds, and bombs in the area of the Eighth
Guards Army.
On the flanks of the Vth Corps, the III German Corps in the north and the
VII U. S. Corps in the south will operate. Their actions can affect the Eighth
Guards Army actions during the conduct of the operation.
During the operation, movement of the U. S. and French strategic reserves
and newly mobilized German reserves to the area of the Eighth Guards Army is
likely. The enemy tries to inflict maximum losses on the Warsaw Pact countries
by launching a surprise decisive offensive operation and seize vital
territories. If the Warsaw Pact countries overtake the NATO in offensive
operations, it is likely that the troops of the Vth U. S. Corps will hold
pre-prepared defensive lines at the line of Bad Hersfeld, Niederaule, Schlitz,
Fulda, Gersfeld, Bad Neustadt, to inflict heavy losses on the army by defensive
actions.
In this case the enemy's counter strikes by his second-echelon troops are
likely to be launched from the line: Birstein - Gedern in the direction of
Grehenhain, Lauterbach, Bad Hersfeld, and from the line: Neustadt, Homberg in
the direction of Kirtarf, Alsfeld, Niederaula.
II. Order to 16th MRD:
The 16th MRD with the ____arty bde of the VGK artillery div, -- Anti-tank
Bn, ____Combat Engineer Bn, -- Assault Crossing Co, and ___ Bn of the Road and
Bridge Regiment is to attack the enemy at the line of Ludwigsau, Eichhof and to
develop the attack in the direction Bad Hersfeld, - Rockerod and destroy the
enemy in the area Ludwigsau, Gittersed, Rockerod, Eichhof and to continue the
attack in the direction of Go Bmanerode - Ottrau and destroy the enemy's
division reserves in the area: Wigshain, Schorbach, Ottrau, and Kemmerod and at
____ hrs seize the line of its immediate mission at Schorbach, Ottrau, and
north of Lingitbach.
Then the division is to continue the attack in the direction of Ottrau,
Alsfeld, Hill 384, destroy the enemy forces in the area ____, ____, ____, ____
and at the end of the day seize the line of west of Anlrifttal, Heimertshausen
and the stretch of route 49 to the south. The direction of attack of the
division for the next day is Heimertshausen and Hill 322.
The division is to detach one reinforced BMP motorized rifle battalion as a
forward detachment to destroy, from the line of march, the enemy's border and
covering troops in the security zone and to facilitate quick advance of the
division to the line of the enemy's forward defense area.
For the division's attack 15 nuclear rockets, 5 chemical rockets and 15
conventional rocket warheads are allocated. The chemical and nuclear weapons
will be used in accordance with the order and instructions via signal for the
initial nuclear strike by the front.
(In case of the conduct of the attack with the use of nuclear weapons the
targets of divisional rocket troops are specified as shown below.) During the
initial nuclear strike of the front the following targets are to be
destroyed by the division's rocket battalion:
target No 314, enemy's first-echelon bn, in area ____, --by a 3 kt warhead
air burst at H- 00:20 or at the signal;
target No 315, enemy's first-echelon bn, in area ____ , ____by a 3 kt
warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
target No. 316, enemy artillery bn, in area ____, ____ by a 3 kt warhead,
air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
target No. 317, enemy brigade second-echelon bn, in the area ____, ____ by
a 3 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
target No. 318, enemy brigade second-echelon tank bn, in the area ____,
____ by a 10 kt warhead, air burst, at H + 00:20 or at the signal:
target No. 319, enemy's division CP, in the area ____ by a 10 kt warhead,
ground burst, at H + 00:20.
target No. 320 enemy's brigade CP in the area ____ by a 10 kt warhead,
ground burst, at H + 00:20
target No. 321, enemy's rear service, in area ____ by a 10 kt warhead, air
burst, at H + 00:20.
The division is to conduct breakthrough of the enemy forward defense area
in the area ___ on a 4 km front and destroy or suppress during the preparatory
fire the enemy's strong points on the forward line and in the depth, command
posts, artillery and mortar batteries, and enemy's immediate reserves.
The division CP during the breakthrough of the enemy's defense is to be
established at 3 km west of road junction of Fredewald and the division's rear
Cp in the area ____.
The time of readiness of the division troops for the attack is 2400 on __.
III. The army means and adjacent missions:
a. The following targets are destroyed in the division's sector by army
means:
enemy's Corps CP at ____
nuclear depot at ____
nuclear rocket system at ____
During the artillery preparatory fires, the following targets in the
division's sector are destroyed : targets ____, ____, ____, ____.
The air force destroys and suppresses during the preparatory fire the
enemy's nuclear weapons at ____, enemy CP at ____, enemy SAM systems in ____,
enemy radar posts at ____.
b. On the right the 11th MRD of the First Guards Army attacks with an
immediate mission to seize the line of the road junction west of Schellbach,
Wattenstein, Rabolds, and a subsequent mission to seize the line of
Frielendorf, 3 km west of Seigertshausen, and Neukirchen. The daily mission of
the division is to seize the line of Momberg, Neustadt, Arnsha. The boundary
with the division passes through: Eisenach, Hill 754, and Dannenrod.
On the left, the 18th MRD attacks with an immediate mission to seize the
line of road junction 3 km northwest of Hattenbach, Breilenburg, 2 km east of
Hatterode. The division's subsequent mission is to seize the line of Lingetach,
and airfield at Lauterbach, and its daily mission is to seize the line of 2 km
west of Neider, east of Windhausen, and Meiches. The boundary with the division
passes through : Mohara, Hill 366, road junction south east of Bad Hersfeld,
Kleba, Lingellach, Neider.
IV. Troop control- The Army's FCP is at Walreslenben
army's CP is at Wickastedt
army's rear CP is at Tumpling
The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and rear CP during the
operation is the direction of Waldfisch, Schenklengsfeld, Gruynbverg,
Weilmunster, Ober Dmershausen.
The signal communication from army's CP's to the front' commander
and staff and with the subordinate, adjacent and interacting troops is to be
established by radio, radio-relay, telephone and mobile communications means
with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.
My deputies are in order of succession: The chief of staff, first deputy
army commander, chief of the political affairs dept, and commander of the 16th
MRD.
Chief of operations directorate
Chief of Staff
x
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Blank Sample Combat Instructions from Army to Division
I approve ___/___/Guards Army Serial No:
Major General -- SECRET
Copy No:
Combat Instructions
of the commander of the _____________ Army for offensive operation to the
commander of the ____ MRD:
Command post ________, at ____, on ____ Map 1:250,000 Aug 1983 ed:
I. Enemy
As a result of the deterioration of the international situation the NATO
has secretly brought its armed forces to the state of full combat readiness and
wants to launch a surprise attack on the territories of the Warsaw Pact.
Confronting the troops of the ___________ Army, the forces of the _____ _
Corps are deployed with the _____ ________ and the _______ _______ Division in
the first-echelon composed of a total of up to ____ nuclear rocket systems,
____ nuclear artillery pieces, ____ tanks,____ guns and mortars, ____ SAM
systems, and ____ fixed wing aircraft and helicopters.
In the second-echelon of the _ Corps, the ___ division and most likely tank
troops of the FRG will operate with a total of ____ nuclear rocket systems,
____ nuclear artillery piece tan guns and mortars, ____ SAM systems, ____ fixed
wing aircraft and helicopters.
In front of the forward defense belt, the ________________ Regiment and the
enemy's border troops are deployed in the security zone.
The combat action of the enemy during the operation will be supported by
____ combat aircraft from the U.S. and FRG national air forces and aviation
troops of the ___ ATAF, organic to the Central Army Group, which has nuclear
capability.
During the conduct of the operation the enemy can launch a total of ( )
strikes of nuclear rockets, rounds, and bombs in the area of the __________
Army.
On the flanks of the ___ Corps, the _________ Corps in the north and the
_______Corps in the south will operate. Their actions can affect the ______
______ Army actions during the conduct of the operation.
During the operation, movement of the U. S. and French strategic reserves
and newly mobilized German reserves to the area of the Eighth Guards Army is
likely. The enemy tries to inflict maximum losses on the Warsaw Pact countries
by launching a surprise decisive offensive operation and seize vital
territories. If the Warsaw Pact countries overtake the NATO in offensive
operations, it is likely that the troops of the ____ U. S. Corps will hold
pre-prepared defensive lines at the line of __________, __________, _______,
________, to inflict heavy losses on the army by defensive actions.
In this case the enemy's counter strikes by his second-echelon troops are
likely to be launched from the line: __________ - ____ in the direction of
________, _________ ,___________, and from the line: _______,________ in the
direction of _______, _______, __________.
II. The division
The ____ MRD with ____ Artillery Brigade of the VGK artillery div, --
Anti-tank Bn, ____Combat Engineer Bn, -- Assault Crossing Co, and ___ Bn of the
Road and Bridge Regiment is to attack the enemy at the line of ________,
_______ and to develop the attack in the direction ________, - _______ and
destroy the enemy in the area _________, ________, _______, ______ and at
____to continue the attack in the direction of __________ - _____ and destroy
the enemy's division reserves in the area: ________, ________, ______, and
_______ and at ____ hrs seize the line of its immediate mission at ______,
______, and _____________.
Then the division is to continue the attack in the direction of ______,
_______, ________, destroy the enemy forces in the area ____, ____, ____, ____
and at the end of the day seize the line of __________, ___________ and
______________. The direction of attack of the division for the next day is
_________ and ________.
The division is to detach one reinforced BMP motorized rifle battalion as a
forward detachment to destroy, from the line of march, the enemy's border and
covering troops in the security zone and to facilitate quick advance of the
division to the line of the enemy's forward defense area.
For the division's attack __ nuclear rockets, _ chemical rockets and __
conventional rocket warheads are allocated. The chemical and nuclear weapons
will be used in accordance with the order and instructions via signal for the
initial nuclear strike by the front.
