|
DATE
|
EVENTS
|
|
|
40,000 BC
|
Neolithic occupants at Balka
|
|
|
20,000 BC
|
End of the last major ice age
enlarges river flow into Black Sea making fresh water lake
|
|
|
15,000 BC
|
Shift of glacier runoff from
south to west into Baltic results in Black Sea drying up and falling greatly.
|
|
|
12,500 BC
|
Younger Dryas period new ice age
dry climate reduces Black Sea further, cold weather induces more population to
move to the shore line and start permanent villages.
|
|
|
11,400 BC
|
End Younger Dryas, return of
warm and wet weather, population around Black Sea increases
|
|
| |
10,000 BC
|
Paleolithic inhabitants
throughout Russia as far north as Volga valley in Tver region
|
|
|
6,200 BC
|
Mini ice age again causes
temperature and rainfall to drop, population retreats to shore of Black Sea
lake
|
|
|
6000 BC
|
Neolithic culture occupants on
Mangup and in mountains near Sudak
|
|
|
5800 BC
|
Rising temperature and rainfall
raise ocean levels
|
|
|
5600 BC
|
Rising water in Mediterranian
Sea breaks through Bosporus and floods Black Sea lake basis rapidly raising
water level to current depth.
|
|
|
5000-3000 BC
|
Neolithic culture in Valdai hills
and northern Russia
|
|
| |
2000 - 1000 BC
|
Bronze Age culture spreads into
central Russia
|
|
|
Pre 8th Cent BC
|
Scythians live in Altai region,
Cimmerians control Pontic steppe
|
|
|
8th Cent BC
|
Scythians migrate into Ukraine
steppe
|
|
| |
7th Century BC
|
Early Iron age culture in central
Russia, construction of gorodishchi, (earthen fortifications
|
|
|
7th Cent BC
|
Panticapaeum, Olbia, Tiritaka,
Mirmekia, Nimphea, Theodosia, Tanais and other cities founded by Milesian
colonists.
|
|
|
647 BC
|
Olbia founded on Black Sea shore
north west of Crimea
|
|
|
6th Cent BC
|
Chersonesus region occupied by
Scythians and Taurs
|
|
|
540 BC
|
Phanagoria founded as colony of
Teos
|
|
|
512 BC
|
Darius, Persian campaign against
Scythians across the Danube and north of Crimea
|
|
|
480 BC
|
Foundation of Bospor kingdom
with capital at Panticapaeum, Arachaenactidae dynasty
|
|
|
438-431 BC
|
Spartocus, king of Bospor
|
|
|
434 BC
|
Bospor- Athenian Treaty
|
|
|
431-387 BC
|
Satyrus, ruler of Bospor,
besieges Theodosia, extends domain on both sides of Kerch strait
|
|
|
422-21 BC
|
Chersonesus founded by colonists
from Heraclea Pontus, population end century about 3000.
|
|
|
End IVth c. first
half IIIrd cen.
|
Artifacts point to
deification of Hercules
|
|
|
387-347 BC
|
Leucon, ruler of Bospor,
captures Theodosia, domain reaches Chersonesus
|
|
|
347-342 BC
|
Spartocus II, joint ruler of
Bospor with Paerisades
|
|
|
342-310 BC
|
Paerisades, ruler of Bospor
|
|
|
339 BC
|
Philip II of Macedon defeats
Ateos, Scythian ruler
|
|
|
330 BC
|
Olbia besieged by Scythians
|
|
|
310-303 BC
|
Civil war, then Eumelus ruler of
Bospor
|
|
|
303-283 BC
|
Spartocus III, ruler of Bospor
|
|
|
284 BC
|
Celts throughout Ukraine
|
|
|
circa, 200 BC
|
Arrival of Sarmatians
|
|
|
134 BC
|
Arrian travels around Black Sea
coast and writes important guide "Perepl" describing conditions in
towns and trading posts.
|
|
|
132-63 BC
|
Mithradates VI the Great, king
of Pontus
|
|
|
108 BC
|
Greeks at Chersonesus and Bospor
call for assistance against Scythians. Mithradates VI sends army under
Diophantes that defeats Scythians and their Sarmatian overlords, but both Greek
areas are incorporated into Mithradates' kingdom
|
|
|
106 BC
|
Chersonesus incorporated into
Bospor kingdom
|
|
|
64 BC
|
Mithradates finally defeated by
Romans in Asia minor, retreats to Panticapaeum, when troops revolt, he is
commits suicide in 62.
|
|
|
63-47 BC
|
Pharnaces, son of Mithradates,
king of Pontus, and Bospor under Roman overlord, Pompey
|
|
|
50 BC
|
Getae sack Olbia
|
|
|
47-16 BC
|
Asander, ruler of Bospor
|
|
|
24 BC
|
Chersonesus receives Roman
charter of 'freedom'
|
|
|
14-8 BC
|
Polemon, ruler of Bospor, set up
by Romans
|
|
|
8 BC - 38 AD
|
Aspurgas (son of Asander) began
dynasty rulers to 341 AD.
|
|
|
49-62 AD
|
Cotys, King of Bospor
|
|
|
100-106 AD
|
Trajan's campaigns in Dacia
|
|
|
165-180 AD
|
Goths migrating into Ukraine
|
|
|
241-267 AD
|
Rhaescuporis V, Ruler of Bospor
|
|
|
255 AD
|
Goths seize Bospor ships to raid
Asia Minor and Aegean coasts
|
|
|
256 AD
|
Goths, Borani by sea from Azov -
Crimea raid Caucasian Black Sea coast
|
|
|
257 AD
|
Borani and Ostrogoths by sea
from Azov - Crimea sack Trebizond by using ships from Bospor
|
|
|
258 AD
|
Visigoths by sea from Crimea
raid Dardanelles and Bosporus, Goths in Crimea converted to Christianity
|
|
|
262-64 AD
|
Visigoths by sea raid Thrace and
Bithniya from Crimea
|
|
|
267 AD
|
Ostrogoths raid Athens and
Corinth by sea from Crimea
|
|
|
268 AD
|
Visigoths raid Salonika
|
|
|
325 AD
|
Council of Nicaea, Bishop
Kapitan from Chersonesus
|
|
|
350-70 AD
|
Ermenrich, King of Ostrogoths
|
|
|
360 AD
|
Alans in north Caucasus
conquered by Huns
|
|
|
362 AD
|
Goth Embassy from Bospor to
Emperor Julian, Chersonesus still independent of Goths
|
|
|
363 AD
|
Bospor under Gothic control
|
|
|
363-78 AD
|
Valens, Roman emperor in east
|
|
|
364-70 AD
|
First Hun Invasion crossing
Kerch strait from Taman - Huns take Bospor
|
|
|
370 AD
|
Huns defeat Ostrogoths
|
|
|
370-75 AD
|
Byzantine governor repairs
fortification of Chersonesus
|
|
|
373-76 AD
|
Alano-Gothic War
|
|
|
375 AD
|
Alans defeat Ostrogoths at Erak
battle
|
|
|
379-95 AD
|
Theodosius, Roman emperor in
east
|
|
|
395-408 AD
|
Arcadius, Roman emperor in east
|
|
|
400 AD
|
John Chrysostom ordains Bishop
Unila
|
|
|
408-50 AD
|
Theodosus II, Roman emperor in
east
|
|
|
434-53 AD
|
Attila, King of Huns
|
|
|
450-57 AD
|
Marcian, Roman emperor in east
|
|
|
451 AD
|
Council of Chalcedon
|
|
|
457-74 AD
|
Leo I, Roman emperor in east
|
|
|
473 AD
|
Attila dies - Huns start retreat
- cross through northern Crimea and back across Kerch strait - some Goths go
along - Utigurs and Kutrigurs
|
|
|
473-74 AD
|
Leo II, Roman emperor in east
|
|
|
474-91 AD
|
Zeno, Roman emperor in east,
(first Byzantine emperor)
|
|
|
480 AD
|
Possible earthquake damages city
- Join Goth, Byzantine alliance to defend against Huns
|
|
|
488 AD
|
Inscription at Chersonesus
mentions ballistarii - comes Diogenes sent by Zeno to defend city and restore
towers
|
|
|
491-518 AD
|
Anastasius I, Byzantine emperor
|
|
|
518-527 AD
|
Byzantine Emperor Justin -
effort to get Bosporus to join Byzantines fails
|
|
|
527-65 AD
|
Justinian the Great, Byzantine
emperor
|
|
|
559-63 AD
|
Avars migrate from Central Asia
to Ukraine, then to Hungary
|
|
|
550-60 AD
|
Emperor Justinian I - captures
Bospor, re-fortifies Chersonesus, builds forts at Aluston and Gorzuoitae and
long walls to protect Doros, Basilica of Church of St Constantine built on
Mangup.
|
|
|
565-78 AD
|
Justin II Byzantine emperor,
adds to fortification of Chersonesus
|
|
|
575 AD
|
Bospor and Chersonesus exempted
from Byzantine naval duty
|
|
|
576 AD
|
First Khazar capture of Bospor
|
|
|
578-82 AD
|
Tiberius II, Byzantine emperor
|
|
|
581 AD
|
Khazars appear near Chersonesus
|
|
|
582-602 AD
|
Maurice, Byzantine emperor
|
|
|
592 -97 AD
|
Byzantine campaigns against
Slavs
|
|
|
602-10 AD
|
Phocas I, Byzantine emperor
|
|
|
610-41 AD
|
Heraclius I, Byzantine emperor
|
|
|
626 AD
|
First Byzantine mention of
Khazars
|
|
|
626 AD
|
Avars raid Constantinople and
are defeated, Byzantine-Khazar alliance against Persia.
|
|
|
641 AD
|
Constantine III, Heracleon,
Constans II, Byzantine emperors, last until 668.
|
|
|
650 AD
|
Bolgars split in north Azov
steppe area, move to middle Volga and into lower Danube regions
|
|
|
651 AD
|
First Arab raid across Caucasus
|
|
|
654 AD
|
Pope Martin I exiled to
Chersonesus
|
|
|
668-85 AD
|
Constantine IV, Byzantine
emperor
|
|
|
680's- 90's
|
Khazars capture Bospor again
|
|
|
683 AD
|
Khazars raid Armenia
|
|
|
685-95 AD
|
Justinian II, Byzantine emperor
|
|
|
692 AD
|
Council of Constantinople -
Bishop of Doros attends
|
|
|
690 - 710 AD
|
Chersonesus belongs to Byzantine
empire but Doros independent - Khazars hold northern part of Crimea
|
|
|
695 AD
|
Revolt in Constantinople -
Justinian II dethroned, exiled to Chersonesus
|
|
|
695-98 AD
|
Leontius, Byzantine emperor
|
|
|
698 AD
|
Another revolt - Justinian flees
to Doros and then to Khazars, marries khagan's sister.
|
|
|
698-705 AD
|
Tiberius II, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
700 AD
|
Justinian flees Khazars by ship
via Chembolon.
|
|
|
705-11 AD
|
Justinian II regains Byzantine
throne with Bolgar assistance, launches revenge on Crimea.
|
|
|
706 AD
|
Justinian sends army and fleet
to capture Chersonesus - then city revolts - second Byzantine expedition
besieges city, Khazars relieve city.
|
|
|
710 AD
|
Khazars control Chersonesus with
appointed governor.
|
|
|
711 AD
|
Justinian assassinated,
Philippicus travels from Khazars to become new emperor 711- 713.
|
|
|
711 AD
|
Khazars support revolt in
Chersonesus.
|
|
|
713-15 AD
|
Anastasius II, Byzantine
emperor.
|
|
|
715-17 AD
|
Theodosius III, Byzantine
emperor.
|
|
|
714 -17 AD
|
Arab-Khazar war in Caucasus.
|
|
|
717-41 AD
|
Leo III, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
726-32 AD
|
Arab-Khazar war in Caucasus.
|
|
|
732 AD
|
Khazar - Byzantine alliance
against Arabs - Emperor Leo III marries Khazar Khagan's daughter, Irene, Crimea
split 3 ways.
|
|
|
735 AD
|
Norse defeat Magyars in Don
river region. By mid 8th century there is extensive trade along the Volga
between Baltic and Caspian seas and beyond, into Central Asia.
|
|
| |
737-63 AD
|
Khazar's convert to Judaism.
|
|
| |
737 AD
|
Arab army crosses Caucasus and
campaigns through Khazaria clear to lower Volga. Disrupts trade between Asia
and Baltic.
|
|
|
741-75 AD
|
Constantine V, Byzantine
emperor.
|
|
| |
749-62AD
|
Abbasids overthrow Ommayad's move
capital from Damascus to Baghdad and introduce new policy of encouraging
international trade, expands trade to Baltic.
|
|
|
750 AD
|
Staria Ladoga now Scandinavian
trade outpost. Silver coins passing from Arab and Central Asian lands to Baltic
and beyond. Norse reach Azov sea and establish trading post under Khazar
overlords.
|
|
|
755 AD
|
John of Gothia Bishop at Doros.
|
|
|
764 AD
|
Khazars capture Tiflis, raid
Armenia.
|
|
|
775-80 AD
|
Leo IV, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
780 AD
|
Emperor Leo IV (the Khazar)
dies, Constantine VI and Irene rule to 797 and 802 respectively.
|
|
|
786-87 AD
|
Khazars capture Doros and make
it vassal, John of Gothia leads revolt to drive Khazars out temporarily,
Khazars return same year and imprison John at Phullae, he escapes to Amastris
in Asia Minor.
|
|
|
787 AD
|
List of Crimea bishops - Doros,
Tamatrakha, Sugdaia, Chersonesus, Bospor
|
|
|
737-763 AD
|
Khazar convert to Judaism.
|
|
|
790's AD
|
Toparch of Gothia at Doros
|
|
|
800-825 AD
|
Bravlin, Varangian from
Novgorod? attacks Crimea from Chersonesus to Kerch, captures Sudak, attacks
Gothia also.
|
|
|
802-11 AD
|
Nicephorus I, Byzantine emperor
.
|
|
|
810 AD
|
Bolgar-Byzantine war.
|
|
|
811 AD
|
Nicephorus I takes Crimea.
|
|
|
811 AD
|
Stauracius, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
811-13 AD
|
Michael I, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
813-20 AD
|
Leo V, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
817 AD
|
Khazar empire boundaries:
Derbent on south, Yaik river on east, North Crimea on west, Kama Bolgars on
north - trade colonies spread from China to Spain.
|
|
|
819 AD
|
End of Iconoclastic movement.
|
|
|
820-29 AD
|
Michael II, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
822 AD
|
Khazar-Magyar war along Black
sea northern coast.
|
|
|
829-42 AD
|
Theophilus I, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
830-50 AD
|
Varangian traders arrive via Don
to Azov Sea at Tmutorakhan, Rus reported also on Caspian Sea.
|
|
| |
833-36 AD
|
Mjmir, founder of Moravian state.
|
|
|
835 AD
|
Emperor Theophulus sends
Petronas Kamateros the engineer to build fortress on Don at Sarkel for Khazars,
Kamateros then appointed strategos at Chersonesus to organize thema - apparent
external danger from north to both Byzantines and Khazars (Varangians and/or
Slavs?).