(In case of the conduct of the attack with the use of nuclear weapons the
targets of divisional rocket troops are specified as shown below.) During the
initial nuclear strike of the front the following targets are to be
destroyed by the division's rocket battalion:
target No 314, enemy's first-echelon bn, in area ____, --by a 3 kt warhead
air burst at H- 00:20 or at the signal;
target No 315, enemy's first-echelon bn, in area ____ , ____ by a 3 kt
warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
target No. 316, enemy artillery bn, in area ____, ____ by a 3 kt warhead,
air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
target No. 317, enemy brigade second-echelon bn, in the area ____, ____ by
a 3 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
target No. 318, enemy brigade second-echelon tank bn, in the area ____,
____ by a 10 kt warhead, air burst, at H + 00:20 or at the signal:
target No. 319, enemy's division CP, in the area ____ by a 10 kt warhead,
ground burst, at H + 00:20.
target No. 320 enemy's brigade CP in the area ____ by a 10 kt warhead,
ground burst, at H + 00:20
target No. 321, enemy's rear service, in area ____ by a 10 kt warhead, air
burst, at H + 00:20.
The division is to conduct breakthrough of the enemy forward defense area
in the area ___ on a 4 km front and destroy or suppress during the preparatory
fire the enemy's strong points on the forward line and in the depth, command
posts, artillery and mortar batteries, and enemy's immediate reserves.
The division CP during the breakthrough of the enemy's defense is to be
established at _______________ and the division's rear Cp in the area ____.
The time of readiness of the division troops for the attack is 2400 on __.
III. The army means and adjacent missions:
a. The following targets are destroyed in the division's sector by army
means:
enemy's Corps CP at ____
nuclear depot at ____
nuclear rocket system at ____
During the artillery preparatory fires, the following targets in the
division's sector are destroyed : targets ____, ____, ____, ____.
The air force destroys and suppresses during the preparatory fire the
enemy's nuclear weapons at ____, enemy CP at ____, enemy SAM systems in ____,
enemy radar posts at ____.
b. On the right the ____ MRD of the __________ Army attacks with an
immediate mission to seize the line of the road junction west of __________,
_______, _______, and a subsequent mission to seize the line of _______,_____,
and ________. The daily mission of the division is to seize the line of
_______, ______,_______. The boundary with the division passes through:
________, ________, and _________.
On the left, the ____ MRD attacks with an immediate mission to seize the
line of road junction _______, ___________, ____________. The division's
subsequent mission is to seize the line of _______, and __________ , and its
daily mission is to seize the line of ___________, _________________, and
_______. The boundary with the division passes through : _____, ________,
____________________, _________, and _________.
IV. Troop control- The Army's FCP is at ________
army's CP is at __________
army's rear CP is at ________
The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and rear CP during the
operation is the direction of ________,________,________, _____________.
The signal communication from army's CP's to the front' commander
and staff and with the subordinate, adjacent and interacting troops is to be
established by radio, radio-relay, telephone, and mobile communications means
with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.
My deputies are in order of succession: The chief of staff, first deputy
army commander, chief of the political affairs dept, and commander of the 16th
MRD.
Chief of operations directorate
Chief of Staff
x
I Approve --/--/89 Serial Number:______
Commander in chief Central Front SECRET
General of Army ____ Copy Number: _______
Sig
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OPERATIONAL DIRECTIVE OF THE CENTRAL FRONT
to Eighth Guards Army
Command Post ... map 1:1,000,000, 1983 ed. 1330 1, 2, 1985
I. Enemy Situation
In accordance with the international crisis and the deterioration of the
international situation, the enemy has secretly brought his armed forces to a
state of full combat readiness, and is preparing a surprise invasion into the
territory of the countries of the Warsaw Pact.
The Eighth Guards Army is confronted by the US V Corps. Its first-echelon
is composed of __ mechanized and armored divisions, __ Armored Cavalry Regiment
___ nuclear SSM's, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ____tanks, ___ artillery,
____SAM's and ____aircraft and helicopters.
In the second-echelon, the US V Corps has deployed ___ while mobilizing
German and French units are in reserve with a total of ___ divisions, ___
nuclear SSM's, ___nuclear artillery pieces, ___ tanks,___ artillery, ___SAM's,
and ___ aircraft and helicopters.
The enemy operation is supported by ___combat aircraft including ___
aircraft with nuclear capabilities. The enemy will try to destroy the Warsaw
Pact forces by a surprise and decisive attack and disrupt its preparation for
the offensive operation. If the Warsaw Pact forces are able to overtake
the enemy in preparations and launch of the attack, the enemy is likely to
conduct delaying action along several pre-prepared defensive lines mostly on
main rivers to inflict the heaviest losses on WP forces and eventually destroy
it in counter-blows.
The enemy's counter-blows are likely to be launched from the line:
___________ in the direction of ______________, and from the line: _________ in
the direction of __________________.
II. The Eighth Guards Army reinforced with _____ artillery division,
______ anti-tank regt, _______:
Advances from the line _______________ by breaking the enemy's defense line
between ___ and ___ to launch the main blow in the direction
___________________ to destroy the enemy's main forces in the area ____, _____,
_______________, __________. At the end of D + 3 reach the line_________ -
____________. Subsequently advance in the direction _______________ to destroy
on the march the enemy's arriving reserves in the area ___, ___, ___, ___ and
at the end of the operation's _______ day seize the line ______, _________.
Alloted for the conduct of the operation are __ nuclear, __ chemical, __
conventional rocket warheads.
The army FUP area is _______________________.
On the right is the First Guards Tank Army
The boundary with them follows the line Eilenburt - E 11o 34' -
Eisenach - Mast 2474 - N 51o 13' - 1427 (E 80o 26', N
50o 8') - Rhine at Neuwied.
On the left is the Twenty-eighth Guards Army
The boundary with them follows the line Mittwelda - Kahla - 2425 (E
10o 26' N 50o 37') - Gersfeld - Bad Vilbel - Frankfurt -
Rhine at Bingen - Trier.
Position the command post in the _____________ area, and the rear control
post in the _____________ area.
III. The following enemy sites in the army's attack
zone are destroyed by the front's rocket brigades: ________,
_____.
The Eighth Guards Army will receive ___ regimental sorties per day during
the accomplishment of the immediate mission and ___ regimental sorties per day
during its accomplishment of its subsequent mission.
The army will coordinate air defense with the ___ Fighter Division
operating in tis sector and the ___ SAM Brigade in sector.
IV. The front command post is in the area
of _________.
The front forward command post is in the area of
__________________.
The front rear control point is in the area of
___________________.
The command post, forward command post and the rear control post move
forward in the direction of _________________.
Deputies: the front chief of staff, the first deputy commander of
the front, and the chief of the political directorate.
Communications are organized with all control points through radio,
radio-relay, telephone-telegraph, with subordinates, neighbors and units
interacting with yours.
V. The army commander will report his decision to the front
commander at ___ hrs. The army will be prepared to initiate the offensive by
___ hrs.
Signatures:
1. Chief of the Operational Directorate
2. Front Chief of Staff
3. Front Commander
I Approve --/--/89 Serial Number:______
Commander in chief Central Front SECRET
General of Army ____ Copy Number: _______
Sig
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OPERATIONAL DIRECTIVE OF THE CENTRAL FRONT
to Eighth Guards Army
Command Post ... map 1:1,000,000, 1983 ed. 1330 1, 2, 1985
I. Enemy Situation
In accordance with the international crisis and the deterioration of the
international situation, the enemy has secretly brought his armed forces to a
state of full combat readiness, and is preparing a surprise invasion into the
territory of the countries of the Warsaw Pact.
The Eighth Guards Army is confronted by the US V Corps. Its first-echelon
is composed of __ mechanized and armored divisions, __ Armored Cavalry Regiment
___ nuclear SSM's, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ____tanks, ___ artillery,
____SAM's and ____aircraft and helicopters.
In the second-echelon, the US V Corps has deployed ___ while mobilizing
German and French units are in reserve with a total of ___ divisions, ___
nuclear SSM's, ___nuclear artillery pieces, ___ tanks,___ artillery, ___SAM's,
and ___ aircraft and helicopters.
The enemy operation is supported by ___combat aircraft including ___
aircraft with nuclear capabilities. The enemy will try to destroy the Warsaw
Pact forces by a surprise and decisive attack and disrupt its preparation for
the offensive operation. If the Warsaw Pact forces are able to overtake
the enemy in preparations and launch of the attack, the enemy is likely to
conduct delaying action along several pre-prepared defensive lines mostly on
main rivers to inflict the heaviest losses on WP forces and eventually destroy
it in counter-blows.
The enemy's counter-blows are likely to be launched from the line:
___________ in the direction of ______________, and from the line: _________ in
the direction of __________________.
II. The Eighth Guards Army reinforced with _____ artillery division,
______ anti-tank regt, _______:
Advances from the line _______________ by breaking the enemy's defense line
between ___ and ___ to launch the main blow in the direction
_________________to destroy the enemy's main forces in the area ____, _____,
_______________, __________. At the end of D + 3 reach the line ________
-___________. Subsequently advance in the direction _______________ to destroy
on the march the enemy's arriving reserves in the area ___, ___, ___, ___ and
at the end of the operation's _______ day seize the line ______, _________.
Alloted for the conduct of the operation are __ nuclear, __ chemical, __
conventional rocket warheads.
The army FUP area is ___________________.
On the right is the First Guards Tank Army
The boundary with them follows the line Eilenburt - E 11o 34' -
Eisenach - Mast 2474 - N 51o 13' - 1427 (E 80o 26', N
50o 8') - Rhine at Neuwied.
On the left is the Twenty-eighth Guards Army
The boundary with them follows the line Mittwelda - Kahla - 2425 (E
10o 26' N 50o 37') - Gersfeld - Bad Vilbel - Frankfurt -
Rhine at Bingen - Trier.
Position the command post in the _____________ area, and the rear control
post in the _____________ area.
III. The following enemy sites in the army's attack
zone are destroyed by the front's rocket brigades: ________,
_____.
The Eighth Guards Army will receive ___ regimental sorties per day during
the accomplishment of the immediate mission and ___ regimental sorties per day
during its accomplishment of its subsequent mission.
The army will coordinate air defense with the ___ Fighter Division
operating in tis sector and the ___ SAM Brigade in sector.
IV. The front command post is in the area
of _________.
The front forward command post is in the area of
__________________.
The front rear control point is in the area of
___________________.
The command post, forward command post and the rear control post move
forward in the direction of _________________.
Deputies: the front chief of staff, the first deputy commander of
the front, and the chief of the political directorate.
Communications are organized with all control points through radio,
radio-relay, telephone-telegraph, with subordinates, neighbors and units
interacting with yours.
V. The army commander will report his decision to the front
commander at ___ hrs. The army will be prepared to initiate the offensive by
___ hrs.
Signatures:
1. Chief of the Operational Directorate
2. Front Chief of Staff
3. Front Commander
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DISCUSSION AGENDA
This discussion agenda follows the sequence of topics given in the
instructor tasks and list of practrical exercises. No time schedule is given
because the length of time devoted to each exercise will vary greatly depending
on the instructors' perceptions of the manner in which the students are
absorbing the information. The discussion topics follow the following logical
sequence.
structure and organization of army troop control organs
responsibilities of commander and operations staff
actions of army troop control organs during organization of offensive
actions of army troop control organs during conduct of offensive
front operations directive and map showing the dimensions of the army
mission, boundaries, and other information received by the army
headquarters.
calculation of the width of an army sector in the given conditions.
calculations required to determine the correlation of forces in the main sector
of an army offensive.
clarification of army mission from operational directive
initial instructions to be issued by army
calculation of time available for preparation of the operation and discussion
of the content of the calendar plan
raising the army to full combat readiness status and completing its
mobilization plan
width of breakthrough sector and artillery requirement according to the
scenario given in the front directive
calculation of the correlation of forces in the given scenario.
preparation of correlation of forces tables for this specific scenario.
suggestions as chief of operations.
making deductions on the location of boundaries for the divisions, division
missions, and other specifics of the commander's decision
aim and concept of the army operation based on the operational directive given
from the front.
army operational directive and combat instructions for one division
situation for D + 4 or 5 in which the army faces a major enemy counterattack
and must also plan for the commitment of its second echelon division
recommendations of the chief of operations, the commander's estimate of the
situation, and the commander's decision
combat instructions to army subordinate division for its commitment into the
engagement
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LIST OF VIEWGRAPHS
VG1 -Outline of lesson V
VG2 - Elements established in the Soviet army troop control system
VG3 - Composition of troop control organs
VG4 - Elements of organization of the army staff
VG5 - Activities of the combat operations section during combat
VG6 - Main command post (cp)
VG7 - Forward command post
VG8 - Organs of control located at the rear control point
VG9 - Airborne command post
VG10 - Signal system
VG11 - Elements included in the order for changing control from main to
alternate or to forward post
VG12 - Measures taken by the staff when control is changed to the forward
command post
VG13 - Composition of army signal troops
VG14 - Elements included in the signal center units and sub-units
VG15 - Elements included in signal line and cable units
VG16 - Elements included in the field mail signal service
VG17 - Missions fulfilled by the army commander personally or through the
staff and control organs
VG18 - Most important duties of the chief of staff fulfills
VG19 - Duties of the chief of the operations directorate
VG20 - Functions of the officers in the operations section
VG21 - Duties of the chief of the reconnaissance
VG22 - Elements in the information the intelligence section collects,
evaluates, disseminates, and presents on the enemy
VG23 - Duties fulfilled by the army chief of rocket troops and artillery
VG24 - Duties fulfilled by the army chief of air defense
VG25 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of engineers
VG26 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of engineers part II
VG27 - Duties fulfilled by the army chief of chemical troops
VG28 - Duties fulfilled by the army chief of chemical troops part II
VG29 - Duties fulfilled by the army chief of signal troops
VG30 - Duties fulfilled by the army chief of signal troops part II
VG31 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of radio-electronic combat
VG32 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of armament and technical services
VG33 - Duties fulfilled by the deputy commander for rear services
VG34 - Elements included by the army commander upon receiving the
operational directive
VG35 - Measures for preparation organized in the calendar plan
VG36 - Information shown on the headquarters duty roster for staff officers
VG37 - Calculations necessary for staff officers to make decisions on
various operational elements to be included in the report to the commander
VG38 - Norms for organization and planning
VG39 - Points the army commander determines in order to clarify the aim of
the mission
VG40 - Items the commander determines as a result of the clarification of
the mission
VG41 - Information expected for the organization of combat and its time for
delivery
VG42 - Items determined by the army commander during the estimate of the
enemy
VG43 - Items determined by the commander as a result of his estimate of the
enemy
VG44 - Items determined by the army commander during his estimate of own
forces
VG45 - Points the army commander makes clear as a result of assessing his
own forces
VG46 - Items determined by the army commander during the estimate of
adjacents
VG47 - Items determined by the army commander during his estimate of the
social political situation of the population in the army area
VG48 - Items determined by the army commander during his estimate of the
economic capabilities of the army area
VG49 - Most important factors on conditions in which the operation is being
prepared
VG50 - Sequence in which the recommendations are reported
VG51 - Points raised during the reports and suggestions of the chief of
staff and chiefs of arms and services
VG52 - Points raised in the report and suggestions of chief of
reconnaissance on the enemy
VG53 - Points raised in the report and suggestions of chief of
reconnaissance on the enemy part II
VG54 - Points raised in the report and suggestions of the chief of
operational directorate
VG55 - Points raised in the suggestions of the chief of rocket forces and
artillery
VG56 - Points raised in the report and suggestions of the chief of army air
defense
VG57 - Suggestions of other chiefs of special troops and services during
estimate of situation and decision making process
VG58 - Suggestions of the chief of staff during the estimate of the
situation and presentation of proposed decisions to the commander
VG59 - Estimates of the situation and logistic decisions made by the chief
of rear services
VG60 - Points determined by the army commander as a result of clarifying
the mission and making an all-around estimate of the situation
VG61 - Questions the concept of the operation answers
VG62 - Uses of correlation of forces measures in determining the concept of
operations
VG63 - Army missions and plans
VG64 - Possible planning issues
VG65 - Planning air support
VG66 - Combat operations schedule
VG67 - Manner in which subordinate large units and units of combat arms and
special troops and services receive missions
VG68 - Elements contained in the operation directive and combat order
VG69 - Situation reports
VG70 - Measures taken by the army commander in order to prepare to repel an
enemy surprise attack which may attempt to preempt the army offensive
VG71 - Documents which may compose the army operation plan
VG72 - Elements contained in the basic document in the operation
VG73 - Elements shown on the map in the graphic part of the plan
VG74 - Elements usually shown in the summary of the explanatory notes VG -
Points contained in the plan for preparing and occupying the assembly area(
FUP) for the offensive
VG75 - Points in the explanatory notes
VG76 - Stages for the interaction of the offensive
VG77- Points contained in commander's actions if interaction is organized
on the ground
VG78 - Orders of the army commander in the interest of the agreed upon use
of the forces and means that participate in the front first nuclear
strike and in accordance with the front commander's orders for the
army rocket brigade and separate division battalions (which participate in the
first nuclear strike) and for other army forces
VG79 - Points the army commander agrees with pertaining to rocket forces
and supporting air forces during organization of interaction by the order of
the front commander
VG80 - Questions coordinated by the army commander on actions in the
covering force area and during the breakthrough of the enemy main defense lines
during organization of interaction in the course of the offensive without
employment of nuclear weapons
VG81 - Orders of the army commander with the aim of coordinating the
actions of the attacking forces and air assault forces
VG82 - Points shown in the plan made by the operations directorate
(schematic, map, tables) on army interaction for the offensive together with
the staff of the rocket troops and artillery, PVO, engineer troops, chemical
troops, and others
VG83 - Combat support organized by the army staff in the offensive
operation
VG84 - Points which are part of the control process
VG85 - The chief of staff's main methods for timely troop control
VG86 - Measures for support of troop control
VG87 - Measures taken by the chief of staff and other troop control
elements to accomplish durability of troop control
VG88 - Basic mission of the commandant service while preparing for
offensive operations
VG89 - Basic measures for preserving security of state and military secrets
VG90 - Basic missions of army troop control during offensive operations
VG91 - Most important task of the army commander, chief of staff, staff,
rear services, and chiefs of combat arms and special troops and services when
some army formations and units become weakened and lose combat capability
VG92 - Measures contained in the plan for restoring combat effectiveness
and liquidating the results of nuclear strikes
VG93 - Most important missions of the army commander, staffs, and troop
control organs
VG94 - Main methods for destroying the attacking enemy and break up his
offensive
VG95 - Information determined by the chief of reconnaissance
VG96 - Items specified by the chief of staff in last minute assessment of
the enemy
VG97 - Army commander
VG98 - Manner in which the army commander performs for making the decision
more specific during the breakthrough staff of control organs
VG99 - Manner in which the army commander performs for making the decision
more specific during the breakthrough staff of control organs
VG100 - Action of army staff and control organs while repelling enemy
counterattacks
VG101 - Action of army staff and control organs while repelling enemy
counterattacks part II
VG102 - Information received by the staff and army troop control organs for
making the decision and reporting it to the army commander
VG103 - Information received by the staff and army troop control organs for
making the decision and reporting it to the army commander part II
VG104 - Orders the army commander issues when he makes his decision on the
commitment of the second-echelon and his combat instructions on the commitment
VG105 - Items explained by the chief of reconnaissance
VG106 - Items reported on by the chief of operations
VG107 - Items the chief of engineers reports on
VG108 - Items explained by the chief of rocket troops and artillery
VG109 - Topics reported on by the chief of the center for control of the
air army
VG110 - Topics reported on by the chief of air defense
VG111 - Points discussed by the chief of staff
VG112 - Points ordered by the army commander when he makes his decision on
forcing an obstacle based on the various chief's suggestions and on information