|
|
|
836 AD
|
Chersoneses united to Byzantium
- Bulgar war .
|
|
|
837 AD
|
Magyars now on Danube.
|
|
|
839 AD
|
Rus campaign to Crimea and
Constantinople.
|
|
|
839 AD
|
Embassy from "kagan of
Rus" at Ingel'heim going to Swedes.
|
|
|
840 AD
|
Rus attack Amastrid, and Sudak
but by agreement return prisoners.
|
|
| |
840-42 AD
|
Rus campaign to Byzantine
territory at Chersonnesus.
|
|
|
842-67 AD
|
Michael III, Byzantine emperor .
|
|
|
842 AD
|
Title - Strategos of climata -
in 10th century title was Strategos of Chersonesus.
|
|
| |
846-69 AD
|
Rastislav, Prince of Moravia ally
of Michael III of Byzantium.
|
|
|
854 AD
|
Transcaucasian princes ask for
help from Byzantium, Khazars, and Slavs.
|
|
|
858-9AD
|
Division of spheres of influence
- Varangians collect tribute from Chud, Slavyan, Meri, Krivichei - and Khazars
from Polyane, Severyan, and Vyatichye.
|
|
|
860 AD
|
Rus attack on Constantinople via
Crimea on 18 June - Result is first peace treaty - Magyars at war with Khazars.
|
|
|
860-61 AD
|
St Cyril mission to Khazars via
Chersonesus, learns Slavic language from Rus resident there.
|
|
| |
860 - 1015 AD
|
Relations between Novgorod - Kyiv
and Let, Chud, Est, Livonian trives mostly regular and peaceful
|
|
|
860 - 900 AD
|
Patzinak (Pechenegs) settle in
steppe and penetrate Crimea.
|
|
|
862-79 AD
|
Rurik, ruler at Novgorod.
|
|
| |
863 AD
|
Conversion of Moravians to
Christianity.
|
|
|
865 AD
|
Askol'd campaign against
Polyanians.
|
|
|
865 AD
|
First Latin mention of Khazars
convert to Judaism, Rus at Tmutorakan convert to Christianity
|
|
|
866? AD
|
Second Rus campaign against
Constantinople, (Askold and Dir?) result is new peace treaty the following
year.
|
|
|
867-86 AD
|
Basil I, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
867-68 AD
|
Rus campaign to Constantinople
and Crimea.
|
|
| |
870 AD
|
Traditional date for death of
Rurik, He bequeaths realm to Oleg and makes Oleg regent for his son, Igor.
|
|
|
870 AD
|
Askol'd war against Krivichiye.
|
|
| |
870-94 AD
|
Prince Sviatopulk of Moravia adds
Bohemia and Slovakia.
|
|
|
878-912 AD
|
Oleg, ruler at Kyiv. He leads
combined army of Varangians, Chuds, Slavs and others from Novgorod down Dniper
to capture Smolensk and then Lyubech and establishes garrisons, then continues
to capture Kyiv after killing Askold and Dir.
|
|
| |
880-2 AD
|
Oleg frees Polyanians from Khazar
control and controls himself.
|
|
|
883 AD
|
Oleg frees Drevlyane from
Khazars and controls himself, imposes tribute of marten skins.
|
|
|
884 AD
|
Oleg frees Sevryane from Khazars
and controls himself.
|
|
| |
885 AD
|
Oleg frees Radimichi from Khazars
and controls himself. His tribute set as silver coin (money trade in region?).
|
|
|
886-913 AD
|
Leo VI, Byzantine emperor. He
asks his brother, Alexander, to rule with him.
|
|
| |
889-893 AD
|
Pecheneg cross between Don and
Dnepr and then occupy region between Dnepr and Dnestr pushing Magyars out of
that region. Magyars recorced passing Kyiv headed west. They war against Vlach
and Slaves to control Hungary. Khazars hold Sarkel but lose other steppe forts
to Pecheneg.
|
|
| |
895 AD
|
First reconnaissance raid by
Pechenegs against Rus brings first contact
|
|
| |
898 AD
|
Magyar army headed by Almosh
campaign into Rus lands and besiege Kyiv - "peace treaty" payment of
10,000 marks and more goods.
|
|
| |
899 AD
|
Emperor Leo urges Magyars to
fight Bulgarians.
|
|
|
10th century
|
Chersonesus still most important
center in Tavrida, controls region extending along coast to Sudak and Gothia
klimata.
|
|
|
901-907 AD
|
Emperor Leo the Wise has list of
Archbishops - Chersonesus, Bospor, Gothia, Sugdaia, Phullae.
|
|
|
902 AD
|
Varangian Rus mentioned serving
in Byzantine naval expedition to Crete. Rus also serve Khazars and mercenaries.
|
|
| |
903 AD
|
Chronicle dates marriage of Igor
and Olga, Scandanavian princess from Pskov.
|
|
| |
906 AD
|
Kingdom of Moravia disolved in
defeat by Hungarians
|
|
|
904-7 AD
|
Chronicle reports Oleg campaign
from Kyiv against Byzantium -draws troops from as far as Chud tribes - result
new peace treaty, but this is not in Byzantine sources .
|
|
| |
909 AD
|
With Varyag allies the Rus
druzhina captures Khazar fort Abezgun on the Caspian.
|
|
|
911-2 AD
|
Second Treaty between Oleg,
(Kyiv Rus) and Byzantium. Text included in Russian chronicle.
|
|
|
912-13 AD
|
Alexander II, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
912-45 AD
|
Igor, Prince of Kyiv.
|
|
|
912-3 -59 AD
|
Constantine VII,
Porphyrogenitus, Byzantine emperor - same list of Archbishops.
|
|
|
913 AD
|
Prince Igor campaign via Crimea
and Tmutorakhan to Caspian.
|
|
|
914 AD
|
Prince Igor campaign across
Caucasus, victorious Rus troops ambushed by Khazars on return trip.
|
|
|
915 AD
|
Pecheneg appear before Kyiv for
first time in force. Prince Igor signs peace treaty with them establishing a
frontier between the Don and Dniester.
|
|
|
920 AD
|
War between Pecheneg and Igor of
Kyiv.
|
|
| |
920-29 AD
|
St Wenceslas, duke of Premysl in
Moravia- Bohemia.
|
|
|
920-44 AD
|
Romanus I, alternate Byzantine
emperor.
|
|
|
922 AD
|
Ibn-Fadlan, embassy from Arabs
to Volga Bolgar, Bolgars want alliance with Abbasids against Khazars.
|
|
| |
929 -67 AD
|
Wenceslas killed, Boleslav I
conducts was with Germans, Slovaks, Moravians and Poles.
|
|
| |
942 AD
|
Bulgarians (Symeon) attacks
Croats and is defeated. His son, Peter, becomes ruler of Bulgarians
. |
|
|
935-41 AD
|
Igor (Ingvar) unsuccessful
Kyivan Rus naval campaign against Byzantium, defeated by naval use of
"Greek fire". Possibly instigated by Khazars.
|
|
|
943 AD
|
Kyivan Rus campaign of Igor
Rurikovich against Khazars via Sudak and Tmutorakhan across Caucasus, initially
successful, but later defeated.
|
|
|
944-45 AD
|
Chronicle notes - Igor campaign
to Danube, he first signs alliance with Pecheneg, threatens war against
Byzantium. Subsequent treaty with Byzantine empire includes conditions on
Crimea prohibits Rus attack on Chersonesus -Rus want Byzantine silk, Rus trade
with Pecheneg important. Treaty lists many Scandinavian names in delegation.
But campaign may be myth.
|
|
|
945-64 AD
|
Igor's Varangian druzhina
demands campaigns to collect booty. He leads them against Derevlaians. After
Igor killed by Derevlians at Iskorosten, his widow, (Helga) Olga, Regent ruler
of Kyiv for son, Svyatoslav. She captures Iskorosten and collects tribute. Her
capital is at Vyshgorod. Pecheneg control Dniper rapids.
|
|
|
945 AD
|
Control of Crimea disputed
between Svyatoslav and Khazars - Prince Svyatoslav attacks Chersonesus.
|
|
| |
946 AD
|
Renewal of peace treaty between
Rus and Byzantine Empire.
|
|
| |
947 AD
|
Olga establishes trading posts
and collects tribute as far as Novgorod and Msta and Luga rivers.
|
|
|
950 AD
|
Constantine Porphyrogenitus
writes that Patzinaks occupy Russia and Crimea - Patzinaks replace Khazars in
north Crimea steppe, Byzantines regain power over Goths at Doros.
|
|
| |
954-57 AD
|
(Chronicle dates this trip to
948-55- Byzantine record is 957) Olga visits Byzantium, converts to
Christianity.
|
|
|
954 AD
|
Rus troops in Byzantine army in
Syria which lost battle of Hadath.
|
|
| |
955 AD
|
Otto I, Saxon King of Germany
defeats Hungarians, opening vacuum into Balkans.
|
|
| |
956-64 AD
|
Svyatoslav beginning to conduct
military operations. He travels to Oka River to learn about Vyatichians.
|
|
| |
959 AD
|
Olga contacts King Otto I, asks
for German bishops. Bishop sent in 962.
|
|
|
959-63 AD
|
Romanus II, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
| |
960-92 AD
|
Mieszko I Piast, first ruler of
Poland, becomes Christian in 966.
|
|
| |
960-61 AD
|
Byzantine war in Syria leaves
Crimea vulnerable.
|
|
|
962 AD
|
Khazars attack Mangup in attempt
to control Goths and Alans. (Do Goths from Mangup send to Svyatoslav seeking
aid?)
|
|
|
963-69 AD
|
Nicephorus II, Byzantine
emperor.
|
|
|
964-72 AD
|
Svyatoslav I - prince of Kyiv.
|
|
|
965 AD (960?)
|
Byzantine governor (strategos)
of Chersonesus asks Svyatoslav for aid against Khazars - Svyatoslav campaign to
Don - enroute he attacks Volga Bolgars - He raids Belya Vesh, Itil and Sarkel
and Tmutorakhan, captures Chersonesus also. He possibly signed agreement with
Pecheneg before crossing their territory. He allies with Ozhuz (Torks) for
campaign. One purpose is to gain tribute from Viatchi on Oka by removing their
Khazar overlords. He also conquers Yasians and Kasogians in Taman-Kuban area.
|
|
|
966-67 AD
|
Svyatoslav campaign into
Bulgaria to Danube taking 80 towns. - First peace treaty signed at Preslav on
Danube
|
|
|
967 AD
|
Nicephorus campaign against
Bulgars
|
|
|
967-8 AD
|
Byzantines arrange for Pecheneg
to attack Kyiv to open campaign behind Svyatoslav. He rushes back and Pecheneg
retire.
|
|
| |
967-99 AD
|
Boleslav II of Bohemia continues
war with Germany and Poland.
|
|
|
968 AD
|
Svyatoslav campaign against
Volga Bolgars and Khazars.
|
|
|
969 AD
|
Second Bulgar war, Pecheneg
besiege Kyiv. Svyatoslav hurries to defend city.
|
|
| |
969-76 AD
|
John Tzimiskes Byzantine
Emperor..
|
|
|
969-76 AD
|
Archbishops - Chersonesus,
Gothia, Sugdaia, Bospor, Phullae.
|
|
| |
970's AD
|
Polotsk now important trade and
transship point with Scandinavian lord, Gnezdovo also becoming important.
Baltic trade shifting more from Volga - Central Asia to Dneper - Byzantium.
|
|
| |
970 AD
|
Svyatoslav appoints his sons as
governors - Yaropolk in Kyiv and Oleg in Dereva. Novgorodians ask for governor
so he sends young Vladimir and Vladimir's uncle Dobrynya.
|
|
|
970 AD
|
Pecheneg and Hungarians
participate initially on Svyatoslav's side in campaign against Byzantium. He
burns Philippopolus - Peace treaty Rus and Byzantium. also treaty Rus and
Bulgars (Tsar Boris II and Prince Svyatoslav).
|
|
|
971 AD
|
Svyatoslav renews war and loses
battle (siege) at Dorostol (Arcadiopolis) against Byzantine John Tzimisces, he
is forced to sign treaty with them. Byzantine fleet on Danube and cavalry
overland. Svyatoslav starts return trip, forced to delay by Pecheneg control of
Dniper.
|
|
|
972 AD
|
Svyatoslav is ambushed and
killed by Pecheneg warriors at Dniper rapids. They were likely incited to do
this by Byzantines.
|
|
|
976-78 AD
|
Yaropolk I Svyatoslavich, prince
of Kyiv, attacks brother, Oleg, at Ovruch. Oleg dies during siege. Vladimir
flees Novgorod for Scandinavia to recruit Varangian troops.
|
|
|
972 AD
|
Rus- Byzantine peace treaty, Rus
pledge not to attack Chersonesus.
|
|
| |
970's? AD
|
Rogvald, Norse Prince sets up
rule at Polotsk, Tur, sets up near Pripet river (Turov).
|
|
| |
976 - 1025
|
Basil II, Byzantine Emperor.
|
|
|
976 AD
|
Yaropolk Svyatoslavich war
against Pecheneg ends with big victory for Rus.
|
|
|
977 or 79 AD?
|
Yaropolk brings Pecheneg prince
Ildeu into service?
|
|
|
978 - 1015 AD
|
Vladimir I Svyatoslavich, Prince
of Kyiv, he brings 6000 Varangian Norse with him, regains Novgorod, then
besieges Rogvald and takes Polotsk, kills Rogvald and sons, marries Rogneda,
marches south taking towns to Kyiv. Yaropolk flees to Pechenegs.
|
|
|
978 AD
|
After killing Yaropolk, his
boyar, Baryazhko, flees to Pecheneg; war follows and then conclusion of a final
peace treaty. Vladimir assigns his uncle Dobrynia to Novgorod.
|
|
|
981 AD
|
Bulgars Samuel II, defeat
Byzantine army (Basil II), Empire now too weak to defend Chersonesus and Crimea
from Khazars
|
|
| |
981 AD
|
Vladimir I campaign againt
Lyashski land and Cherven and Peremishl Karpatski to control routes to Prague
and Cracow, also subdues Viatichi (983) Radimichi (984) and Yatviagians (984).
|
|
| |
981-85 AD
|
Vladimir I campaigns into Khazar
Khaganate.
|
|
|
984 AD
|
Treaty between Kyiv and Volga
Bolgar.
|
|
| |
985 AD
|
Vladimir's first campaign against
Volga Bolgars with Dobrynia's druzhina from Novgorod. Then new peace treaty.
|
|
|
987-8 AD
|
Vladimir assists Byzantine
emperor Basil II with 6000 troops in civil war against Bardas Skleros and
Bardas Phocas - beginning of Varangian Guard.
|
|
|
988 AD ?
|
Pecheneg prince Metiga enteres
Kyivan service of Vladimir.
|
|
|
988-9 AD
|
Prince Vladimir captures
Chersonesus, is baptized, marries Byzantine princess Anna and returns city to
Byzantium - He sends his son, Mstislav to rule Tmutorokan on Taman Penn.
|
|
|
989 AD
|
Varangian troops win battle of
Abydos on 13 April for Basil II.
|
|
| |
989 AD
|
Peace treaty between Rus and
Stefan I of Hungary as part of general treaty with Polish King.
|
|
|
989 AD
|
Beginning of another intermitant
Kyivan- Pecheneg war. Kyivans build frontier defenses and fortified frontier
towns. Fortify Belgorod and Periaslavl and 100 forts and towns, inner set of
forts around Kyiv.
|
|
| |
991 AD
|
Vladimir I campaign against white
Khorvat tribe. He founds Belgorod and resettles population to south.
|
|
|
992 or 93 AD
|
Pecheneg campaign against Rus,
battle on the Trubezh river near Peryeyaslavl. Russian victory by Vladimir I
and then three year truce with Pecheneg. In thanksgiving Vladimir founds
Peryeyaslavl.
|
|
| |
992-1025 AD
|
Boleslav I, The Brave, Organizes
Polish government, comquers Pomerania, Silesia, Moravia, Cracow
. |
|
|
994-6 AD
|
About 6 August, Pecheneg,
seeking revenge, attack on Vasilevo town near Kyiv and almost capture Vladimir
while defeating his druzhina.
|
|
|
997 AD
|
Chronicle reports about war with
Pecheneg who capture some fortified posts and besiege Kyiv. Vladimir campaigns
to Novgorod. Second Vladimir campaign against Volga Bolgars. Pecheneg besiege
Belgorod. Vladimir begins construction of the extensive "zemiv val"
earthen and log palisade fortification lines across steppe routes along the
Sula, and Trubyzh rivers and Irpen river and Stugna river right bank Dniper.