he has on the situation, locations, and water obstacle
VG113 - Elements included in the combat readiness plan
VG114 - Duties accomplished in order to reach the level of higher combat
readiness
VG115 - Measures taken for conduct of field troop
VG116 - Control at the level of full combat readiness
VG117 - Measures accomplished by the forces in the permanent garrisons upon
receipt of the alarm
VG118 - Duties fulfilled by the army commander while bringing the army
forces to full combat readiness
VG119 - Duties which the chief of staff performs upon receipt of the combat
alarm in order to fulfill measures on controlling forces as they reach full
combat readiness with times for accomplishment and their sequence
VG120 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of operations directorate while
bringing the forces to full combat readiness
VG121 - Missions fulfilled by the chief of reconnaissance while bringing
army forces to the state of full combat readiness
VG122 - Missions fulfilled by the chief of rocket troops and artillery
while bringing forces to level of full combat readiness
VG123 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of PVO for support of higher combat
readiness of PVO forces, to cover army forces and rear targets against enemy
air strikes, and for bringing PVO forces to full combat readiness
VG124 - Tasks fulfilled by the chief of engineer troops while army forces
are being brought to full combat readiness
VG125 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of engineer troops while army forces
are being brought to full combat readiness part II
VG126 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of chemical troops while bringing
army forces to full combat readiness
VG127 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of chemical troops while bringing
army forces to full combat readiness part II
VG128 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of signal troops while bringing army
forces to full combat readiness
VG129 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of signal troops while bringing army
forces to full combat readiness part II
VG130 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of radio-electronic combat while
bringing army forces to full combat readiness
VG131 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of radio-electronic combat while
bringing army forces to full combat readiness part II
VG132 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of technical and armament services
while bringing army forces to full combat readiness
VG133 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of technical and armament services
while bringing army forces to full combat readiness part II
VG134 - Duties fulfilled by the chief of rear services while bringing army
forces to full combat readiness
VG135 - Exercise one
VG136 - Answer exercise one
VG137 - Exercise Two
VG138 - Answer exercise two
VG139 - Exercise three
VG140 - Exercise three answer
VG141 - Exercise six
VG142 - Exercise nine
VG143 - Exercise ten
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PRACTICAL EXERCISES
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Exercise 1: Determine the width of the main sector for an army when;
----- width of overall sector is 80km;
----- overall correlation of forces and means 1:1;
----- acceptable correlation outside of main sector is 0.5;
----- required correlation of forces and means in main sector is 3:1;
BGA=80 (1 - 0.5) ÷ (3 - 0.5)=40
÷ 2.5=16 km
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Exercise 2: To determine the correlation in the main sector of a army
when;
----- width of overall sector 70km;
----- width of main sector 12km;
----- overall correlation of forces 0.8
----- acceptable correlation outside main direction 0.5;
70 ÷ 12 ( 0.8 - 0.5) + 0.5=1.5
Now a correlation of 1.5 : 1 is not enough for attack, there are four ways to
increase it:
First Option: further reduce the correlation outside the main sector looking
for maximum reduction i.e.(0) correlation outside main sector;
70 ÷ 12 (0.8 - 0 ) + 0=2.67
So 2.67:1 is the highest correlation one can achieve in a 12km sector when the
overall correlation is 0.8 on a 70km front. However in this case no forces will
be available to cover the remaining 58km of the front. Therefore the
correlation in the main sector should be less than 2.67, so that some forces
and means will be available to cover the rest of the army zone, a 2:1 is a
reasonable option.
In this case what kind of correlation can be achieved in the rest of the army
area?
CDR=[(70 x 0.8) - (12 x 2)] ÷ (70
- 12)=0.5
Therefore, if the correlation on other direction is reduced to 0.5:1, one can
achieve a correlation of 2:1 on a 12 km wide main sector of the army.
Second option:
Reduce the width of the main sector. In this case a 50% reduction of the main
sector frontage means that a correlation will increase in this direction.
Therefore in order to get a 3:1 correlation in the
main sector the width the main sector should be reduced to the following
extent:
=70 (0.8 - 0.5) ÷ (3 - 0.5)=8.4 km
Therefore the width of the main sector should be reduced to 84 km in order
to obtain a correlation of 3:1 in the main sector and still have a 0.5:1
correlation of forces and means in other sectors.
Third option:
Attach additional forces and means to the army so that a higher overall
correlation is achieved. In order to determine the required overall correlation
use this formula:
X=12 ÷ 70 (3 - 0.5) + 0.5=1.1
Therefore an overall correlation of 1.1:1 should be established on a 70km
front so that the army can achieve a 3:1 correlation on a 12km wide main sector
and 0.5:1 correlation in the rest of the army's area. To determine the
percentage of reinforcement (additional troops) use this formula:
C=(1.1 - 0.8) ÷ 0.8 x 100=37%
This means that army's forces and means should be augmented by of its
current composition.
Fourth option:
To inflict further losses on enemy to the extent to meet the required
correlation of forces and means. To determine the percentage of required
casualties inflicted on the enemy we can use either the formula or the
nomogram.
M: Required casualties to be inflicted on the
enemy.
CM: current correlation of forces and means
CT: required correlation of forces and means.
P: expected losses of friendly forces due to enemy action.
In our example CM equals 1.5, CT=3. If P is assumed
to be 30%, then
M=100 - 1.5 ÷ 3 (100 - 30)=65%
This means that if own forces have 1500 "utils" and enemy has
1000 "utils" then with 65% losses to the enemy and 30% losses to own
forces the ratio will be as follows
1500 x 7 ÷100=1050 utils (own)
1000 x 35 ÷100=350 utils (enemy)
Correlation 1050 ÷ 350=3 or 3:1
This calculation can also be conducted by using the nomogram.
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Exercise 3: In the initial instructions received by the army commander
the army is assigned a mission for offensive operation with the following:
Scope:
width - 60 km;
depth - 250 km;
duration - 6 days.
The army is composed of 5 divisions. During the clarification of the mission
determine the following:
----- number of attack directions and breakthrough areas:
----- number of divisions in the first-echelon:
----- rate of advance, and required correlation of forces.
Answer: 2 directions, 4 divisions in first echelon, rate of advance of 250/6=42
km per day.
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Exercise 4:
On the basis of the clarification of the mission issue initial instructions to
the divisions regarding the upcoming operation.
Answer, see prepared text
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Exercise 5:
Prepare the calculation of time available for the preparation of the operation
and develop the calendar plan of the preparation of the operation, when the
mission is received at --- and the time to be prepared for attack is 0500 June
14.
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Exercise 6:
Given the location of the army forces and means determine the time to mobilize
and establish the grouping of forces and means in the departure area:
Answer:
Calculation of time is based on current data about the location of troops,
distance to the departure area, and simple movement formulas for the following:
----- covering troops;
----- first echelon divisions and regiments;
----- division and army support elements;
----- rear service installations.
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Exercise 7:
Assume that the width of breakthrough is as given in exercise 2 at 8.4 km.
Determine the overall breakthrough area and number of artillery pieces
required.
Answer: 924 guns and mortars.
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Exercise 8:
Given the composition of the army and the enemy's order of battle shown on the
map (table) prepare the table of correlation of forces and means for the
following areas:
----- start of the operation (all front, main sector, and supporting attack
sector);
----- at the end of first day;
----- end of army's immediate mission;
----- end of army's long range mission;
----- end of division immediate mission;
----- end of division long range mission (first day);
Answer:
(see prepared table). To fill the tables use the following qualitative factors
Soviet Division 1.0
US Division 1.1
UK Division 0.9
FRG Division 1.0
Belgium Division 0.8
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Exercise 9:
Studying the terrain on the map determine the following and show them on
overlay:
----- division boundaries;
----- division missions;
----- deployment of army's grouping in departure area;
----- line of commitment of second echelon division and its mission;
----- command posts and their relocation;
----- airborne assault landings;
----- rear service establishments;
Answer:
(see prepared map [diagrams] and discuss the solution focusing on subjective
evaluation based on simple terrain analysis from map data and norms of
suitability.
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Exercise 10:
Prepare the suggestions of the chief of operations and the chief of staff to
the army commander.
Answer:
(see prepared text)
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Exercise 11:
Write the aim and concept of the operation for the army commander.
Answer:
(see prepared text)
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Exercise 12:
Using the blank of army's operational directive fill in the blank from the data
marked on the map of the army's plan for offensive operation.
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Exercise 13:
During combat prepare the estimate of the situation and commander's assessment
and decision at the time of commitment of the army second echelon division into
the engagement and repelling of enemy counterattack.
Answer: (see prepared text)
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Exercise 14:
Issue orders to subordinate division for missions as determined in exercise 13:
Answer: (see prepared text)
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LESSON V OUTLINE
structure and organization of army troop control organs
responsibilities of commander and operations staff
actions of army troop control organs during organization of offensive
actions of army troop control organs during conduct of offensive
practical exercises in operations planning
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EXERCISE ONE
Determine the width of the main sector for an army when:
width of overall sector is 80 km;
overall correlation of forces and means 1:1;
acceptable correlation outside of main sector is 0.5;
required correlation of forces and means in main sector is 3:1;
ANSWER EXERCISE ONE
BGA=80 (1 - 0.5) ÷ (3 - 0.5)=40
÷ 2.5=16 km
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EXERCISE TWO
Determine the correlation in the main sector of a army when;
----- width of overall sector 70km;
----- width of main sector 12km;
----- overall correlation of forces 0.8
----- acceptable correlation outside main direction 0.5;
If the correlation is not sufficient, evaluate options for increasing it.
ANSWER EXERCISE TWO
70 ÷ 12 ( 0.8 - 0.5) + 0.5=1.5
Now a correlation of 1.5:1 is insufficient to attack:
There are four ways to increase it:
----- further reduce the correlation outside the main sector;
----- reduce the width of the main sector;
----- attach additional forces and means to army;
----- inflict further losses on enemy prior to attack.
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EXERCISE TWO - PART II
Consider the four options and perform relevant calculations for each:
ANSWER EXERCISE TWO - PART II
Option one - first determine the maximum reduction theoretically possible
(ie 0 ) outside the main sector. This gives the following result.
70 ÷ 12 (0.8 - 0 ) + 0=2.67
Try a correlation of 2.1:1
In this case the correlation that can be achieved in the rest of the army area
is:
CDR=[(70 x 0.8) - (12 x
2)] ÷ (70 - 12)=0.5
Therefore if the correlation on the rest of the front is reduced to 0.5:1,
one can achieve a correlation of 2:1 on a 12 km wide main sector of the army.
Option two: reduce the width of the main sector.
In this case a 50% reduction of the main sector frontage means that a
correlation will increase in this direction.
Therefore in order to get a 3:1
correlation in the main sector the middle of the main sector should be reduced
to the following extent:
=70 (0.8 - 0.5) ÷ (3 - 0.5)=8.4 km
Therefore the width of the main
sector should be reduced to 8.4km in order to obtain a correlation of 3:1 in
the main sector and still have a 0.5:1 correlation of forces and means in other
sectors.
Option three: Attach additional forces and means to the army so that a
higher overall correlation is achieved. In order to determine the required
overall correlation use this formula:
=12 ÷ 70 (3 - 0.5) + 0.5=1.1
Therefore an overall correlation of 1.1:1 should be established on a 70km
front so that the army can achieve a 3:1 correlation on a 12km wide main sector
and 0.5:1 correlation in the rest of the army's area. To determine the
percentage of reinforcement (additional troops) use this formula:
C=(1.1 - 0.8) ÷ 0.8 x 100=37%
This means that army's forces and means should be augmented by of its
current composition.
Option four: To inflict further losses on enemy to the extent to meet the
required correlation of forces and means. To determine the percentage of
required casualties inflicted on the enemy we can use either the formula or the
nomogram.
M:Required casualties to be inflicted
on the enemy.
CM: current correlation of forces and means
CT: required correlation of forces and means.
P: expected losses of friendly forces due to enemy action.
In our example CM equals 1.5, CT=3. If P is assumed
to be 30% then
M=100 - 1.5 ÷ 3 (100 - 30)=65%
This means that if own forces have 1500 "utils" and enemy has
1000 "utils" then with 65% losses to the enemy and 30% losses to own
forces the ratio will be as follows
1500 x 7 ÷100=1050 utils (own)
1000 x 35 ÷100=350 utils (enemy)
Correlation 1050 ÷ 350=3 or 3:1
This calculation can also be conducted by using the nomogram.
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EXERCISE THREE
In the initial instructions received by the army commander the army is
assigned a mission for offensive operation with the following:
Scope:
----- width - 60 km
----- depth - 250 km
----- duration - 6 days
The army is composed of 5 divisions. During the clarification of the mission
determine the following:
----- number of attack directions and breakthrough areas:
----- number of divisions in the first-echelon;
----- rate of advance, and required correlation of forces.
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EXERCISE FIVE
Prepare the calculation of time available for the preparation of the
operation and develop the calendar plan of the preparation of the operation,
when the mission is received at --- and the time to be prepared for attack is
0500 June 14.
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EXERCISE SIX
Given the location of the army forces and means discuss how to determine
the time to mobilize and establish the grouping of forces and means in the
departure area:
Answer:
Calculation of time is based on current data about the location of troops,
distance to the departure area, and simple movement formulas for the following:
----- covering troops;
----- first echelon divisions and regiments;
----- division and army support elements;
----- rear service installations.
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EXERCISE NINE
Given the composition of the army and the enemy's order of battle shown on
the map (table) prepare the table of correlation of forces and means for the
following areas:
start of the operation (all front, main sector, and supporting attack sector);
at the end of first day;
end of army's immediate mission;
end of army's long range mission;
end of division immediate mission;
end of division long range mission (first day);
To fill the tables use the following qualitative factors
Soviet Division 1.0
US Division 1.1
UK Division 0.9
FRG Division 1.0
Belgium Division 0.8
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CHIEF OF RECONNAISSANCE DIRECTORATE
Organizes reconnaissance on the enemy and issues tasks to reconnaissance
forces:
at the end of the artillery preparatory fire determines what the situation,
condition and actions of the enemy and if necessary reports his conclusions to
the commander, staff, and chiefs of arms and services.
during the breakthrough observes the enemy reserves, their routes of movement
and enemy measures for reenforcing the defense in the breakthrough area.
monitors reconnaissance tasks.
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CHIEF OF OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE
Issues to the forces the new tasks the commander has specified.
Monitors the movement of artillery, PVO, command posts, and other into the
previously designated new areas.
Monitors deployment of motor rifle and tank units and sub-units to the
designated deployment lines (battalion, company, and platoon) and attack line
and conduct of the attack and movement of the forces into the depth of the
enemy position in accordance with the plan. (he is receiving information from a
variety of direct sources through reports, monitoring radio traffic, signals
from commandant service, staff officers observing on the ground and from
helicopters, etc.). At the most important moments he reports to the commander.
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CHIEF OF ROCKET TROOPS AND ARTILLERY
Issues new detailed missions to the artillery units and monitors movement
of artillery and rocket forces to new firing positions and occupying new
positions. conduct of reconnaissance and preparation for fire, conduct of
artillery preparatory fire, conduct of artillery support, conduct of artillery
accompanying fire in accordance with the plan. He offers support to the motor
rifle and tank forces during the operation.
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STAFF ACTIVITIES DURING BREAKTHROUGH
Chief of staff:
Monitors the forces actions during movement forward, occupying FUP areas,
deployment of forces into the attack, conduct of breakthrough and development
of the attack into the depth. At the most important times he reports to the
commander on the situation.
Army commander:
Monitors the forces movement to the enemy defense, preparation of artillery and
rockets for preparatory fire, conduct of air and artillery preparatory fire,
breakthrough, conduct of air and artillery support fire and movement of forces
in accordance with the plan into the enemy depth. If some formation during the
offensive encounters difficulties he orients them and assists them with air and
artillery strikes and reserves. The army commander at this period controls the
forces from the command post or the forward command post and sometimes goes to
one of the subordinates command posts and personally contacts them or by
telephone or sends staff officers to control.
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OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTION FRONT TO ARMY
The army receives its orders in the form of an extract of the
front operational directive. The form and content of this instruction
follows:
I. Enemy situation: a brief description of the enemy facing the army and its
expected courses of action.
II. The content of the orders to the army describing its missions.
III. The support provided by actions of front forces and means in the
army area.
IV. Troop control: The location and movement of the front command
post, signal communication measures and the succession for the front
commander.
V. The time and location at which the army commander must report his decision
to the front commander.
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OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTION FRONT TO ARMY
The army receives its orders in the form of an extract of the
front operational directive. The form and content of this instruction
follows:
I. Enemy situation: a brief description of the enemy facing the army and its
expected courses of action.
II. The content of the orders to the army describing its missions.
III. The support provided by actions of front forces and means in the
army area.
IV. Troop control: The location and movement of the front command
post, signal communication measures and the succession for the front
commander.
V. The time and location at which the army commander must report his decision
to the front commander.
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ARMY OPERATIONAL DIRECTIVE
I Approve --/--/89
Commander _____________ Army Serial Number:
Major General ____ SECRET
Sig Copy Number:
OPERATIONAL DIRECTIVE OF
The commander of the _____________ Army for offensive
operations.
Command Post at ___________,___________, (time)
_______________
(date), Map 1:250,000 August 1983 ed.
I. ENEMY SITUATION:
As a result of the development of acute international tension NATO is
secretly engaged in bringing its armed forces to the state of full combat
readiness and intends to launch a surprise attack on the territories of Warsaw
Pact countries.
Elements of the ___________ are deployed directly against the forces of the
_____________ Army. The first-echelon of the _____ is composed of the
___________ Division and _______________________ Division with a total of ___
nuclear rocket systems, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ___tanks, ___ artillery
pieces and mortars, ___SAM systems, ___helicopters, and ___ fixed wing
aircraft.
In the second-echelon of the__ Corps is the ____________ Division and probably
elements of ________________ forces will operate in the area, composed of ___
nuclear rocket systems, ___ nuclear artillery pieces, ___ artillery pieces and
mortars, ___ tanks, ___ SAM systems, and ___ combat helicopters.
The _____________________________ and border troops are deployed in front of
the forward defense area in the security zone. During the operation the combat
action of the enemy forces will be supported by ___ combat aircraft with
nuclear capability from the U.S. and West German national air forces and the
________ of Central Army Group.
In general the enemy can launch ___ nuclear rocket strikes and aerial bombs in
the area of operation of the _____________ Army and against rear services
installations of the army and the front during the conduct of his
operation.
The _____________________ in the north and _________ Corps in the south are
deployed on the flanks of the _______ Corps. Their operations can affect the
forces of the _____________ Army. Movement and arrival of strategic reserves
composed of _____ and ______ armed forces and mobilization reserves of
____________ are likely during the operation in the area of the _____________
Army.
The enemy tries to inflict losses on and destroy the Warsaw Pact forces and
seize vital territories by a surprise and decisive offensive operation. If the
Warsaw Pact forces overtake the enemy in initiation of offensive operations,
the forces of the _______ Corps are likely to hold a pre-prepared defensive
line along the ____________, ___________, _______, _______ and ___ ________
line, to inflict maximum losses on the _____________ Army by defensive action,
and then launch counter strikes by the second-echelon forces from the line of
________ - ______ in the direction of __________, _________, ____________, and
from the line of ________ - _______ in the direction of _______, _______,
__________.
II. MISSION CONDUCTED BY FORCES AND MEANS OF THE FRONT AND
ADJACENTS.
a. The following targets in the army's attack area are destroyed by the
front's rocket troops and aviation forces during the initial nuclear
strike:
----- enemy's nuclear weapons and nuclear depots in the area ___, ___, ____,
and ___.
----- enemy's airfields in the areas ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.
----- command posts of the _______ ___ ____ in the area ___ and command posts
of the ____ of the ____________ Group in the area ___. -----enemy's reserves in
area ___, ___, ___, and ___.
----- enemy's rear service installations in the area ___, ___, ___, and ___.