Vladimir resettling people from north into region south of Kyiv, . 500 kms of
ramparts. Major fort at Voin
|
|
| |
998 AD
|
Peace treaty between Vladimir I
and Stefan I Ugorski, Boleslav I Khrabri great Poland, and Boleskav II
Bogemski.
|
|
|
999 AD
|
Varangian troops in Byzantine
army capture Emesa in Syria.
|
|
| |
999 AD
|
Boleslav the Brave of Poland
conqueres Silesia, Moravia and Cracow for from Bohemia.
|
|
| |
1000 - 1150 AD
|
There are 20 changes of prince at
Kyiv involving 16 princes with average rein of 7.5 years.
|
|
|
1000 AD
|
Varangian troops in Byzantine
campaign in Armenia.
|
|
|
1000 AD
|
Byzantine success against
Bulgars in war with Tsar Samuel in Macedonia, with Varangian Guard.
|
|
| |
1001 AD
|
Vladimir's son, Izyaslav, dies at
Polotsk. Izyaslav is succeeded by Bryachislav. This family line continues to
rule Polotsk.
|
|
|
1001 AD
|
Battle with Pecheneg. Their khan
Rodman captured POW along with three of his sons.?
|
|
|
1011-14 AD
|
Basil's army with Varangians in
Italy to quell uprising, they capture Bari.
|
|
|
1013 AD
|
Creation of Polish-Pecheneg
alliance directed against Rus. Their united campaign against Rus under command
of Polish prince Bolyeslav I. Then peace treaty with Bolyeslav.
|
|
|
1014 AD
|
Bulgars defeated, Byzantines
return attention to Chersonesus, Khazars attempt diplomatic maneuvers to retain
control.
|
|
|
1015 AD
|
Division of western part of
Khazar empire between Rus (Kyiv) and Byzantine Empire. Byzantines retake Crimea
and Rus gains control of north Black Sea coast. - Reports on appearance of
Pecheneg on Rus borders. Russian troops under command of prince Boris
Vladimirovich campaign against them, but no contact or battle occurs. Vladimir
sends son, Mstislav Udaloi, as governor of Tmutorakhan.
|
|
| |
1015 AD
|
Vladimir dies, his eldest son,
Svyatopolk, whose wife is daughter of Boleslav I, is in prison, son Boris of
Rostov is on campaign against Pecheneg, son Gleb is at Murom, son Svyatoslav is
in Derevlian land and son Yaroslav is at Novgorod. Vladimir was on the point of
attacking Yaroslav because the latter was not paying tribute to Kyiv. Yaroslav
was busy hiring Varangians.
|
|
|
1015-19 AD
|
Svyatopolk I, Vladimirovich,
Okayannnii, prince of Kyiv, he has Boris, Gleb and Svyatoslav murdered,
Yaroslav flees to get Varangian troops.
|
|
|
1015-16 AD
|
Svyatopolk Okayanni
(Vladimirovich) signs treaty with Pecheneg trying to enlist them to help
against other Kyivan princes. Yaroslav Vladimirovich leads Novgorod- Varangian
druzhina against them and defeats them near Lubich on Dniper by forcing
Svyatopolk's troops onto ice that breaks. Svyatopolk flees to Poland.
|
|
| |
1015-30 AD
|
Struggle between sons of Vladimir
creates deterioration of relations with Chud and Let tribes.
|
|
|
1016 AD
|
Kyivan Rus -Byzantine alliance
in Crimea - Emperor Basil II sends fleet commanded by Admiral Mongos Andronikos
against Khazars in Crimea with Rus aid captures leader, George Tsulus (Toulos),
Byzantines regain Bospor and Kerch.
|
|
| |
1018 AD
|
Svyatpolk arranges temporary
alliance with Boleslav I Khrabri of Poland, Hungarians and Pecheneg against
Yaroslav, returns to Kyiv in July,. Yaroslav is defeated and flees to Novgorod.
Poles sack Kyiv. After Poles leave, Yaroslav returns with larger army and
Svyatopolk flees again to Pechenegs.
|
|
|
1019-54 AD
|
Yaroslav I, Vladimirovich, (The
wise) Prince of Kyiv. His brother, Mstislav, holds Tmutorakan. His nephew,
Briacheslav Izyaslavich, holds Polotsk
|
|
|
1019 AD
|
Svyatopolk again brings
Pechenegs against Rus. Battle on Al'ta River, a tributary of the Trubesh.
Decisive victory for Yaroslav Vladimirovich. Svyatopolk flees to Poland, dies
enroute.
|
|
|
1022 AD
|
Mstislav campaign against the
Kasog tribe in Caucasus, he kills their leader, Rededia, using knife during a
wrestling match.
|
|
| |
1023-4 AD
|
Mstislav Vladimirovich moves army
to Chernigiv, at Battle of Listven, Mstislav defeats Yaroslav. Yaroslav flees
again to Novgorod.
|
|
|
1025-28 AD
|
Constantine VIII, Byzantine
emperor
|
|
| |
1025-34 AD
|
Mieszko II, king of Poland, loses
much territory to neighbors
|
|
|
1026 AD
|
Archbishop Arseni of Sudak
attends council in Constantinople
|
|
|
1026 AD
|
Peace between Yaroslav and
Mstislav Udaloi. Yaroslav returns to Kyiv with army. They decide to split
lands, Mstislav will have left bank Dniper and land to Murom, and Yaroslav
right bank plus Novgorod. Their brother, Sudislav, remains in prison.
|
|
|
1028-34 AD
|
Romanus III, Byzantine emperor
|
|
|
1028-50 AD
|
Zoe, Byzantine empress
|
|
| |
1030 AD
|
Yaroslav I begins fortification
on northern border - Yuriev (Tartu), Gersik (Yisik) to defend from incursions
from overseas - Scandinavians who attack Polotsk on West Dvina - Polotsk
princedom in war with Lets aned Lithuanians on lower West Dvina, build fortress
at Koknes.
|
|
|
1031 AD
|
Yaroslav I , takes Ruthenia from
Poland, war of Kyiv Rus against Lyashski lands, Haraldr Sigurdarson arrives
Kyiv serves Yaroslav in campaign against Kiasi and capture of Ceruin.
|
|
| |
1031 AD
|
Yaroslav the Wise shifts the
strategic defensive fortified line further south of Kyiv to the Ros River.
. |
|
|
1033-36 AD
|
Byzantine war with Pechenegs.
|
|
|
1034 AD
|
Pecheneg fall on Kyiv with large
army but Rus defeat them near city on Setoml river, then Torks.
|
|
| |
1034-40 AD
|
Civil war in Poland
|
|
| |
1034-55 AD
|
Bretislav I King of Bohemia,
restores Moravia, takes Cracow in 1039, holds much of Poland
|
|
|
1034-41 AD
|
Michael IV, Katallakos,
Byzantine emperor
|
|
|
1034 AD
|
Haraldr Sigurdarson arrives with
Varangian detachment via Kyiv to Constantinople
|
|
|
1036 AD
|
Mstislav Udaloi of Tmuktorokan
and Chernigiv dies while hunting.
|
|
|
1036 AD
|
Last campaign of Pecheneg
against Rus. Battle near Kyiv. Rus army under Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich
deliveres total destruction to Pecheneg so that in following 82 years they do
not appear in chronicles. They move west out of the region between the rivers.
|
|
|
1037 AD
|
Period of Rus-Byzantine
cooperation, Yaroslav and Emperor in military alliance against nomads, Rus
maintains base at Tmutorakhan.
|
|
| |
1038 -40 AD
|
Vladimir I campaign agasinst
Yatvyagi, in Lithuania and Masovia.
|
|
|
1038-41 AD
|
Haraldr leads Varangians in
Byzantine army campaign to Sicily and Italy.
|
|
| |
1038-58 AD
|
Casimir I, restores Poland lands
but is reduced in title from king to grand duke.
|
|
| |
1041 AD
|
Emperor Henry III invades Bohemia
.
|
|
|
1041-42 AD
|
Michael V, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
|
1041 AD
|
Varangians in Byzantine campaign
in Bulgaria .
|
|
|
1042 AD
|
Haraldr departs Constantinople,
marries Elazabeta Yaroslavna in Kyiv and returns to be king of Norway.
|
|
|
1042-55 AD
|
Constantine IX, Monomachos,
Byzantine emperor, continual war with Normans in Italy, sends Varangians.
|
|
| |
1043 AD
|
Yaroslav the Wise sends last Rus
naval campaign against Byzantium, unsuccessful.
|
|
| |
1044 AD
|
Briacheslav, independent ruler of
Polotsk, dies throne goes to his son , Vseslav.
|
|
|
1045 AD
|
Constantine has 3000 Varangians
in Abkhasia
|
|
| |
1047 AD
|
Yaroslav Vladimirovich war
against Masovia on side of Kasimir I of Poland.
|
|
|
1048 AD
|
Varangians serve in Byzantine
war against Pechenegs in Bulgaria
|
|
|
1048 AD
|
Varangians and Normans sent to
fight Seljuk Sultan Toghrul in Asia Minor, defend Manzikert.
|
|
| |
1052 AD
|
Death of Yaroslav, his will asks
sons to cooperate peacefully, Svyatoslav at Chernigiv, Izyaslav at Kyiv,
Vsyevolod at Peryiaslavl, Igor at Vladimir-in-Volynia, Viacheslav at Smolensk.
Yaroslav's brother, Sudislav, still in prison, died 1063.
|
|
|
1054-78 AD
|
Izyaslav I Yaroslavovich, Prince
of Kyiv (deposed short time in 1068)
|
|
| |
1055 AD
|
Torks appear in Periayaslavl
principality for first time.
|
|
|
1054-5 AD
|
Polovtsi arrive in Ukraine
steppe between Volga and Don and western Don basin - first mention in
chronicles
|
|
| |
1055 AD
|
Vsyevolod I Yaroslavich, then
still prince of Pereyaslavl, runs into Tork advance detachment of Polovtsi and
quickly judging the serious situation with the new powerful nomad group reaches
agreement with Khan Bolush on territorial borders.
|
|
|
1055-56 AD
|
Theodora, Byzantine empress
|
|
|
1056-57 AD
|
Michael VI, Stratioticus,
Byzantine emperor, revolt led by Katakalon Cecaumenos in name of Isaac
Comnenus, Varangians on both sides, Isaac's Varangians will battle at Petroe on
20 May 1057
|
|
|
1057-59 AD
|
Isaac I, Comnenus, Byzantine
emperor
|
|
| |
1057 AD
|
Viacheslav Yaroslavich dies, Igor
Yaroslavich transfered to Smolensk, Igor dies 1060. Vsyevolod building up
Periaslavl.
|
|
| |
1058-79 AD
|
Boleslav II of Poland, supports
Pope against German Emperor, fights Germans and Polish nobility, conquers
Slovakia.
|
|
|
1059 AD
|
Emperor Isaac Commeni decree on
strategos of Sudak and Chersonesus, may include Bospor also - Lev Aliat
fortifies city with added defensive walls.
|
|
|
1059-67 AD
|
Constantine X, Byzantine emperor
|
|
| |
1060 AD
|
First campaign of Rus prince's
druzhina against Torks,. led by Vsyevolod, Yaroslavich
|
|
|
1060's AD
|
Uprising in Chersonesus.
|
|
| |
1061-92 AD
|
Vratislav II, King of Bohemia,
supports Emperor Henry IV in Italy
|
|
|
1061-2 AD
|
Khazar territories as far as
Dnepr fall to Polovtsi. - First mention of Polovtsi attack on Kyiv, they
suddenly disregard the peace treaty and launch deep raids, especially into
Vsyevolod I's Pereyaslavl principality in 1062
|
|
| |
1063-1167 AD
|
Regular, nearly continuous
intensive Polovtsi raiding campaigns against Rus, capturing cattle and slaves
|
|
|
1064 AD
|
Campaign against Rostislav from
Tmutorakhan, Svyatoslav goes to Novgorod, war with Vsyeslav, obtains help from
Emperor Constantine X Dukas
|
|
| |
1065 AD
|
Vseslav Briacheslavich
unsuccessful campaign from Polotsk to take Pskov.
|
|
|
1065-6AD
|
Varangians defend Otranto and
Bari in Byzantine Italy against Normans, capture Taranto and Brindisi. Fight
Robert Guiscard in naval battle off Brindisi
|
|
| |
1066-7 AD
|
Vseslav Briacheslavich of Polotsk
attacks Novgorod, drives Mstislav Izyaslavich out to Pskov. This is start of
major internal warfare.
|
|
|
1066 AD
|
Rus chronicle mentions Rostislav
at Tmutorakhan. He collects tribute from Kosogi, campaign to Caucasus and
Crimea
|
|
| |
1067 AD
|
Vsyevolod, Izyaslav and
Svyatoslav Yaroslavichi march against Vseslav, capture Minsk, then at battle of
Nemiga defeat Vseslav who flees. After capture he and sons taken to Kyiv.
|
|
|
1068-71 AD
|
Constantine X dies, Eudoxia
marries Romanus IV, as Byzantine emperor, he leads Varangians to attack Alp
Arslan and capture Hieropolis .