T_____ regimental sorties of the front's fighter- bomber aviation are
allocated to the army to support the army's action during the offensive
operation and _____ regimental sorties of the front's helicopter
aviation and one transport aviation division from the main command of the air
force are allocated to support the airborne assaults. These sorties will be
covered by the front's fighter aviation during their flight.
b. Adjacents:
On the right flank of the army the _____ ______ ____ Army attacks in the
direction of _____, _______, _______, _______. Its immediate mission is to
seize the line of ________, ________, __________, and _____________; and its
long range mission is to seize the line of __________, ________, _________, and
_________. The boundary with the right adjacent passes through _________,
________,________, and _________. All points are included in the ______ ______
Army's area.
On the left flank of the army the _____________ ___________ Army attacks in the
direction of _______, ________, _______ and west of _________. The immediate
mission of the ___________ is to seize the line of __________, _________, and
_______ and its long range mission is to seize the line of ____, _________, and
______. The boundary line with the left adjacent passes through _________,
_________, __________, and _____. All points are included in the _____________
area.
III. CONCEPT OF THE OPERATION
In the initial nuclear strike, by using ( ) nuclear rockets with a total yield
of ( ) kilotons. The enemy's nuclear rocket and artillery troops in areas ___,
his air force in areas ____, his main infantry and tank forces in areas ___,
and the enemy's command posts at ___ are destroyed and decisive losses are
inflicted on the enemy's air defense troops in areas ___, and on his rear
service installations in areas ___.
Exploiting the results of the initial strategic nuclear strike and nuclear
strikes of the front and army means the army attacks the enemy along
the line of ____________, _____, and ________ and develops its attack by its
main forces; i.e. the ____, ____ and ____ Motorized Rifle Divisions in the
direction of _________,________, and _______; and during the operation by
employing additional ( ) rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys
the main forces of the _______ Corps in the area; ________,________, _______,
_______, and _____ and seizes on the third day the line of _________, ________,
_________, and ________. Subsequently by committing the second-echelon forces
into the engagement the army develops the attack in the direction of _______,
_______, and _______ and during the conduct of the operation, by using ( )
nuclear rockets with a total yield of ( ) kilotons destroys newly detected
enemy nuclear weapons, destroys the enemy's approaching reserves from the line
of march, conducts assault crossing over the _____ River and with the
cooperation of and by exploiting the success of the _____________ CAA encircles
and destroys the main forces of the _________ and _____ Corps and approaching
strategic reserves, and on the _th day of the operation seizes the line of
____, _______, ______ and ______.
The army's operational formation is established in two echelons:
----- in the first-echelon: the __th, __th,___th, and __st Motorized Rifle
Divisions;
----- in the second-echelon: the __th and __th Tank Divisions;
----- the __st Separate Tank Regiment is the army's reserve.
IV. I ORDER
a. The __th Motorized Rifle Division with one brigade of artillery of the VGK
reserve, one anti-tank battalion and one engineer battalion is to attack the
enemy on the line: _________ - _______, to develop the attack in the direction
of __________ - ________, to destroy the enemy in the area of _______,
________, ________, and to continue the attack in the direction of _______ -
______, destroy the enemy's division reserves in the area of __________,
________,_______, and ______ and seize the line of the immediate mission at
_________, ______ and _____________ H + 10.
Then the division is to develop the attack in the direction of ______, _______
and _______ and at the end of the day seize the line of west of _________,
______, and _________________.
The future attack direction of the division for the next day is ________ and
________. The division is to assign one reinforced BMP motorized rifle regiment
as the forward detachment to destroy from the line of march the enemy's
covering forces and border troops in the enemy's security zone and facilitate
quick advance of the division's main forces to the forward defense line of the
enemy.
For the conduct of the division's attack ___nuclear, _ chemical and __
conventional rockets are allocated to the division. The use of nuclear and
chemical weapons will be conducted only at signal and command of the
front for the initial nuclear strike.
The division conducts the breakthrough of the enemy's main defensive line, at a
4 km front and during the artillery preparatory fire destroys and suppresses
the enemy's strong points on the forward line and in depth, command posts,
artillery and mortar batteries and enemy's immediate reserves.
On the left the ____ Motorized Rifle Division attacks. The boundary line with
that division passes through ______, ________, _________, ________,___________,
and ______.
During the penetration (breakthrough) of the enemy's defense, the destruction
of the enemy's brigade reserve, development of the attack in depth and
destruction of the enemy's division reserves are conducted in interaction with
the ____ Motorized Rifle Division.
The division's command post during the penetration of the enemy's defense is to
deploy _ km west of ________, and the rear service control point during this
phase is to deploy in ___.
b. The ____ Motorized Rifle Division with one artillery brigade of VGK
artillery division, one anti-tank battalion and engineer battalion attacks the
enemy at the line ___ (As for the ____ Div).
c. The ____ Motorized Rifle Division with two artillery battalions of the
army's artillery brigade, two anti-tank batteries and two engineer companies
attacks the enemy at the line ___ (as for the ____ Div).
d. The ____ Motorized Rifle Division with two artillery battalions from the
army's artillery brigade, two anti-tank batteries and two engineer companies is
to attack the enemy from the line ___ ( as for the ____ Div).
e. The ____ Tank Division is in the army's second-echelon. The division is to
deploy in departure (assembly) area in __________, __________, ___________,
___________. During the operation the division is to follow the ____ MRD by
bounds at a distance of 40 - 60 km on at least 3 routes and be prepared to be
committed into battle from the line No 1. (______________) with the mission to
destroy the enemy's advancing reserves from the line of march and seize the
line of _______, ____, and ________. The direction of its future attack is
_______, ______.
The line No. 2 of commitment is the line of ___ with the immediate mission line
at ___ and the direction of future development of the attack at ___.
At the time of commitment, the division is reinforced by 3 artillery
battalions, one anti-tank battalion and one engineer road construction
battalion.
In case of the use of nuclear weapons, the division is allocated __ nuclear, _
chemical, and __ conventional rockets.
The area of responsibility of the division to fight enemy's airborne assaults
and his reconnaissance groups includes ___.
f. The __th Tank Division is in the army's second-echelon. It is to deploy ___
(As for the ____ Tank Div).
g. Army's rocket brigade is to accomplish the following tasks:
-----1. destroy the following targets during the initial nuclear strike of the
front:
----- enemy's nuclear rocket, target No. 302 in the area of ___ by a 20 kt
warhead, air burst at H - 00.20 or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's nuclear rocket, target No. 203 in ___, by a 20 kt warhead, air
burst at H - 00:20 or at front's signal.
----- enemy's ___ Corps command post, target No. 304 in ___ by a 100 kt
warhead, ground burst at H - 00:2- or at the front's signal. -----
enemy's rear command post, target No. 305, in ___ by a 100 kt warhead, ground
burst at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- airfield, target No. 306, in ___ by a 40 kt warhead, air burst, at H -
00:20 or at the front's signal.
----- airfield, target No 307, in ___ by 40 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20
or at the front's signal.
----- enemy's second-echelon division in the area ___, ___, ___, and ___;
including the following targets:
----- targets No. 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, and 313 - each by a 20 kt warhead,
air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the front's signal.
(Note: Targets for divisional rocket strikes are also designated in the same
way)
2. Time of delivery of nuclear and chemical rockets to the troops is P - 6 hrs.
Time of delivery of conventional rockets to the troops is D - 3 days.
3. The status and situation of planned targets for nuclear strike are to be
continuously followed and necessary adjustment in the plan of the nuclear
strikes is to be made according to the actual situation.
4. Preparation of rocket troops for launch is to be kept at the highest state
and technical rocket support of the rocket troops is to be organized in detail.
5. Position areas of rockets are to be well prepared in terms of engineer work
and well camouflaged. Alternate positions for rockets are to be established and
their protection against mass destruction weapons as well as the security and
defense of rocket positions and mobile rocket bases must be organized and
established.
6. To maximize the range of fire and to launch timely strikes on designated
targets, timely relocation of positions and movement of rocket troops during
the conduct of the operation, are to be planned and executed.
h. Artillery
1. The following artillery groups are to be established in army's large units
and units:
----- army artillery group (AAG): 10 artillery battalions;
----- army reactive artillery group (AGRA): 4 BM-22 Bns.
----- in the ____ and ____ Motorized Rifle Divisions:
----- divisional artillery groups (DAG) of 6 artillery battalions each
----- regimental artillery groups (RAG) on the main direction of 3 artillery
battalions each; ----- in the ____ and ____ Motorized Rifle Divisions:
----- DAG of up to 4 artillery battalions each
----- RAG on the main direction of 3 artillery battalions each
2. Artillery missions:
During the preparation, initiation and conduct of the offensive operation, the
artillery is to accomplish the following tasks:
----- destruction and suppression of the enemy's nuclear weapons;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during his aggression in the army's area.
At this phase in addition to the security zone's regimental artillery, part of
the divisional artillery is also assigned;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during crossing the international border
and during the battle in the enemy's security zone by artillery units of
forward detachments of the first-echelon divisions, and part of the artillery
of the first-echelon divisions:
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during breakthrough of the enemy's
prepared defense and particularly destruction of strong points, destruction of
artillery and mortar batteries, and command posts, and suppression of the
enemy's immediate reserves;
----- destruction and suppression of the enemy and providing support for own
troops during the assault support fire during the combat in the forward defense
area of the first-echelon brigades;
----- providing fire support for attacking troops during the combat action in
the depth of the enemy in the form of accompanying fire;
----- inflicting losses on the enemy during his counter-attacks and counter-
strikes;
----- support of the army troops during assault river crossing;
----- support and covering of open flanks and gaps between combat formations;
----- struggle against enemy's artillery and mortars during the conduct of the
offensive operation in the depth of the enemy's defense;
----- support of the commitment of the second-echelon troops and combined arms
reserves into combat.
3. The density of the artillery for the breakthrough of the enemy's prepared
defense during the preparatory fire is ___ - ___ guns and mortars per kilometer
of front, duration of the preparatory fire is __ - __ minutes and the
ammunition expenditure is ___ - ___ units of fire. the density of artillery
during the commitment of the second-echelon forces into combat is to be __ - __
guns and mortars per kilometer of front and the duration of artillery
preparatory fire is __ - __ minutes with an expenditure of ___ - ___ units of
fire.
4. The assault support fire is to be conducted in the form of successive
concentration of fire on one or two lines, single or double attack moving
barrage to the depth of the first-echelon battalions i.e. _ - _ kms.
5. The accompanying fire is conducted by the method of concentration of fire
and massive fire on individual targets.
I. Organic and attached aviation troops are to conduct the following missions
during the preparation and conduct of the operation.
----- - participation in the preparatory fire and assault support and
accompanying fire during the conduct of the operation to destroy nuclear
weapons and nuclear depots, command posts, to destroy and suppress enemy's deep
reserves, air defense and radar positions, rear service installations, signal
centers, aircraft guidance points, as well as the command posts and positions
of radio electronic warfare systems during the attack.
------ conduct of air reconnaissance and air photography in support of the
army's operation and reconnaissance for damage assessment of targets hit by
friendly nuclear strikes. Up to the initiation of the attack, the
reconnaissances to be conducted only by observation and aerial photography
using fixed wing aircraft and helicopters along the state borders without
crossing the border.
------ support and covering of the troops and army's targets against enemy's
air strikes during the preparation and conduct of the operation;
the flight (sortie) resources are to be distributed as follows:
a. to the ____ and ____ MRD's 3 fighter - bomber aviation squadron sorties each
per day;
b. to the ____ and ____ MRD's 2 fighter- bomber aviation squadron sorties each
per day
conduct struggle against the enemy tanks by combat helicopters;
insert airborne assault troops (desants) by transport helicopters in
the rear of the enemy in accordance with separate plans;
J. to Air defense troops;
The air defense troops are to conduct the following missions during the
preparation and conduct of the operation:
covering of the main combined arms and tank troops in the FUP areas, during the
breakthrough of the enemy's prepared defense and in the depth of the enemy
area;
covering of rocket and artillery troops in the departure (FUP) area, during
their firing and during the conduct of the operation;
covering of command posts in the departure area and during the conduct of the
operation;
covering of rear service installations in the departure area and during the
operation;
covering of reserves and second-echelon troops in the departure area, during
their movement and their commitment into combat;
covering of desants in their departure areas, during their flight, in
their landing areas in the depth of the enemy's area, and during their combat
actions;
covering of the troops during the assault river crossing;
covering the troops during the repulsion of the enemy's counter strikes.
2. The fire, reconnaissance, and warning systems of the army's air defense
troops are to be coordinated with the fire and reconnaissance systems of the
front and divisions' air defense troops and fighter aviation of the
front air army and national air defense forces as part of an
integrated unified plan so that massive strikes of the enemy's air force can be
effectively repelled.
3. During the preparation and conduct of the operation, all air defense troops
of the army and lower echelons (troops) are to be brought to the state of full
combat readiness so that they will be ready to repel the enemy's air strikes.
In any situation one third of the air defense troops must be kept at combat
duty status.
4. Appropriate positions for the air defense troops are to be prepared in terms
of engineer work. In addition to the main positions, alternate positions are to
be established as well.
5. The movement of the air defense troops during the preparation and conduct of
the attack is conducted in a way so that at critical phases of the operation
all or the bulk of the air defense troops of the army and the troops have
occupied positions to repel the enemy's air strikes and they are ready for the
execution of their mission.
k. Airborne Assault troops (desant)
During the operation two airborne assaults are conducted:
1. A tactical airborne assault by a reinforced motorized rifle battalion from
the ____ Division with a mortar battery. The departure area for the
desant is ___ and it should be occupied at 0600 on the first day of
the operation for a 24 hrs period of preparation for the desant force.
The desant is airlifted by the front's transport helicopter
regiment and it is supported by two fighter aviation squadrons.
The desant is landed in the enemy's rear in the area ___ at 0600 on
the second day of the operation.
The mission of the desant is to destroy the enemy's nuclear depot and
to seize and destroy the ________ in ___.
Prior to the landing, the enemy's reserves and other targets in the landing
area are initially hit by front's fighter-bomber aviation and then by
rocket troops using conventional warheads. Positions of the enemy's air defense
means and airfields in the flight corridor of the helicopters are suppressed
and destroyed by the air force.
Planning of the airborne assault for movement and landing isto be worked out by
the helicopter regiment commander in cooperation with the army's operations
directorate and the commander of the airborne assault force.
The troop control during the preparation for desant is conducted from
the command post of the helicopter regiment in the departure area for the
desant, and then during the operation it is conducted from the army's
command post and the desant battalion's command/observation post.
2. Operational airborne assault (desant) by an airborne assault
regiment reinforced by one towed artillery battalion.
The departure area for this desant is ___ and it is to be occupied at
____ on the ______ day of the operation for the preparation of the
desant.
The desant is air-lifted by an aviation transport division from the
air force main command and one transport helicopter regiment and it is covered
during the flight and landing by two fighter aviation regiments.
The landing is in the rear of the enemy in area ___ at ____ on the _____ day of
the operation.
The mission of the desant is to seize a bridgehead on the _____ River,
destroy enemy logistic depots and to assist the army troops during the assault
river crossing at the _____.
Prior to the landing, the enemy's targets in the landing area and his close-by
airfields are initially hit by fighter-bomber and bomber aviation and then by
rocket troops using conventional warheads. Enemy's air defense means and radars
located in the flight corridor of the desant are destroyed by the air
force, rocket troops and artillery.
Planning of the desant for movement and landing is to be worked out by
the commander of the aviation transport division in cooperation with the army
staff and airborne assault regiment.
The troop control during the preparation for the desant is conducted
from the command post of the aviation transport division and command post of
the airborne assault regiment, while during the combat action it is conducted
from the army's command post and the command post of the airborne assault
regiment in the combat action area.
L. Combined Arms Reserve
The ____ ______ Regiment is the combined arms reserve of the army and it is to
deploy in area ___ and follow the ____ Motorized Rifle Division by bounds at a
30 - 40 km distance and be prepared for unexpected missions during the conduct
of the operation.
M. Army's Anti-tank Reserve:
1. The army's artillery anti-tank reserve is the ____ Anti-tank Regiment from
the VGK artillery division. It is to deploy in area ___ and conduct struggle
against tanks on the army's main attack direction. The likely fire lines of the
anti-tank reserve to repel the enemy's tank counter-attack during the operation
are as follows:
Line NO 1: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
Line NO 2: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
Line NO 3: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
Line NO 4: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
The army's anti-tank reserve moves during the operation on the direction of the
army's main attack following the ____ MRD.
2. The combat helicopter regiment, in addition to support of the army troops
during the operation, is to conduct struggle against enemy tanks. It is to
deploy in the area ___ and be prepared to fight the enemy tanks on the
following lines:
Line NO 1: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
Line NO 2: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
Line NO 3: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
Line NO 4: The line of ___ in the direction of ___.
N. Mobile Obstacle Detachment (POZ) is the first and second companies of the
army's obstacle battalion. |It is to deploy in area ___ and move and operate
with the anti-tank reserve to repel enemy tanks.
O. Engineer Reserve is the 1st Battalion of the Combat Engineer Regiment, the
1st Road and Bridge Battalion and the 1st Battalion of the Pontoon Bridge
Regiment. After accomplishment of assigned missions during the preparation of
the army's operation, the engineer reserve is to deploy in area ___ and be
prepared to conduct unexpected missions during the operation. In the course of
the conduct of the operation it is to follow the ____ Motorized Rifle Division.
P. Chemical Reserve:
The chemical reserve is composed of the army's separate chemical protection
battalion. It is to be prepared to conduct unexpected missions in the course of
the operation. The chemical reserve is to deploy in area ___ and move during
the operation in the direction ___.
Q. Time of readiness of the troops for the operation is at 2400 hrs on ___.
The norms of mobile reserves of material means during the operation are to be
kept as follows:
1. Infantry weapons - ____ units of fire
2. Arty and mortars - ____ units of fire
3. Reactive arty - ____ units of fire
4. Tank ammunition - ____ units of fire
5. Air defense ammo - ____ units of fire
6. Auto gasoline - ____ refills
7. Diesel fuel - ____ refills
8. Foodstuffs - __ daily rations
V. CONTROL OF ARMY TROOPS
The army CP is in ___________.
The army's rear control point is at _______.
The army's FCP is at _________.
The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and Rear CP during the operation,
is the direction of _________, __________, _______, __________, _____________.
The signal communication from army's CP to the front's commander and
staff and with the subordinate, adjacent, and interacting troops will be
established by radio, radio-relay, telephone, and mobile communications means
with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.
My deputies are:
The chief of staff,
first deputy army commander,
chief of political affairs,
and commander of the ____ MRD.
Chief of Operations Directorate:
(Signature)
Chief of Staff of the army
(Signature)
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ARMY OPERATIONAL DIRECTIVE
I Approve --/--/89
Commander _____________ Army Serial Number:
Major General ___ SECRET
Sig Copy Number:
OPERATIONAL DIRECTIVE OF
The commander of the _____________ Army for offensive
operations.
Command Post at ___________,___________, (time)
_______________
(date), Map 1:250,000 August 1983 ed.
I. ENEMY SITUATION: (Brief discussion of enemy status and
intentions)
II. MISSION CONDUCTED BY THE FRONT AND ADJACENTS.
nuclear targets and missions
other assistance rendered by higher headquarters and other forces
III. CONCEPT OF THE OPERATION
nuclear strike, targets and missions
main concept of ground attack, line from which attack is launched, main
direction, forces involved, location of immediate and subsequent missions,
time, enemy destroyed.
operational formation (echelons)
IV. I ORDER
detailed assignment to each major formation (division) giving attachments,
line for launching attack, enemy to be destroyed in area, axis of main attack,
line for immediate and subsequent missions, etc.
missions to rocket brigade
missions to artillery including groups to be created, specific details on
form and content of preparatory fire, assault support fire, and accompanying
fire.
missions for aviation forces
missions to air defense troops
missions and details of air assault troops
missions and details for combined arms reserve
missions and details for army's anti-tank reserve:
missions and details for mobile obstacle detachment
missions for engineer reserve
missions for chemical reserve
Time of readiness of the troops for the operation is at 2400 hrs on ___.