|
|
|
1068 AD
|
Polovtsi attack Kyivan Rus,
reaching Chernigiv. Three princes - Izyaslav I, Svyatoslav II and Vsyevolod I -
unite against them but are defeated on Al'ta River. Svyatoslav retreats to
Chernigiv, Vsyevolod and Izyaslav to Kyiv. Kyivans want Izyaslav to fight but
he refuses, uprising then drives him out and frees Vseslav Briacheslavich and
makes him prince. Izyaslav flees to Poland. Yaroslav makes agreement with
Polovtsi. Svyatoslav defeats Polovtsi and captures khan. Svyatoslav sends his
son, Gleb, to rule Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1069 AD
|
Izyaslav returns with Polish army
of Boleslav II, his wife Gertrude's nephew. Mstislav Izyaslavich kills
Vseslav's supporters in Kyiv. Vseslav flees back to Polotsk where he dies in
1101. Gleb Svyatoslavich defends Novgorod from Vseslav. Izyaslav sends his son,
Mstislav to Polotsk but he dies so Svyatopolk Izyaslavich sent to Polotsk.
|
|
|
1070's AD
|
Communications between Kyiv and
Chersonesus improve, local economy improves, but then trade shifting by
Polovtsi to Bospor - Tmutorakhan towns
|
|
|
1071 AD
|
Great Seljuk Turk victory
destroys Byzantine Army at Manzikert, Varangian guard die defending emperor
Romanos IV.
|
|
|
1071 AD
|
Byzantine catepan Stephen
Pateranos surrenders Brindisi and Bari to Normans, some Varangians depart or
settle there.
|
|
|
1071-78 AD
|
Michael VII, Ducas, Byzantine
Emperor, later abducted in a revolt.
|
|
| |
1071 AD
|
Vseslav drives Sviatopolk
Izyaslavich out of Polotsk.
|
|
|
1073 AD
|
Izyaslav again forced out of
Kyiv, this time by Svyatoslav and Vsyevolod. Svyatoslav II, Yaroslavich, of
Chernigiv, usurper at Kyiv. He now has both Kyiv and Chernigiv, and has sons at
Novgorod and Tmutorokan.
|
|
| |
1074 AD
|
First mention of Toropets, a
strong fortress in the Smolensk principality.
|
|
| |
1075 AD
|
Izyaslav goes to Emperor Henry IV
and sends son, Yaropolk, to Pope Gregory VII seeking aid, but they are
unsuccessful. Emperor and Pope have more important things on their minds.
|
|
| |
1076 AD
|
Svyatoslav II dies, Vsyevolod
Yaroslavich takes throne in Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1077 AD
|
Izyaslav returns and Vsyevolod
gives him Kyiv and Izyaslav gives Vsyevolod Chernigiv, but Oleg Svyatoslavich
contests this, wants his father's throne.
|
|
| |
1078 AD
|
Izyaslav and Vsyevolod act
together to drive Oleg out of Chernigiv , he flees to Tmutorokan. Gleb driven
out of Novgorod and killed. Izyaslav's son, Sviatopolk sent to Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1078 AD
|
Summer, Oleg Svyatoslavich brings
Polovtsi to take Chernigiv; defeats Vsyevolod on 25 Aug on Sozh River near
Periaslavl. Vsyevolod flees to Kyiv. In October Vsyevolod and Izyaslav together
battle Oleg at Nezhatin Meadow by Chernigiv, Izyaslav killed (only prince
killed in battle with relatives), but Oleg defeated so Vsyevolod wins all.
|
|
|
1078-93 AD
|
Vsyevolod I, Yaroslavich, Prince
of Kyiv, but no longer has stature as Vladimir had. His sons, Vladimir Monomakh
and Rostislav, hold inner cities but nephews hold outer circle of cities,
Novgorod, Vladimir in Volynia and Tmutorokan where Oleg is with Roman.
|
|
| |
1078-79 AD
|
Turov-Pinski princedom united to
Kyivan Rus.
. |
|
|
1078-81 AD
|
After Michael deposed,
Nicephorus III, Botaniates, Byzantine emperor, by now many Saxons entering
Varangian Guard.
|
|
| |
1079 AD
|
Tmutorokan prince Roman
Svyatoslavich attacks Periaslavl with Polovtsi troops but Vsyevolod pays to
have him murdered. Then his brother, Oleg Svyatoslavich, becomes prisoner of
Khazars who sell him to Byzantines thanks to bribe by Vsyevolod.
|
|
| |
1079-1102 AD
|
Vladislav I, Hermann, brother of
Boleslav II, becomes king of Poland again
|
|
| |
1080 AD
|
Torks, caught between Kyivans and
Polovtsi, loose their independence and join one side or the other. Kyivans
settle many along frontier.
|
|
| |
1081 AD
|
Vsyevolod's agent, Ratibor,
thrown out by David Igoryevich and Volodar Rostislavich, David's father is
Vsyevolod's younger brother who died in 1060. Rurik Rostislavich's grandfather
was Vladimir, Vsyevolod's older brother.
|
|
|
1081-1118 AD
|
Alexius I, Komnenus, attacks
Constantinople, Nicephorus surrenders, Alexius becomes Byzantine emperor, needs
more mercenaries, Leads Varangian guard to Dyrrhachium in August
|
|
|
1082 AD
|
Trade monopoly through Byzantine
empire held by Venice in exchange for aid against Norman Robert Guiscard, St
Mark church receives tribute. Venice allowed into Black Sea. Guiscard defeats
Alexis on 18 Oct and most of Varangian Guard killed in battle.
|
|
| |
1083 AD
|
Oleg Svyatoslavich returns from
Rhodes to Tmutorakhan, rules there 10 years and then moves to rule Chernigiv
when Polovtsi take Taman region. Svyatopolk Iziaslavich keps Novgorod. Yaropolk
Iziaslavich keeps Vladimir in Volynia.
|
|
| |
1085 AD
|
Vsyevolod sends his son, Vladimir
Monomakh, against Yaropolk Iziaslavich at Vladimir in Volynia. Yaropolk's
domain is given to David Igoryevich.
|
|
| |
1086 AD
|
Yaropolk agrees with Vladimir
Monomakh and returns to replace David, but then is murdered. David given
Vladimir in Volynia again.
|
|
|
1087 AD
|
Archbishop of Sudak attends
council in Constantinople.
|
|
| |
1088 AD
|
Bolgars attack on Murom and
capture it.
|
|
| |
1088 AD
|
Svyatopolk Izyaslavich is moved
from Novgorod to Turov. Vsyevolod sends his 12-yr old grandson, Mstislav to
Novgorod as titular prince.
|
|
|
1089-99 AD
|
Georgian Tsar David IV paying
tribute to Seljuk sultan while trying to strengthen his internal power
position. Between 1099 and 1117 he stops payment and further strengthens power.
|
|
| |
1091 AD
|
Vasil'ko Rostoslavich leads
campaign against Poles and Hungarians.
|
|
|
1091 AD
|
Polovtsi cross Danube and
destroy Pechenegs. Khan Maniak takes deteachment clear into Thrace and smashes
the last major Pecheneg horde for Byzantines. They control entire steppe from
Volga to Danube, they have subdued the Khazars, Pecheneg and Oghuz (Torks).
|
|
| |
1092 AD
|
The Polovtsi built Priluki on the
Uda and Perevolochna and Pesochen on the Dnepr below Peshchani at the
confluence of the Supi Kovran. They raid Rus river towns.
|
|
| |
1092 AD
|
Vsyevolod I and Svyatopolk II
begin to answer Polovtsi attacks with offensive campaign.
. |
|
| |
1092-1111 AD
|
Bretislav II, King of Bohemia
|
|
|
1092 AD
|
Anna Kommina reports,
Chersonesus still important slave mart for Polovtsi - slaves sent east to Asia
and west throughout Mediterranian - Byzantine Varangian naval campaign to Crete
and Cyprus
|
|
| |
1092 AD
|
Vasilko Rostislavich uses
Polovtsi to raid Poland.
|
|
| |
1093 AD
|
Vsyevolod Yaroslavich dies,
Vladimir Vsyevolodovich Monomakh invites his senior cousin, Svyatopolk
Izyaslavich to take Kyiv without war. Vladimir keeps at Periaslavl and outer
areas to north east thatVsyevolod gave, Sviatoslavichi keep Chernigiv.
|
|
|
1093- 1113 AD
|
Svyatopolk II, Izyaslavich,
Prince of Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1093 AD
|
Learning of death of Vsyevolod
Yaroslavich, Polovtsi send ambassador to Svyatopolk II to conclude a peace
treaty. But Svyatopolk calls the ambassador a liar - Polovtsi besiege and sack
his capital at Poros'ya on the Torchesk river. Vladimir Monomakh moves to
Chernigiv, his brother, Rostislav moves to Periaslavl, Oleg Svyatoslavich in
Tmutorakhan, David Sviatoslavich in Novgorod, Svyatopolk Izyaslavich keeps
Turov as well as Kyiv. In May Rostislav drowns in Stuga during retreat from
Polovtsi, Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh escape. In July Svyatopolk looses
another battle to Polovtsi. Oleg Svyatoslavich brings Polovtsi again toward
Chernigiv.
|
|
|
1094 AD
|
Oleg's druzhina attacks
Vladimir's on Chernigiv ramparts while his Polovtsi plunder the region.
Vladimir retreats back to Periaslavl. Then Polovtsi burn Kyiv. Svyatapolk II
enters into peace agreement with Khan Tugor and marries the Khan's daughter in
1095.
|
|
|
1094 AD
|
After this time no mention of
Tmutorakhan as Polovtsi and Venice have trade control, Rus connection with
Chernosesus broken, Sudak increasing as major Polovtsi city - also last mention
of Khazars in Rus chronicles.
|
|
| |
1095 AD
|
David Svyatoslavich is sent to
Smolensk, Novgorod reverts to Vladimir Monomakh's son, Mstislav. Oleg
Svyatoslavich is driven out of Chernigiv again by Vladimir and Svyatopolk.
Other Rus princes ignore the peace agreement. Izyaslav Monomakh is at Kursk and
takes Murom. Oleg had held the town through an agent, so he retaliates at
Rostov and Suzdal. This provokes Mstislav Monomakh at Rostov.
|
|
| |
1096 AD
|
Polovtsi forces of Khans Kur and
Tugor fall on Pereyaslavl town Ust'ye at the confluence of the Trubesh and
Dnepr and Kyiv. Vladimir Monomakh kisse two Polovtsi leaders in battle. Khan
Turog raids Periaslavl while Khan Boniak raids Kyiv and burns royal palace at
Berestovo and sacks the three monasteries south of town. Oleg Svyatoslavich
goes north to war against Vladimir Monomakh's sons, one is killed at Suzdal.
Previously the north-eastern towns were remote and marginal, but now they are
becoming more important economically and therefore of more political interest.
|
|
|
1096 AD
|
Sudak is major Polovtsi city
|
|
| |
1097 AD
|
Hungarian (Magyar) King Carloman
intervention in Kyivan affairs.
|
|
| |
1097 AD
|
Famous Liubich conference and
agreement. Oleg Svyatoslavich again given Chernigiv as patrimony of his family,
but his brother, David, rules. They are confirmed at Murom while Monomakh holds
Rostov and Suzdal. Volodar Rostislavich has Periamyshl, Vasilko Rostislavich
has Terebovl. But Vasilko is blinded by agents of Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and
David Igoryevich. This starts a 3-yr war. Vladimir Monomakh persuades
Svyatopolk II to leave David Igoryevich alone.
|
|
| |
1097 AD
|
David Igoryevich Vladimirski
sends Kyivan troops and Polovtsi Khan Bonyak's cavalry against Magyars.
Polovtsi give Magyars a decisive defeat on the San River near Peremishl , this
is precedent for Kyivan use of Polovtsi cavalry in war.
|
|
| |
1099 AD
|
War of Kyivan principality in
Volinya against Polish kingdom
|
|
|
1100 AD
|
Norsemen from Norway on crusade
return via Constantinople and Russia
|
|
| |
1101 AD
|
Vladimirovichi cousins meet at
Zolotsha River to settle family arrangements and offer Polovtsi peace.
|
|
| |
1101 AD
|
Polovtsi finally send their
ambassadors to the Rus princes, offering gold. Then they traveled to the depth
of Rus lands to Sakov, northwest of Peryeyaslavl.
|
|
| |
1102 AD
|
Peace treaty between Rus and
Polovtsi at Sakov.
|
|
| |
1102-1138 AD
|
Boleslav III king of Poland
defeats Pomeranians, Battle of Naklo in 1109.
|
|
|
1102-3 AD
|
King Eric I of Denmark visits
Constantinople on Crusade, dies in Cyprus.
|
|
| |
1103 AD
|
Svyatopolk II and Vladimir
Monomakh decide on new offensive, but Oleg Svyatoslavich pleads illness to
avoid going against his allies. David Svyatoslavich does participate. Others
are David Vsyeslavich, Vyacheslav Yaropolkovich, and Yaropolk Vladimirovich. In
April the Rus launch offensive against Polovtsi at the Samar River. They
campaign clear to Don and Donets rivers.
|
|
| |
1104-34 AD
|
Nicholas King of Denmark
|
|
|
1105-10 AD
|
Georgian Tsar, David IV,
strengthening his personal power versus his feudal vassals.
|
|
| |
1106 AD
|
Another Rus offensive campaign
against the Polovtsi near the Khorol river.
|
|
| |
1107 AD
|
Volga Bolgars besiege Suzdal.
|
|
|
1107 AD
|
Battle on Sula river Russians
defeat Polovtsi led by Khan Sharokan, grandfather of Konchak.
|
|
| |
1108 AD
|
Vladimir Monomakh founds Vladimir
on Klyazma frontier fortress and appoints his son, Yuri (Dologruki) as prince
of Suzdal
|
|
|
1108 AD
|
Sigordr, King of Norway, on
crusade around Spain and Med returns via Cyprus and Constantinople and overland
through Russia, leaves ships and Varangians with Alexis in Byzantium.
|
|
| |
1109-10 AD
|
Svyatopolk II, Vladimir Monomakh
and David Svyatoslavich again campaign deep into steppe.
|
|
| |
1110 AD
|
The Polovtsi conduct counter
attack against the Pereyaslavl principality.
|
|
|
1111 AD
|
United Rus forces under command
of Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich attack Polovtsi. - Battle on River Sol between Rus
and Polovtsi .
|
|
| |
1111-25 AD
|
Vladislav I, King of Bohemia.
|
|
|
1113-25 AD
|
Vladimir II, Vsyevolodovich,
Monomakh, Prince of Kyiv, after death of Svyatopolk II, when town people send
for him. The dynasty family is expanding rapidly, making it more contentious
and difficult to find suitable towns for each member. North-east Oka-Volga
region and far west Galicia, Volynia region being taken. Vladimir controls
Kyiv, Novgorod, Periaslavl, Smolensk, Rostov and Suzdal. He takes Turov and
Vladimir-in-Volynia. Kyiv is still the hub.
|
|
|
1115 AD
|
Death of Oleg Svyatoslavich,
ruler of Chernigiv and Tmutorokan.
|
|
| |
1116 AD
|
Part of Torks enter Kyivan
service under pressure on steppe from Polovtsi. Vladimir Monomakh sends 2 sons
and son of Oleg Svyatoslavich to marry Polovtsi princesses.
|
|
| |
1118 AD
|
Vladimir Monomakh pushes Yaroslav
Svyatopolk out of Volynia.
|
|
|
1118 AD
|
This year or before Georgian
Tsar David IV married Guranadukh, daughter of Polovtsi (Kypchak) leader, Otrak.
|
|
|
1118-43 AD
|
John II, Komnenus Byzantine
emperor
|
|
|
1118-25 AD
|
Otrak brings 1500 to 5000
Polovtsi warriors to support David IV in war against Seljuk Turks, Georgian
victories dependent on Polovtsi troops who are paid by plunder and prisoners
taken.
|
|
| |
1119 AD
|
Vladimir Monomakh pushes Gleb
Vseslavich out of Minsk.
|
|
|
1120 AD
|
Yuri Dolgoruki campaign against
Volga Bolgar
|
|
| |
1121 AD
|
Torks disappear from Rus lands.
|
|
|
1122 AD
|
Byzantine emperor John II uses
Varangian guard to crush Pecheneg in Battle of Beroe.
|
|
| |
1124 AD
|
Volodar and Vasil'ko Rostislavich
both die.
|
|
|
1125-32 AD
|
Mstislav I Vladimirovich, Prince
of Kyiv. There are now four main branches of dynasty - Monomakhovichi sons Yuri
and sons based in north-east (Suzdal, Rostov, Vladimir, and they hold
Periaslavl; Monomakhovichi grandson Izyaslav Mstislavich and his sons based at
Vladimir in Volynia, Rostaslav Mstislavich and sons at Smolensk
(Rostoslavichi), which is now important princedom; Oleg and David Svyatoslavich
heirs (Ol'govichi) at Chernigiv held since 1054 when given to Oleg, David and
Yaroslav Svyatoslavichi - David held Chernigiv, Oleg Novgorod-Severski and
Yaroslav Ryazan and Murom. And there are the Svyatopolk Izyaslavich heirs at
Turov and Pinsk. Novgorod has no hereditary prince, accepts one according to
regional and internal power politics. But Polotsk was not held by descendents
of Yaroslav I. It was held by descendents of Vladimir I through his second son,
Izyaslav who ruled there with his mother, Rogneda. Izyaslav's son, Bryacheslav
(1001-44) was followed by Vseslav (1044-1101). Then Vseslav's sons split the
land between Polotsk, Minsk, Vitebsk, and other towns.
|
|
| |
1125-40 AD
|
Soveslav I, King of Bohemia.
|
|
| |
1126 -67 AD
|
Almost yearly Polovtsi attacks on
Rus lands. They interveen in support of Oleg Svyatoslavich's heirs at Chernigiv
15 times.
|
|
| |
1126 AD
|
Polovtsi attack against Baruch.
|
|
| |
1129 AD
|
Murom and Ryazan remain in the
Yaroslav Svyatoslavich family, but at end of century they are split with Yuri
Vladimirovich getting Murom and Gleb Rostislavich getting Ryazan. The division
weakens them versus the princes of Suzdal.
|
|
| |
1130 AD
|
Mstislav Vladimirovich pushes
Vseslavichi out of Polotsk. Mstislav and his sons control Kyiv in center and
promote regional development building regional towns as expanded places for
more princes. But there is no central government or control, each prince is
potentially independent according to his military power. Each area is called a
'land'. They hang together because military capacity of each town insufficient
by itself against foreigners. All contenders for Kyivan throne have patrimonial
land elsewhere.
|
|
| |
1132 AD
|
Mstislav dies and is succeeded by
his brother, Yaropolk Vladimirovich. Two other brothers live, Vyacheslav in
Smolensk and Turov; and Yuri Dolgoruki in Suzdal.
|
|
|
1132-39 AD
|
Yaropolk II, Vladimirovich,
Prince of Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1134-7 AD
|
Eric II King of Denmark.
|
|
| |
1134 AD
|
Novgorodian campaign against
Rostov - Yuri Dolgoruki active along upper Volga expanding realm and fortifying
strategic locations at confluence of rivers. He is trying to control access
from Novgorod to Volga
|
|
| |
1136 AD
|
Vsyevolod Ol'govich of Chernigiv
defeated Yaropolk Vladimirovich. Novgorod leaders ask Vsyevolod Ol'govich to
send them his brother in place of his nephew, prince of Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1137-46 AD
|
Eric III King of Denmark.
|
|
| |
1138 AD
|
When Vsyevolod Ol'govich turns
out to be weak, Novgorod leaders ask Yuri Vladimirovich of Suzdal for his son
as prince instead of Vsyevolod's brother..
|
|
| |
1138-46 AD
|
Vladislav II, King of Poland.
|
|
| |
1139 AD
|
First mention of Torshk in
chronicles.
|
|
| |
1139 AD
|
Yaropolk Vladimirovich dies and
Kyiv is occupied for few weeks by his brother, Viacheslav, who then gives the
city to Vsyevolod Ol'govich of Chernigiv. Novgorod decides not to support Yuri
Vladimirovich's effort against him and to ask for Vsyevolod's brother back.
|
|
|
1139-46 AD
|
Vsyevolod II Ol'govich, of
Chernigiv, Prince of Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1140 AD
|
Vladimirko Volodarevich prince at
Galich.
|
|
| |
1140-73 AD
|
Vladislav II, King of Bohemia.
|
|
|
1143-80
|
Manuel I Byzantine Emperor.
|
|
| |
1144 AD
|
Vsyevolod Ol'govich of Kyiv
campaigns against Galich.
|
|
| |
1145 AD
|
Vsyevolod Ol'govich nominates his
brother, Igor, as ruler before dying in 1146.
|
|
| |
1146 AD
|
Izyaslav Mstislavich comes to
Kyiv with army and captures Igor, sends him to prison and then Igor is made a
monk. Igor killed by mob in 1147.
|
|
| |
1146-54 AD
|
Sweyn III, King of Denmark.
|
|
| |
1146-52, 1154-7 AD
|
Canute V, King of Denmark.
|
|
| |
1146-73 AD
|
Boleslav IV, King of Poland,
loses territory to Henry the Lion and Albert the Bear.
|
|
|
1146-54 AD
|
Izyaslav II Mstislavich, Prince
of Kyiv. He faces two uncles, Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruki and Viacheslav
Vladimirovich.
|
|
| |
1147 AD
|
First mention of Moscow in
chronicles - Yuri Dolgoruki begins war with Novgorod and siezes Torshok and
lands along Mste. By this time Suzdal-Rostov controls Volga up to mouth of
Tvertsi.
|
|
| |
1147 AD
|
Pope Eugenius III promotes the
Second Crusade to restore Christian control in Palestine. The main army marches
through Hungary and into Asia Minor. But the northern peoples don't want to go
to Palestine. So the Pope authorizes a crusade to convert the pagans in the
Baltic region. He also authorizes King Alfonso VII to conduct crusade against
the Muslims in Spain.
|
|
| |
1147 AD
|
Responding to the Pope and to
Bernard of Clairvaux, the Poles, Saxons and Danes launch sometime coordinated
and sometime antagonistic campaigns against the Slavs, Balts and Fino-Ugric
peoples on the Baltic litoral. The first target is the Abotrites who lived
around Mecklenburg. The Margrave of Brandenburg tries to take Stettin. Two
Danish fleets and two Saxon armies attack Canute V and Sweryn III cooperate
with Archbishop Adalbert of Bremen and Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony against
Prince Nyklot's fortress at Dobin. The other Saxon army led by Margraves Conrad
and Albert the Bear and the legate Anselm of Magdeburg plus many bishops into
Luitizian fortress at Demmin. They are disappointed to find that Stettin is
already Christian. Nyklot defends well. The Rugians attack the Danish fleet at
sea. Meanwhile the Poles attack the Prussians. The "northern crusade' is
off to a rather inauspicious start.
|
|
| |
1148-57 AD
|
Henry the Lion and Adolph of
Holstein maintain reasonably friendly relations with Princes Nyklot of Aborites
and Ratibor of Pomerania.
|
|
|
1149 AD
|
Yuri I, Vladimirovich,
Dologoruki sacks Kyiv and holds it for a year; and again Sept 1150 to March
1151. He establishes princedom at Rostov-Suzdal.
|
|
| |
1149 AD
|
Vladimirko Volodarevich is more
powerful from friendship with Yuri I Vladimirovich at Suzdal. He campaigns
against Kyiv in support of Yuri.
|
|
| |
1149 AD
|
Kyivan-Smolensk forces campaign
against Suzdal, they succeed to taking towns along Volga including Dubna,
Shosha, Tver and Yaroslavl. Rostov-Suzdal princes have to defend against both
Novgorod and Bulgars. They build more frontier fortresses
|
|
|
1149 AD
|
Byzantine Varangians attack
Roger of Sicily at Thebes in Greece, where Roger has been campaigning since
1147.
|
|
| |
1150 - 1200 AD
|
There are 30 changes of prince at
Kyiv involving 11 princes with total reigns averaging 5 years..
|
|
| |
1150 AD
|
Isyaslav Mstislavich calls
Viacheslav Vladimirovich "father' to get him to fight Yuri. Makes
Viacheslav figurehead ruler of Kyiv to satisfy family dynasty perceptions.
|
|
|
1151-57 AD
|
Yurii I Yladimirovich
Dolgorukii, Prince of Rostov-Suzdal from 1125, grand prince of Vladimir from
1151.
|
|
| |
1153-87 AD
|
Yaroslav Vladimirovich Osmomysl
rules Galich
|
|
| |
1154 AD
|
Polovtsi attack against
Peryeyaslavl.
|
|
| |
1154 AD
|
Isyaslav Mstislavich dies, his
brother, Rostislav Mstislavich rules Kyiv with Viacheslav, who soon dies also.
Yuri Dolgoruki takes Kyiv again, unopposed in 1155. He throws Rostislav out
temporarily.
|
|
|
1154-67 AD
|
Rostislav Mstislavich, ruler of
Smolensk, returns to be prince of Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1156 AD
|
First construction of wooden
walls and rampart around Moscow.
|
|
|
1156-84 AD
|
Georgi III, Tsar of Georgia.
|
|
| |
1157-82 AD
|
Valdemar I, King of Denmark.
|
|
|
1157-74 AD
|
Yuri dies in 1157, his son,
Andrei Yur'yevich Bogolyubski, prince at Suzdal, he continues war to control
upper Volga River.
|
|
| |
1158 AD
|
Henry the Lion attacks Nyklot
(prince of Abotrites).
|
|
| |
1158 AD
|
First German merchants-
missionaries arrive at mouth of West Dvina in Livonia.
|
|
| |
1159 AD
|
Danish King Valdemar I attacks
Rugian island - not conquered until 1168.
|
|
| |
1160 AD
|
Joint Danish-Saxon campaign along
Baltic coast. Prince Nyklot dies in battle. His son, Pribislav, leads Aborites
and defeats Saxons at Verchen.
|
|
|
1160-64 AD
|
Andrei Bogolyubski campaigns
against Volga Bolgar, captures capital on Kama River.
|
|
| |
1162 AD
|
Birth of Temujin in Mongolia
|
|
| |
1164 AD
|
Abotrites revolt and are
subjugated by Saxons and Danes.
|
|
| |
1164 AD
|
Andri Yur'yevich founds
Gorokhovets on Klyazma as outpost against Bolgars.
|
|
|
1165 AD
|
Genoese begin effort to push
Venice out of Black Sea, buy Russian swords and Polovtsi slaves at Sudak
|
|
| |
1166 AD
|
Andrei Bogolyubski conquers Kyiv,
|
|
| |
1167 AD
|
Polovtsi attack against
Peryeyaslavl
|
|
| |
1167 AD
|
Oleg Svyatoslavich wins victory
over Khan Bonyak.
|
|
| |
1168 AD
|
Chernigiv prince helps Kyivans -
Rus troops led by Ol'govichi defeat troops of Khan Kozi and Khan Begluk.
|
|
|
1169 AD
|
First Byzantine treaty with
Genoa - Genoese free trade in Black Sea except Rus and Matrakha (Azov region).
|
|
|
1169 AD
|
Last mention of Pecheneg in
Russian chronicles. Kyivans have nomad horsemen settled along frontier as
guards, some are Chernye Klobuki, "Black caps" from 12th century
Karakalpak.
|
|
|
1169-74 AD
|
Andrei Yur'yevich, Bogolyubski,
Grand Prince of Rostov -Susdal, Vladimir. His army led by son Mstislav sacks
Kyiv in 1169, then invites Gleb Yur'yevich of Periaslavl, Mstislav's uncle, and
grandson of Vladimir Monomakh, to be prince of Kyiv.
|
|
|
1170 AD
|
Russian, Mstislav II,
Izyaslavich, campaign against Polovtsi, at Snoporog and Orel.
|
|
| |
1170 AD
|
Suzdalians besiege Novgorod
Veliki and are defeated on 25 Feb. due to the miraculous intervention of the
icon of the Blessed Virgin.
|
|
| |
1171 AD
|
Gleb Yur'yevich dies, Andrei
orders who will rule Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1171 AD
|
Pope Alexander III issues another
Bull authorizing crusade in Baltic region.
|
|
|
1171 AD
|
Venice war against Byzantine
empire and Genoa over trade, Venice soundly defeated
|
|
| |
1172 AD
|
West Slav fleet defeated off
Danish coast, last Slavic naval raid.
|
|
| |
1172 AD
|
Polovtsi attack Korsun and
Pesochen simultaneously and then Kyiv.
|
|
|
1172 AD
|
Russian campaign of princes of
Rostov and Murom against Volga Bolgar and Mordvi
|
|
| |
1172-1199 AD
|
Takash, Shah of Khwarezm, expands
empire into Persia but is held off in Khorasan by Ghor
. |
|
| |
1173-77 AD
|
Mieszko III, King of Poland
|
|
| |
1173-1203 AD
|
Ghiyas-ud-Din, ruler of Ghor,
unites all Afghanistan region.
|
|
| |
1173-97 AD
|
Internal struggle in Bohemia, 10
kings
|
|
| |
1173 AD
|
Rurik and Mstislav Rostislavichi
rebel and offer Kyiv to Yaroslav Izyaslavich of Vladimir in Volynia
|
|
| |
1173 AD
|
Ol'ga, daughter of Yuri
Dolgoruki, departs Galich with her son to Poland. She was incensed that her
husband, Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich Osmomysl had engaged a mistress, Nataslya.
This had serious effects in both Galicia and Hungary.
|
|
|
1174-76 AD
|
Mikhail II (Mikhalko)
Yur'yevich, Grand Prince of Vladimir after Andri is murdered by some boyars.