The norms of mobile reserves of material means during the operation are to
be kept as follows:
1. Infantry weapons - ____ units of fire
2. Arty and mortars - ____ units of fire
3. Reactive arty - ____ units of fire
4. Tank ammunition - ____ units of fire
5. Air defense ammo - ____ units of fire
6. Auto gasoline - ____ refills
7. Diesel fuel - ____ refills
8. Foodstuffs - __ daily rations
V. CONTROL OF ARMY TROOPS
The army CP is in ___________.
The army's rear control point is at _______.
The army's FCP is at _________.
The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and Rear CP during the
operation, is the direction of _________, __________, _______, __________,
_____________.
The signal communication from army's CP to the front's commander
and staff and with the subordinate, adjacent, and interacting troops will be
established by radio, radio-relay, telephone, and mobile communications means
with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.
My deputies are:
The chief of staff, first deputy army commander, chief of political
affairs, and commander of the ____ MRD.
Chief of Operations Directorate:
(Signature)
Chief of Staff of the army
(Signature)
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COMBAT INSTRUCTIONS FROM ARMY TO DIVISION
I approve ___/___/Guards Army Serial No:
Major General -- SECRET
Copy No:
Combat Instructions
of the commander of the _____________ Army for offensive operation to the
commander of the ____ MRD:
Command post ________, at ____, on ____ Map 1:250,000 Aug 1983 ed:
I. Enemy
As a result of the deterioration of the international situation the NATO
has secretly brought its armed forces to the state of full combat readiness and
wants to launch a surprise attack on the territories of the Warsaw Pact.
Confronting the troops of the ___________ Army, the forces of the _____ _
Corps are deployed with the _____ ________ and the _______ _______ Division in
the first-echelon composed of a total of up to ____ nuclear rocket systems,
____ nuclear artillery pieces, ____ tanks,____ guns and mortars, ____ SAM
systems, and ____ fixed wing aircraft and helicopters.
In the second-echelon of the _ Corps, the ___ division and most likely tank
troops of the FRG will operate with a total of ____ nuclear rocket systems,
____ nuclear artillery piece tan guns and mortars, ____ SAM systems, ____ fixed
wing aircraft and helicopters.
In front of the forward defense belt, the ________________ Regiment and the
enemy's border troops are deployed in the security zone.
The combat action of the enemy during the operation will be supported by
____ combat aircraft from the U.S. and FRG national air forces and aviation
troops of the ___ ATAF, organic to the Central Army Group, which has nuclear
capability.
During the conduct of the operation the enemy can launch a total of ( )
strikes of nuclear rockets, rounds, and bombs in the area of the __________
Army.
On the flanks of the ___ Corps, the _________ Corps in the north and the
_______Corps in the south will operate. Their actions can affect the ______
______ Army actions during the conduct of the operation.
During the operation, movement of the U. S. and French strategic reserves
and newly mobilized German reserves to the area of the Eighth Guards Army is
likely. The enemy tries to inflict maximum losses on the Warsaw Pact countries
by launching a surprise decisive offensive operation and seize vital
territories. If the Warsaw Pact countries overtake the NATO in offensive
operations, it is likely that the troops of the ____ U. S. Corps will hold
pre-prepared defensive lines at the line of __________, __________, _______,
________, to inflict heavy losses on the army by defensive actions.
In this case the enemy's counter strikes by his second-echelon troops are
likely to be launched from the line: __________ - ____ in the direction of
________, _________ ,___________, and from the line: _______,________ in the
direction of _______, _______, __________.
II. The division
The ____ MRD with ____ Artillery Brigade of the VGK artillery div, --
Anti-tank Bn, ____Combat Engineer Bn, -- Assault Crossing Co, and ___ Bn of the
Road and Bridge Regiment is to attack the enemy at the line of ________,
_______ and to develop the attack in the direction ________, - _______ and
destroy the enemy in the area _________, ________, _______, ______ and at
____to continue the attack in the direction of __________ - _____ and destroy
the enemy's division reserves in the area: ________, ________, ______, and
_______ and at ____ hrs seize the line of its immediate mission at ______,
______, and _____________.
Then the division is to continue the attack in the direction of ______,
_______, ________, destroy the enemy forces in the area ____, ____, ____, ____
and at the end of the day seize the line of __________, ___________ and
______________. The direction of attack of the division for the next day is
_________ and ________.
The division is to detach one reinforced BMP motorized rifle battalion as a
forward detachment to destroy, from the line of march, the enemy's border and
covering troops in the security zone and to facilitate quick advance of the
division to the line of the enemy's forward defense area.
For the division's attack __ nuclear rockets, _ chemical rockets and __
conventional rocket warheads are allocated. The chemical and nuclear weapons
will be used in accordance with the order and instructions via signal for the
initial nuclear strike by the front.
(In case of the conduct of the attack with the use of nuclear weapons the
targets of divisional rocket troops are specified as shown below.) During the
initial nuclear strike of the front the following targets are to be
destroyed by the division's rocket battalion:
target No 314, enemy's first-echelon bn, in area ____, --by a 3 kt warhead
air burst at H- 00:20 or at the signal;
target No 315, enemy's first-echelon bn, in area ____ , ____ by a 3 kt
warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
target No. 316, enemy artillery bn, in area ____, ____ by a 3 kt warhead,
air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
target No. 317, enemy brigade second-echelon bn, in the area ____, ____ by
a 3 kt warhead, air burst, at H - 00:20 or at the signal;
target No. 318, enemy brigade second-echelon tank bn, in the area ____,
____ by a 10 kt warhead, air burst, at H + 00:20 or at the signal:
target No. 319, enemy's division CP, in the area ____ by a 10 kt warhead,
ground burst, at H + 00:20.
target No. 320 enemy's brigade CP in the area ____ by a 10 kt warhead,
ground burst, at H + 00:20
target No. 321, enemy's rear service, in area ____ by a 10 kt warhead, air
burst, at H + 00:20.
The division is to conduct breakthrough of the enemy forward defense area
in the area ___ on a 4 km front and destroy or suppress during the preparatory
fire the enemy's strong points on the forward line and in the depth, command
posts, artillery and mortar batteries, and enemy's immediate reserves.
The division CP during the breakthrough of the enemy's defense is to be
established at _______________ and the division's rear Cp in the area ____.
The time of readiness of the division troops for the attack is 2400 on __.
III. The army means and adjacent missions:
a. The following targets are destroyed in the division's sector by army
means:
enemy's Corps CP at ____
nuclear depot at ____
nuclear rocket system at ____
During the artillery preparatory fires, the following targets in the
division's sector are destroyed : targets ____, ____, ____, ____.
The air force destroys and suppresses during the preparatory fire the
enemy's nuclear weapons at ____, enemy CP at ____, enemy SAM systems in ____,
enemy radar posts at ____.
b. On the right the ____ MRD of the __________ Army attacks with an
immediate mission to seize the line of the road junction west of __________,
_______, _______, and a subsequent mission to seize the line of _______,_____,
and ________.. The boundary with the division passes through: ________,
________, and _________.
On the left, the ____ MRD attacks with an immediate mission to seize the
line of road junction _______, ___________, ____________. The division's
subsequent mission is to seize the line of _______, and __________. The
boundary with the division passes through : _____, ________,
____________________, _________, and _________.
IV. Troop control- The Army's FCP is at ________
army's CP is at __________
army's rear CP is at ________
The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and rear CP during the
operation is the direction of ________,________,________, _____________.
The signal communication from army's CP's to the front' commander
and staff and with the subordinate, adjacent and interacting troops is to be
established by radio, radio-relay, telephone, and mobile communications means
with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.
My deputies are in order of succession: The chief of staff, first deputy
army commander, chief of the political affairs dept, and commander of the 16th
MRD.
Chief of operations directorate
Chief of Staff
x
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COMBAT INSTRUCTIONS FROM ARMY TO DIVISION
I approve ___/___/Guards Army Serial No:
Major General -- SECRET
Copy No:
Combat Instructions
of the commander of the ______ Army for offensive operation
to the commander of the ____ MRD:
Command post ________, at ____, on ____ Map 1:250,000 Aug
1983 ed:
I. Enemy
(A short version of the discussion of the enemy situation and forecast
concept of his operations from the operations directive. This includes specific
information of strength, quantities of weapons, and locations)
II. The division
(The assignment to the division as stated in the operations directive
including attachments and support by army units, line for deployment into
attack, direction of attack, destruction of specific enemy in specific area,
line of immediate mission, direction of further advance, line of subsequent
mission, and times for achieving missions)
(Further instructions such as creation of forward detachments, establishing
covering force)
(Discussion of nuclear strike plan including specific target assignments
for the division rocket battalion.)
(Assignment of breakthrough mission including dimensions of frontage and
tasks during artillery preparatory fire.)
(Designation of location for division command post and rear control point.
(Designation of time to be ready to attack.)
III. The army means and adjacent missions:
(Specific data enumerating targets to be destroyed by army means (nuclear
strike, air, artillery fire.)
(Information on immediate missions, subsequent mission, boundary lines, and
other information about activities of adjacent formations and units.)
IV. Troop control- The Army's FCP is at ________
army's CP is at __________
army's rear CP is at ________
The direction of relocation of the FCP, CP, and rear CP during the
operation is the direction of ________,________,________, _____________.
The signal communication from army's CP's to the front' commander
and staff and with the subordinate, adjacent and interacting troops is to be
established by radio, radio-relay, telephone, and mobile communications means
with strict observation of the rules of secrecy of the troop control.
My deputies are in order of succession: The chief of staff, first deputy
army commander, chief of the political affairs dept, and commander of the 16th
MRD.
Chief of operations directorate
Chief of Staff
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