Succession struggle between Andrei's two nephews and his brother, Mikhalko.
|
|
| |
1174 AD
|
Polovtsi attack Baruch - Rus
offensive campaign goes to Orel and Samara - Novgorod merchant traders on Volga
to Kama River meet Bolgars
|
|
| |
1176-96 AD
|
Canute Eriksson, King of Sweden
|
|
| |
1176-80, 1181-94 AD
|
Vsyevolod Ol'govich's son,
Sviatoslav Vsyevolodovich rules in Kyiv.
|
|
|
1176-1212 AD
|
Vsevlod III Yur'yevich,
Bol'shoye Gnyezdo, Grand Prince of Suzdal - Vladimir after Mikhalko dies.
Vsyevolod is first to title himself 'grand' prince. He founds Kostroma,
Nerekhta, Sol'Velikogo on Volga and Unzha on river of that name. He expands
territory against Novgorod north to Pechora and Northern Dvina, founds Ustyug
in 1178.
|
|
| |
1177 AD
|
Battle of Yur'yev Field near the
Khze River. Vsyevolod, brother of Mikhailko, battles Mstislav Rostislavich for
the throne of Vladimir. Rostov sides with Mstislav and inhabitants of Vladimir
and Pereyaslavl-Zaleski stand with Vsyevolod. Vsyevolod wins and Mstislav flees
to Novgorod. Vsyevolod receives a hero's welcome in Vladimir. His druzhina
leads the prisoners in irons through the city.
|
|
| |
1177-8 AD
|
War between Gleb Rostislavich of
Ryazan and Vsyevolod III of Suzdal. Battle of Prus' on Koloksha Rover in which
Vsyevolod defeats the army of the Ryazan princes.
. |
|
| |
1177 AD
|
Henry the Lion and King Valdemar
I conduct joint campaign against west Slavs.
|
|
| |
1177-94 AD
|
Casimir II, King of Poland
|
|
|
1180-83 AD
|
Alexius II, Byzantine emperor
|
|
| |
1180 AD
|
Kyivan prince Svyatoslav
organizes major campaign to Volga against Vsyevolod in alliance with his son,
Novgorod prince Vladimir, but he retreats without doing battle. Result is that
influence of Vladimir-Suzdal expands further than ever westward to mouth of
Vazuzi. Vladimir collects tribute from Torshok and Volok Lamsk. Ryazan forced
to aid Suzdal against Chernigiv.
|
|
|
1180 AD
|
Igor Svyatoslavich of
Novgorod-Seversk and Konchak, ruler of Polovtsi, defeated at battle of Dolobsk
by sons of Rostislav I, Rurik of Belgorod and David of Smolensk.
|
|
| |
1180-1190 AD
|
Temujin unites local tribes and
groups in Mongolia.
|
|
| |
1181 AD
|
Fall of Henry the Lion, his Saxon
duchy split
|
|
| |
1182-1202 AD
|
Canute VI, King of Denmark.
|
|
|
1183 AD
|
Vsyevolod III Yur'yevich
campaign against Volga Bolgar, sinks their ships.
|
|
|
1183 AD
|
Polovtsi attack Dmitrov Kyivski
- Svyatoslav III, prince of Kyiv, and Rurik Rostislavich, rout Polovtsi at
battle of Orel river. Khan Konchak defeated during Rus offensive at Khorol.
|
|
|
1183-85 AD
|
Andronicus I, Byzantine emperor
|
|
| |
1184 AD
|
Liutizian-Pomeranian fleet
destroyed at Greifwalden Bodden.
|
|
| |
1184 AD
|
Polovtsi Khan Konchak attacks
Pereyaslavl - Khan Gzi attacks Posyemi.
|
|
| |
1184 AD
|
Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal
Vsyevolod III Yur'yevich and allies campaign against Bolgars who attack
Gorodetz-na-Oka , Murom, Ryazan.
|
|
| |
1185 AD
|
Prince Bogislav counterattacks
Danes and looses, surrenders all the Pomeranian coast to Canute VI.
|
|
| |
1185 AD
|
Polovtsi attack Peryeyaslavl and
Rimov. Svyatoslav III Vsyevolodovich defeats Polovtsi on 21 April.
|
|
|
1185 AD
|
Prince Igor Svyatoslavich of
Novgorod-Seversk in campaign against Polovtsi, led by Khan Konchak, during
which there was a solar eclipse (May 1) celebrated in the famous "Song of
Igor's Campaign." Igor is captured. His son, Vladimir, marries Konchak's
daughter. After defeating Igor, Konchak failed in attack on Pereyaslavl.
|
|
|
1185-95 AD
|
Isaac II, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
| |
1186 AD
|
Bishop Meingard - archbishop of
Bremen - builds wooden fortress at Ikskul near Riga. Catholic bishopric
established on lower Dvina.
|
|
|
1186 AD
|
Second campaign of Vsyevolod
against Volga Bolgar.
|
|
| |
1187-89 AD
|
Saladin wages Jihad against
Crusaders in Palestine.
|
|
| |
1187 AD
|
First accounts of conflict
between Novgorod the Great and Swedes along coast and in Finland. Novgorod
troops use Est and Karelian allies to raid Gothland.
|
|
| |
1187 AD
|
Khan Konchak attacks Porosi' and
Chernigiv lands simultaneously - Svyatoslav III Vsyevolodovich defeats Polovtsi
on Samara river.
|
|
| |
1187 AD
|
Death of Yaroslav Osmomysl. Oleg
Yaroslavich is removed from his inheritance in Galich by his brother, Vladimir
Yaroslavich. Vladimir is unpopular with the local boyars due to his immorality.
He is removed and expelled by Roman Mstislavich. Hungarian King Bela III
supports Vladimir and drives Roman out of Galich and brings Vladimir back.
|
|
| |
1188 AD
|
Estonians raid Uppsala in Sweden.
First mission to the Livs.
|
|
| |
1189-92 AD
|
Third Crusade
|
|
| |
1189-99 AD
|
Vladimir Yaroslavich rules
Galich.
|
|
| |
1190 AD
|
Peace treaty between Grand Prince
Svyatoslav III Vsyevolodovich and Rurik II Rostislavich on one side versus
Polovtsi Khans on the other at the Tyasmin River.
|
|
| |
1190 AD
|
Battle of Galich. Vladimir, son
of Yaroslav Osmomysl the Wise of Galich, escapes from Hungarian King Bela,
whose son, Andrei had usurped the Galician throne. With the help of Polish
troops he regains his seat.
|
|
| |
1190? or 1192? AD
|
Battle of Mozgav' River in the
struggle in Poland between the children of Casimir the Just and their uncle,
Meshka the Elder. Roman Mstislavich fights on the losing side and is wounded,
then taken to Vladimir Volynskii.
|
|
| |
1190-1206 AD
|
Unification of Mongolia under
Temujin
|
|
| |
1191 AD
|
Trade treaty between Novgorod the
Great and Hanse towns, Yaroslav Vladimirovich is the appointed prince of
Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1192 AD
|
Renewed peace treaty between
Rurik Rostislavich and Khan Kuntuvdi
|
|
|
1192 AD
|
Emperor Isaac Angelus confirmed
Genoese trade privilege except Rosii and Matrakha
|
|
|
1190's
|
Empire of Trebizond becoming
independent of Byzantines - and gaining control of Crimea.
|
|
| |
1193 AD
|
Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi and
Mstislav Kharbri hold Toropetz on Dniper.
|
|
| |
1194 AD
|
Temujin campaigns against Tatars
in alliance with Chin.
|
|
| |
1194 AD
|
Svyatoslav Vsyevolodovich dies in
Kyiv, the last of the Ol'govichi there. He is followed by Rurik Rostislavich.
|
|
| |
1194-1227 AD
|
Leszek I, King of Poland, civil
war and anarchy.
|
|
| |
1195 AD
|
Vsyevolod III demands that Rurik
give him 5 towns. Roman in Galicia then requests Yaroslav in Chernigiv, brother
of Svyatoslav Vsyevolodovich, to attack Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1195 AD
|
Battle of Shamkhorsk. With an
avangard of Polovtsi the Georgian army prevails over the Artqabek Arran
Armenians.
|
|
|
1195-1203 AD
|
Alexius III, Byzantine emperor,
writes to King Sverre of Norway, Knud IV of Denmark and Knud Karlsson of Sweden
asking for more Varangians.
|
|
| |
1196 1208 AD
|
Sverker II Karlsson, King of
Sweden
|
|
| |
1196 AD
|
Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich of
Chernigiv invades Smolensk lands, battles occur in Smolensk, Polotsk, Kyiv,
Chernigiv, Volynia and Galicia. Rostoslavichi ally, Vsyevolod III and Gleb of
Ryazan are against Ol'govichi of Chernigiv, princes of Polotsk and Roman of
Volynia. Polovtsi hired to fight by both sides. After peace there has been no
change in positions.
|
|
| |
1196 AD
|
First mention of Beshetskii
Verkh.
|
|
| |
1197 - 1199 AD
|
Ryazan princes forced to support
Suzdal princes in campaigns first against Chernigiv and then against Polovtsi.
|
|
| |
1198 AD
|
Pope Innocent III authorises the
Livonian crusade. Bishop Berthold is slain. German brethern of the Hospital in
Jerusalem raised to a military order of knighthood under the title as Order of
the Knights of the Hospital of St Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem. Their
headquarters shifted to Marienburg in Prussia in 1309.
|
|
|
1198 AD
|
Emperor Alexius Angelus treaty
with Venice for free trade in empire, but list of locations does not include
Crimea (Lost by Byzantines?)
|
|
| |
1198-1230 AD
|
Ottokar I, King of Bohemia, first
of Premyslid house.
|
|
| |
1199 AD
|
Albert of Buxtehude appointed
Bishop of Livonia.
|
|
| |
1199 AD
|
Yaroslav Ol'govichi dies.
|
|
| |
1199 AD
|
Roman Mstislavich, Prince of
Vladimir in Volynia takes Galich also. He divorces daughter of Rurik to marry
Byzantine princess.
|
|
| |
1199 AD
|
Vladimir Igoryevich is the
appanage prince of Putivl and son of Igor Svyatoslavich, the appanage prince of
Novgorod-Seversk. Vladimir marries the daughter (whose name is not known) of
the Polovtsi Khan, Konchak. Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi is married (exact year
unknown) to Maria, daughter of Polovtsi Khan Kotyan. Their daughter is
Rostislava-Fedosia, future wife of Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich, grand prince of
Vladimir, and mother of Alexander Nevski.
|
|
| |
1199 AD
|
Vsyevolod III removes Yaroslav
Vladimirovich, his brother-in-law, from Novgorod and replaces him with own
3-year old son, Svyatoslav, in 1200.
|
|
| |
1199 AD
|
Second campaign by Rus princes
deep into Polovtsi territory led by Vsyevolod Yur'yevich.
|
|
| |
1200's AD
|
The main struggle over Kyiv is
now three-sided, between Rostislav Mstislavich (Rostislavichi) of Smolensk,
Oleg Svyatoslavich (Ol'govichi) of Chernigiv, and Roman Mstislavich of Volynia.
But Rurik rules in Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1200-03 AD
|
Roman Mstislavich, prince of
Galich and Volynia, rules Kyiv also. He conducts successful raid on Polovtsi.
|
|
| |
1200 AD
|
Lithuanians invade Novgorod
lands.
|
|
| |
1200 AD
|
Bishop Albert establishes the see
of Riga and Order of Sword-Brothers.
|
|
| |
1200-09 AD
|
Bishop Albert, using crusaders,
conquers Livs and Letts.
|
|
| |
1201 AD
|
Swedes invade Novgorod lands.
|
|
| |
1201 AD
|
Foundation of Riga.
|
|
|
1201 AD
|
Volga Bolgar campaign against
Russia - Vladimir Suzdal.
|
|
| |
1202 AD
|
Igor Ol'govichi dies.
|
|
| |
1202 AD
|
Bishop Albert of Buxtehude
concludes an alliance with the Semigallians ( a Latvian tribe) against the
Livs, (a Finnish tribe with family ties to the Est). He also creates the see of
Semigallia and invests the Abbot Bernard zu Lippe as vicar.
|
|
| |
1202 AD
|
German Order of the Swordbearers
is established in Livonia
|
|
| |
1202 AD
|
Important changes take place in
South-western Rus'. Vladimir Yaroslavich of Galich dies. Roman Mstislavich
renews his pretentions and with the aid of the Poles is able to take over
Galich. This has immediate repercussions on the political system of Southern
Rus'. The Ol'govichi seek a reprochment with Roman's enemy, Rurik. They plan a
campaign, however Roman attacks Kyiv first, whereupon the Kyivan population
sides with Roman. They open the lower city (Podol) gates and admit Roman. Rurik
and the Ol'govichi are confined to the upper city fortress. Roman is joined by
Chernye Klobuki. Rurik and the Ol'govichi surrender and are sent off. Roman
puts his cousin, Ingvar Yaroslavich of Lutsk in Volynia on Kyiv throne. Ryurik
is unpopular because he invited Polovtsi into Russia several times, whereas
Roman is the son of the popular Mstislav Izyaslavich.Vsyevolod III sends his
son, Yaroslav, to Periaslavl. He persuades Ol'govichi to break with Roman. Igor
Svyatoslavich is to rule Chernigiv.
|
|
| |
1202-41 AD
|
Valdemar II, King of Denmark,
begins to lead crusades into Livonia and Estonia.
|
|
|
1203-04 AD
|
Isaac II, restored as emperor.
|
|
|
1203-04 AD
|
Alexius IV and V, emperors.
|
|
| |
1203 AD
|
The end result in Kyiv is that in
January the Polovtsi counterattack sack Kyiv as allies of Rurik Rostislavich of
Smolensk to oust Roman Mstislavich of Galich. A large part of the population is
herded away to slave market. This is the second sack of the city, following
Andrei's assault in 1169. In Feb Roman goes to Rurik at Vruchi to break
alliance. Roman gets Vsyevolod III to give Rurik Kyiv separately from
Chernigiv. Roman keps Volynia and Galicia.
|
|
| |
1204 AD
|
All the Rus princes except the
Ol'govichi ally for campaign against the Polovtsi. On the way back Roman
captures Rurik and has him and his family made monk and nuns. Roman takes
Rurik's sons, Rostislav and Vladimir, as prisoner to Galicia. Vsyevolod III is
furious and sends agents to free Rostislav and Vladimir. He puts Rostoslav on
Kyivan throne.
|
|
| |
1203 AD
|
The rulers of Polotsk are
concerned about the German actions against the Livs, who were tribute payers of
Polotsk. Polotsk troops campaign for the first time against Riga. At the same
time the Lithuanian prince Vissival'd calls for assistance against the
approaching Teutonic knights.
|
|
|
1204 AD
|
Fourth Crusade takes
Constantinople - establish Frankish empire - Venice by alliance receives major
share of spoils, merchants favored in Black Sea trade, Venice controls
Dardanelles and Adriatic and Crete.
|
|
|
1204 AD
|
At least from this time
Trebizond controls southern Crimea, receives annual tribute.
|
|
| |
1204 AD
|
Revel founded.
|
|
|
1204-05 AD
|
Baldwin I, Latin emperor at
Byzantium.
|
|
|
1204-61 AD
|
Italian colonies increase role
in Black Sea trade - Roman Catholic church missionaries and bishops accompany
merchants.
|
|
| |
1204 AD
|
Oleg Ol'govichi dies. Vsyevolod
Svyatoslavich Chermniy (an Ol'govichi) succeeds his brother at Chernigiv.
|
|
| |
1205 AD
|
Vsyevolod sends his son,
Konstantin, to Novgorod to replace the younger Svyatoslav.
|
|
| |
1205 AD
|
Ryazan princes defeat Polovtsi -
Third campaign of Vsyevolod III against Bolgars, Mordvi and Cheremish.
|
|
| |
1205 AD
|
Battle of Zavikhost on the banks
of the Vistula River. Prince Roman Mstislavich of Volynia is killed while
campaigning against the king of Lesser Poland, Leshka the White of Krakow,
(1202-1227) and his brother, Conrad of Mazovia. Daniel Romanovich restored in
Galich. This opens Galicia to Poles and Hungarians and others and renews the
struggle between Rostislavichi and Ol'govichi.
|
|
| |
1205 - 1212 AD
|
Practically every year there are
battles between Rostislavichi and Ol'govichi over Kyiv. The city is taken and
retaken over and over. Vsyevolod and Rurik in the main dislodge each other.
. |
|
| |
1205 AD
|
Battle of Andkhui, Muhammad Shah
of Khwarezm defeats Muhammad of Ghor and expands rule into Afghanistan.
|
|
| |
1205 AD
|
Battle of Adrianople. The
Polovtsi come to the aid of the Bulgarian King Kaloyan and defeat the
crusaders.
|
|
|
1205-16 AD
|
Henry, Latin emperor at
Byzantium.
|
|
| |
1205 AD
|
Vsyevolod and Rurik ally to
invade Galicia but fail.
|
|
| |
1206 AD
|
Rurik II Rostislavich leads
Polovtsi and Torki against Hungarians in Galicia and defeats them on River
Seret. Hungarians and Poles in major war and Poles and Rostislavichi have the
worst of it. The Ol'govichi clan (Igoryevichi) gain in Galician war capturing
Vladimir and Galich, Roman takes Zvenigorod and Svyatoslav takes Vladimir in
Volynia. They manage to hold the region for 5 years but are hanged in 1211.
Meanwhile Vsyevolod Chermnyy returns and takes Kyiv and demands that Yaroslav
Vsyevolodovich leave Periaslavl. Yaroslav complies and Vsyevolod puts his son,
Mikhail, on throne at Periaslavl. But in this Vsyevolod has over-reached. Rurik
quickly takes Uruchi fortress and sends son, Rostislav, to Vysegorod, and his
nephew, Mstislav Romanovich to Belgorod fortress with another nephew, Mstislav
Mstislavich Udaloy to Torchesk fortress. These fortresses control access to
Kyiv. They then push Vsyevolod out of Kyiv and his son out of Periaslavl.
During winter 1206-7 Vsyevolod tries to retake Kyiv but fails after 3-week
siege.
|
|
| |
1206 AD
|
Quriltai in Mongolia proclaims
Temujin as Chingiz Khan, Mongols launch first campaign into Western Hsia.
|
|
|
1206 AD
|
Venetians quickly consolidate
their power in Constantinople and use it to gain control of Black Sea trade.
Trade agreement between Petr Ferragut and Zakhari Stagiorio mentions Sudak as
trading point.
|
|
| |
1206-10 AD
|
The Polotsk druzhina campaigns a
second time coming to the aid of the Livs. But they are late, meanwhile the
Bishop of Riga's knights and landsknetcht defeat the Polotsk troops laying
siege to their outposts in Livonia at Koknes and Yersika, which they capture in
1207.
|
|
| |
1207 AD
|
Vsyevolod Chermnyy retakes Kyiv
by bringing all troops from Galicia, Turov and the Polovtsi. This time he first
takes each fortress one by one and has the city by August.. But he is ousted
again at end of year. Rurik flees again to Uruchi. But in August Vsyevolod III
at Suzdal plans counterattack on Chernigiv to help Rurik. He starts but is
diverted to Ryazan by threat of pro-Ol'govichi princes there. From assembly
point at Moscow, his army goes south-east to Ryazan where they arrest all the
Ryazan princes and bishop. At this Rurik is able to react again and push
Vsyevolod Chermnyyh out of Kyiv. So Rurik regains the throne for the seventh
time and holds it for 3 years. Meanwhile, Konstantin Vsyevolodovich is ordered
to bring Novgorod - Pskov - Ladoga - Torzhok troops on same campaign. He
marches as far as Pronsk where he is wounded and then he goes to Vladimir to
recover. Svyatoslav is sent back to Novgorod in early 1208.
|
|
| |
1208 AD
|
Ol'govichi attack Kyiv again.
Vsyevolod Chermnyy used diplomacy. Rurik's nephew, Mstislav Mstislavich, is
moved to Toropets in northern part of Smolensk land and then, while Vsyevolod
III is busy with Ryazan, he takes Torzhok a key Novgorodian border fortress.
There he arrests the agents of Vsyevolod III and his son, Svyatoslav, in
Novgorod. Mstislav marches on Novgorod and ejects Svyatoslav Vsyevolodovich.
|
|
| |
1208 AD
|
Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich is sent
by his father to rule Ryazan, but there is a city rebellion and the town is
burned.
|
|
| |
1208-16 AD
|
Eric X Knutsson, King of Sweden .
|
|
| |
1208 AD
|
Battle of Irtysh, Naiman Mongol's
leader, Kushluk, defeated and flees to Qara Khitai Tatars.
|
|
| |
1209 AD
|
Mongols invade Hsi-Hsia.
|
|
| |
1209 AD
|
First mention of Tver' in
chronicles in connection with unsuccessful campaign of Vsyevolod III against
Novgorod in which his son, Konstantin, leads the army. Konstantin gets his
brother, Svyatoslav, released. Mstislav strengthens the Novgorod border
defenses. Gradually Tver' becomes an important outpost of the Vladimir princes
on the west.
|
|
| |
1209-16 AD
|
Kushluk overthrows Kara Khitai
Tatars with help of Mohammed Shah of Khwarezm.
|
|
| |
1210 AD
|
Ol'govichi propose to Vsyevolod
III to let him back to Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1210 AD
|
Last attack of Polovtsi against
Peryeyaslavl.
|
|
| |
1210-39 AD
|
Hermann von Salza, first Great
grand master of the Teutonic Knights, shifts operations from Palestine into
Hungary.
|
|
| |
1211 AD
|
The Poles and Hungarians support
the Guelfs against Pope Innocent III. The Galich Rus pay dearly at Hungarian
hands. They invite the Chernigovtsi (Ol'govichi) to rule. The boyars fight the
Ol'govichi who seek aid from Hungarians. The boyars win and execute the
Ol'govichi, but Galich is divided between Hungarians and Poles in 1214.
|
|
| |
1211 AD
|
Vsyevolod Chermnyy's daughter,
Agafia, marries Yuri Vsyevolodovich of Suzdal.
|
|
| |
1211-15 AD
|
Mongols begin invasion of Chin
empire, north China.
|
|
| |
1212 AD
|
On death of Vsyevolod III
Yur'yevich in April, Tver is joined into the domain of Periaslavl-Zaleski
prince Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich.
|
|
| |
1212 AD
|
Early in the year Mstislav
Mstislavich Udaloi at the head of a combined Novgorod-Pskov-Polotsk-Toropets
army of 15,000 campaigns successfully against the Chud and Livonian knights as
far as Baltic at Tallinin. (First of at least 5 campaigns against Chud). He
raids the support bases of the Knights of the Cross in Livonia. He levies
tribute. But the Germans manage to break up the alliance, first forcing Polotsk
to come to terms and then by a second treaty compel Novgorod to come to terms
with Treiden. Mstislav prepares for southern campaign.
|
|
|
1212-16, 1219-38 AD
|
Yurii II Vsyevolodovich, Grand
Prince of Vladimir. Struggle between six remaining sons of Vsyevolod III:
Konstantin, Yuri, Yaroslav, Vladimir, Svyatoslav and Ivan; Boris had died in
1188 and Gleb in 1189. He grants amnesty to the Ryazan princes. Immediately
Konstantin and Svyatoslav allied and raised an army against Yuri and Yaroslav
who marched on Rostov. Brothers make truce.
|
|
| |
1212 AD
|
Vsyevolod Chermnyy is removed
from Kyiv. During the summer the Rostislavichi - Mstislav Mstislavich -brings
whole Novgorodian and Northwestern Rus army to Smolensk where they join the
senior prince, Mstislav Romanovich, and Mstislav Staryy and two of Rurik's
sons, and two of David's sons and others. Exceptionally the Novgorod troops
agree to march outside their lands. The army marches down the Dniper into
Chernigiv and Kyiv. Vsyevolod Chermnyy flees from Kyiv to Chernigiv where he is
besieged. Then Mstislav Romanovich Starii takes Kyivian throne. When Vsyevolod
dies that year the Ol'govichi are out and Rostislavichi in at Kyiv which they
hold for 13 years.
|
|
| |
1213-17-19 AD
|
Mstislav III Romanovich three
times sends Polovtsi against Hungarians who were disturbing Russians on the
Dniester.
|
|
| |
1213 AD
|
Vladimir and Svyatoslav
Vsyevolodich change sides in second clash against Konstantin at Kostroma, but
no battle.
|
|
| |
1213-15 AD
|
Vladimir Vsyevolodovich rules
Periaslavl.
|
|
| |
1214 AD
|
By Treaty of Spisz the Hungarians
and Poles attempt to divide Galicia and Volynia and put Hungarian king's son,
Karloman, on Galich throne.
|
|
| |
1214 AD
|
Yaroslav Vsyevolodich marries
Mstislav Mstislavich's daughter.
|
|
| |
1215 AD
|
Rurik dies as a prisoner in
Chernigiv. But Mstislav Mstislavich (Rostoslavichi) holds on to Novgorod. But
over winter 1214-1215 he makes recon trip to Galicia via Kyiv where he visits
Mstislav Romanovich.While Mstislav is in Galicia, Yaroslav goes to take
Novgorod, but when Mstislav returns in Feb 1215, Yaroslav retreats to Torzhok
and starts blockade of Novgorod grain supply. Conflict between Yuri and
Yaroslav Vsyevolodovichi intensifies. Polovtsi raid Periaslavl and capture
Vladimir Vsyevolodovich. He is released in 1217 and given Starodub to rule.
|
|
| |
1215 AD
|
Hungarians capture western
Galicia area given to Leszek at Spisz.
|
|
| |
1215 AD
|
Pope Innocent III consecrates
Christian bishop of the Prussians.
|
|
| |
1216 AD
|
Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich captures
Novii Torg and organizes a blocade of grain delivery to Novgorod. In answer the
Novgorodians call in Toropetsk prince Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi. In this
campaign is first mention of Rzhev under Mstislav's control and of Zubtsov
taken by the Periaslavl Zaleski troops. Mstislav gains victory over the
Vladimirian troops but only briefly, it does not change overall situation. In
face of German threat Novgorod has to return the throne to prince of Vladimir.
Yaroslav's marriage to Mstislav's daughter is disolved.
|
|
| |
1216 AD
|
In third clash of the
Vsyevolodichi for control of Vladimir Konstantin has Rostislavichi and Novgorod
allies. Yuri and Yaroslav and Svyatoslav have troops from Murom and the
Brodniki. Battle of Lipitsa River near Yur'yev-Pol'ski on 21 April. In this
bloody battle regiments from Novgorod fight those from Suzdal. One contains 13
styagi and the other 17. (A styag was a banner, signifying a company under the
command of a junior boyar or prince) A "kop'ya" or lance was the
smallest unit composed of a commander and a small number of retainers. The
Novgorodian contingent is commanded by Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi. Konstantin
and the Rostoslavichi win full victory. Yuri flees to Vladimir. Yaroslavl flees
to Periaslavl Zaleski. Yuri surrenders when Rostoslavichi (Smoensk) troops
reach Vladimir. Mstislav sends him to Gorodets. Yaroslav surrenders but looses
wife (Mstislav's daughter). Following the battle Konstantin Vsyevolodovich
unites Rostov and Vladimir principalities under his rule as Grand prince of
Vladimir. Konstantin's sons - Vasil'ko to Rostov and Vsyevolod to Yaroslavl.
Then Yuri gets Suzdal back.
|
|
| |
1216 AD
|
The same year Mstislav
Mstislavich leads Novgorod troops into Livonia as far as Riga.
|
|
| |
1216-22 AD
|
John Sverkersson, King of Sweden
|
|
|
1216-17 AD
|
Peter of Courtenay, Latin
emperor at Byzantium
|
|
| |
1216-17 AD
|
Mstislav Mstislavich visits Kyiv
to see Mstislav Romanovich.
|
|
| |
1217 AD
|
The Knights of the Cross build a
fortress at Odenpa in eastern Estonia. They attack Russian villages on the
Feast of Epiphany, 16 January.
. |
|
| |
1217 AD
|
The combined armies of Novgorod
(led by Mstislav Mstislavich) and Estonia campaign successfully in southern
Estonia. Heinrick the Lithuanian in the "Chronicle of Livonia" writes
"In 1217 the Novgorodians gathered a force headed by the Pskov king
Vladimir and his subjects. They gathered strength throughout Estonia, leading
the Est in siege against the Knights of the Cross."
|
|
| |
1217 AD
|
Svyatoslav Vsyevolodich rules
Yur'ev-Pol'ski. Gleb Vladimirovich and Konstantin Vladimirovich are murdered.
Ingvar and Yuri Igor'yevich survive in Ryazan.
|
|
| |
1217 AD
|
Chepe leads two Mongol toumans to
conquer Qara Khitai.
|
|
|
1217-19 AD
|
Yolande, Latin ruler at
Byzantium.
|
|
| |
1218 AD
|
Chingiz Khan conquers Qara-Khitan
Empire, He begins campaign against Mohammed Shah (Ala-al-Din Mohammed).
|
|
| |
1218 or 19? AD
|
Volga Bolgars raid Sukhoma River,
capture Ustyug fortress and are defeated at the Unzha river..
|
|
| |
1218 AD
|
Mstislav Mstislavich campaigns
into Galicia. He has his cousin, Vladimir Rurikovich and the Polotsk army.
Kaloman is arrested.
|
|
|
1218 AD
|
Konstantin Vsyevolodovich, grand
prince of Vladimir, dies and Yuri II Vsyevolodich becomes Grand prince.
Yaroslav remains at Periaslavl-Zaleski.
|
|
| |
1218 AD
|
The Novgorodian-Pskov army
reaches and besieges Venden, the citadel of the Livonian Order.
|
|
| |
1218-19 AD
|
The daughter of Mstislav
Mstislavich Udaloi, Predslava, weds Daniil Romanovich, prince of Galicia.
Bishop Albert makes his brother, Engelbert, prior of Saint Mary's and marries
his brother, Theodoric, to a daughter of the Prince of Pskov, Vladimir
Mstislavich. This last does not meet the approval of the Pskov veche, so they
chase Vladimir out of town.
|
|
| |
1219 AD
|
Volga Bolgar campaign against
Vladimir- Suzdal.
|
|
| |
1219 AD
|
Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi, the
politically adept one, attempts to expel the Hungarian heir, Koloman, from
Galich with Polovtsi aid. Mstislav's father-in-law is Khan Kotyan, but even the
Polovtsi with other princes can not dislodge the Hungarians. Mstislav is driven
out by Poles and Hungarians and Kaloman is back.
|
|
| |
1219 AD
|
Valdemar II, King of Denmark,
conquers Estonia. The Danish army captures the Est village, Lindanis; and
founds a "Danish" city, Tallinn - Revel. The bishop of Riga issues an
edict establishing a bishopric for the Danish lands.
|
|
|
1219 AD
|
Sudak campaign
|
|
| |
1219 AD
|
Chingiz Khan invades Khwarazm
Empire of 'Ala' al-Din Mohammad II, Battle of Jand, one of the four Mongol
armies draws Mohammed's forces into a drawn battle in Ferghana Valley
|
|
|
1219-28 AD
|
Robert of Courtnay, Latin
emperor at Byzantium
|
|
| |
1219-1263 AD
|
Mindaugas, ruler of Lithuania,
king from 1253
|
|
| |
1220 AD
|
Mstislav Mstislavich returns to
Galicia with larger army of Mstislav Romanovich, Prince of Kyiv. Campaign is
indecisive.
|
|
|
1220 AD
|
Russian campaign of Prince Yuri
Vsyevolodovich. He sends druzhina of four princes (Svyatoslav Vsyevolodovich of
Suzdal, Vasil'ko Konstantinovich of Rostov, and two Murom princes, Svyatoslav
Davidovich and Oleg Yur'yevich) against Volga Bolgar. They sail down the Volga
to Oshel (Ashla) and capture it after siege. Three Bolgar embassies sue for
peace.
|
|
| |
1220 AD
|
Yuri Vsyevolodovich replaces the
Rostislavichi prince in Novgorod with his own son.
|
|
| |
1220 AD
|
The Teutonic Knights capture much
of the western Polotsk lands.
|
|
| |
1220 AD
|
Four Mongol armies advance from
different directions to overwhelm Khwarezm, Mohammed flees. Mongols conplete
conquest of Central Asia.
|
|
| |
1221-22 AD
|
Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi
decides to go make a career in Galicia and so informs the people of Novgorod.
He takes large army to Galicia including units of Mstislav Romanovich of Kyiv
and other Rostislavichi and Ol'govichi from Turov, Lutsk and Yaroslav
Vsyevolodich of Suzdal and Periaslavl Zaleski. Polovtsi troops also included.
They fight two battles, one on Seret river east of Galich and the other nearer
to thecity. The Hungarians and Poles are defeated. Galich is taken after 17-day
siege. Kaloman again a prisoner. In 1218 Mstislav Mstislavich is replaced at
Novgorod by Mstislav Romanovich's second son, Vsyevolod, but Novgorodinas tell
Vsyevolod to leave in 1221.
|
|
| |
1221-22 AD
|
Troops from Smolensk capture
Polotsk.
|
|
| |
1221 AD
|
Rus-Bulgar 6 year truce sign at
Gorodetz-na-Oka near Kasimov by Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, Yuri
Vsyevolodovich, and a Bulgar ambassador- this is the border of two
principalities - they agree to exchange prisoners. Yuri establishes frontier
fortress town at Nizhni-Novgorod at confluence of Oka and Volga.
|
|
| |
1221 AD
|
The Seljuk sultan, ala ad-Din
Keikebad, acting in response to a complaint from a merchant who had been
ambushed in the "Khazar Pass", sends an army (and navy?) to Crimea
where it defeats a Rus-Polovtsi force. The Seljuks want to divert Crimean trade
from Trebizond to their port at Sinope. When Mstislav Mstislavich brings
reenforcements, he is prevented from attacking because the Seljuks hold
hostages.
|
|
| |
1221 AD
|
Battle of Pirvan: Mohammed's son,
Jellaluddin, attempts to stem Mongol advance and defeats their advance guard in
Hindu Kush; Battle of Indus: Chingis Khan leads major forces to drive
Jellaluddin across the Indus and ravage parts of Punjab. Conquest of Ghazni
consolidated to 1224. Chepe and Subodai lead Mongol detachment into Caucasus.
|
|
|
1222-54 AD
|
John III, Byzantine emperor at
Nicea.
|
|
| |
1222 AD
|
The Ests aid the
Novgorodian-Pskovite army to wipe out Livonian knight garrisons at Ezel, Fellin
and Odenp. The Novgorodian prince, Yaroslav Vsyevolodivich brings 20,000 troops
to grab all Livonia up to Revel. Yaroslav sends Prince Vyachko with a Rus
druzhina to Yur'yev.
|
|
| |
1222 AD
|
In support of Mstislav
Mstislavich Udaloi, the combined forces of Kyivan Prince Mstislav Romanovich
the Old (who died the following year), Vladimir Rurikovich, Rostislav
Davydovich, Rostislav Mstislavich (the son of Mstislav the Old), and the
Polovtsi of Khan Khotyan succeed in defeating the Hungarians and Poles at
Galich.
|
|
| |
1222 AD
|
First Mongol attack, they attack
Georgia, cross Caucasus, attack Alans and Kypchak( Polovtsi).
|
|
| |
1223 AD
|
The Rostislavichi now hold most
of southern Rus and Smolensk.
|
|
| |
1223 AD
|
Vladimir Rurikovich Grand Prince
of Kyiv: Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich elected prince of Novgorod. Yaroslav
unsuccessfully besieges Revel fortress.
|
|
|
1223 or 4? AD
|
Mongols continue and destroy
Russian-Kypchak army on Kalka River. The Rus army is commanded by the three
Mstislavs,: Mstislav Mstislavich (The Galician) Udaloi, who is son-in-law of
Polovtsi Khan Khotyan, Mstislav Svyatoslavich Chormnyi of Chernigiv and
Mstislav the Old of Kyiv. But no Ryazantsi princes participate. They decide to
move east into steppe to confront the unknown Tatar menace. They move down the
Dniper and meet two Tatar delegations along the way but dismiss them. At
Periaslavl they are reenforced from Smolensk, Chernigiv and Galicia and
continue to Protolochi. Mstislav's lack of forsight in assessing the Mongols
and his tenuous ties with the leader of the "Brodniki" who populated
the Don region and replenished the Mongols, results in Mstislav surrendering to
the Mongols. About half the Rus princes including Mstislav Romanovich of Kyiv,
Svyatoslav of Konev, Mstislav Svyatoslavich of Chernigiv, Dmitri Mstislavich of
Chernigiv, Izyaslav Ingvar'yevich, Syyatoslav of Shumsk, Alexandr Dubrovtsa,
Yuri Nesvezh and Andrei, son in law of Mstislavich are killed. Mstislav
Mstislavich Udaloi escapes. The sack of Sudak, is described by Ibn- al-Athir.
|
|
|
1223 AD
|
Tribute ship from Chersonesus to
Trebizond captured at Sinope by Seljuk Turks, recovered by campaign from
Trebizond.
|
|
| |
1224 AD
|
The Livonian knights capture
Yur'yev. The Talavy area, south east Lithuania around Yur'yev, is divided
between the Bishop of Riga and the Teutonic Order. An independent bishopric is
founded at Derpt- Yur'yev. The Est are nearly wiped out and the Russians chased
out of Estonia.
|
|
| |
1224 AD
|
Vladimir Ryurikovich assumes the
throne of Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1225 AD
|
Battle of Torzhok. Following a
period of political infighting among the Novgorod boyars on the one hand and
the Vsyevolodovich brothers on the other, the Novgorod boyars gain enough
political clout to bring in their own prince, Mstislav Mstislavich of Smolensk,
and then his brother, Vsyevolod Mstislavich.
|
|
|
1225 AD
|
Possible naval landing or land
campaign via Caucasus by Seljuk Turks from Sinope commanded by Husam-al-Din
Chupan to capture Sudak and divert trade from Trebizond?? They establish a
protectorate.
|
|
| |
1225 AD
|
Khan Khotyan, who also escaped
death at Kalka river, helps his son-in-law, Mstislav Mstislavich, campaign in
Galicia.
|
|
| |
1226 AD
|
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II
issues new bull of Rimini that raises status of the Teutonic Knights in the HRE
and grants them Prussia.
|
|
| |
1226 AD
|
Battle of the Yellow River,
Mongols invade Hsia in winter along frozen rivers. Tanguts attempt defense but
are overthrown.
|
|
| |
1226-28 AD
|
Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich again
elected prince of Novgorod
|
|
| |
1226 AD
|
Yelena Mstislavna, daughter of
Novgorod (then Galicia) Prince Mstislav Udaloi, marries the Hungarian heir and
future king Andrew III.
|
|
| |
1226 AD
|
The campaign against the
neighbors of the Korelians, the "En or Yen" leads to a revanche in
1228 in which the inhabitants around Lake Ladoga led by their posadnik defeat
the attackers.
|
|
| |
1226 AD
|
Battle of Toropets. The
Lithuanians are defeated by the Novgorodian druzhina of Prince Yaroslav
Vsyevolodich and the city's prince, David Mstislavich, brother of Mstislav
Udaloi.
|
|
| |
1227 AD
|
The Knights of the Sword besiege
the Est citadel at Muhu.
|
|
| |
1227 AD
|
Yuri Vsyevolodich sends Vsyevolod
Konstantinovich to rule Periaslavl.
|
|
| |
1227 AD
|
Mongols defeat Hsia and Chin:
Chingiz Khan dies.
|
|
| |
1227-79 AD
|
Boleslav V, King of Poland
|
|
|
1228-61 AD
|
Baldwin II, Latin emperor at
Byzantium
|
|
| |
1228 AD
|
Death of Mstislav Mstislavich
Udaloi.
|
|
| |
1228 AD
|
Conflict begins between Vladimir
Ryurikovich and Daniil Romanovich because Vladimir's brother, Rostoslav was
upset that Daniil had taken the appanage of Chertoryisk and that Vladimir's
father, Ryurik, had been forced to become a monk by Danil's father, Roman. The
opponents are the grandsons of the brothers, Izyaslav and Rostislav. Vladimir
joins into the fight against Daniil. The new prince of Chernigiv, Mikhail
Vsyevolodovich, and Khotyan with all the Polovtsi warriors and those of the
Turov and Pinsk princes campaign against Daniil's appanages. This coalition
poses a real threat to the Hungarian heir and the Hungarian presence in Galich
and thus is a real political threat to Daniil. He turns for help to the Poles
and simultaneously enters into talks with Khotyan to sway him over to his side.
Instead of joining Vladimir, Khotyan's Polovtsi troops raid the countryside.
The military actions of the allies begin with an assault on Kamenets on the
Sluch River, which are beaten off, so they return home. Meanwhile the Polish
forces reach Daniil and he advances against Kyiv. Vladimir and Mikhail do not
expect this turn of affairs. They conclude a peace with Daniil.
|
|
| |
1229 AD
|
Daniil Romanovich of Galitski
uses his Polovtsi allies against Hungary that was threatening his new kingdom
of Galicia.
|
|
| |
1229 AD
|
Peace treaty of 6 years between
Vladimir-Suzdal and Bolgars at border - Karenev on Volga - Grand prince of
Vladimir-Suzdal Yuri Vsyevolodivh and Bulgar ambassadors - agree to free
prisoners and open free trade and fishing rights
|
|
| |
1229 AD
|
Conrad of Masovia, Duke of
Poland, calls for aid and Teutonic Knights are sent into Prussia to crusade
against pagans in Baltic region.
|
|
| |
1229 -41 AD
|
Ogodei, Great Khan of Mongol
empire.
|
|
| |
1230 AD
|
Pope Gregory IX authorises the
Teutonic Order to conquer the Prussians.
|
|
| |
1230 AD
|
King Henry III of England grants
special privileges to Gotland merchants and pension to the Teutonic knights to
encourage trade between Baltic and England.
|
|
| |
1230 AD
|
By now the various Rus princes
have realigned their forces. Vladimir joins Danil because his relations with
the Ol'govich turn sour. The new Chernigiv Prince, Mikhail Vsyevolodovich ( the
former prince having died at the Kalka) grabs the throne from his uncle the
prince of Kursk, Oleg Igorevich. Vladimir sides with Mikhail and sends the
metropolitan, Kiril, to restore peace between the opponents.
|
|
| |
1230-36 AD
|
Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich again
elected prince of Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1230-39 AD
|
Hermann Balk, Provincial Master
of Teutonic Knights in Prussia. Knights begin conquest of western Prussians -
to 1240.
|
|
| |
1230-53 AD
|
Wenceslas I, King of Bohemia.
|
|
| |
1231-34 AD
|
Mongols ally with Sung to
complete destruction of Chin state. Kaifeng falls after siege by Subotai.
|
|
| |
1231-36
|
Mongols complete conquest of
Persia, Georgia, Armenia et cetera.
|
|
| |
1234 AD
|
Last battle between Rus princes
and Polovtsi, Polovtsi capture Grand Prince Vladimir IV Rurikovich who is then
ransomed.
|
|
| |
1234 AD
|
Battle of Yemaiyigi (Embakh)
River. Prince Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich and his fourteen year old son, Alexander
(later Nevski), force the Order knights onto the ice of the Omovzha River where
many are drowned and others manage to reach Yur'yev. The Grossmeister of the
Teutonic knights, Volquin von Vingershtein, concluds a peace with Yaroslav
Vsyevolodovich which is observed for four years.
|
|
| |
1234 AD
|
Battle of Derpt, Yur'yev.
Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich receives the appanage of the cities of Pereyaslavl
Zaleski, Dmitrov, and Tver. The Novgorodians invited prince Yaroslav to rule in
1215. In this battle he mets the knights outside Yur'yev. Many knights of the
Sword are drowned. The same year the Lithuanians attacked the knights of the
Sword and drove east to Torshok, near Tver, where they are repulsed by Yaroslav
Vsyevolodovich's druzhina and chased clear to Toropets.
|
|
| |
1235 AD
|
Mongol leaders under Khan Ogodei
hold kuriltay to plan conquest of the world. They decide on four simultaneous
campaigns: against Korea, against Sung south China, against Iraq (Abbasid
Caliph), Syria and Transcaucasia, and against Europe.
|
|
| |
1235 AD
|
Oblivious to the coming storm
from the East, Prince Michael Chernigovskii, under the banner of Izyaslav
Vladimirovich, the grandson of the famous Prince Igor, captures and sacks Kyiv.
Both he and his opponent, Danil Romanovich Volynskii rely on Polovtsi weapons
and troops. Their loyalties are swayed by intermarriages of Russian princes and
Polovetsian beauties. Izyaslav sits on the throne in Kyiv. Michael chases
Daniil out of Galich into Hungary.
|
|
| |
1235 AD
|
The battle at Mogil'no. The
western princes unite against the main Lithuanian force led by Prince Ringol'd.
The battle taks place where the Ditva river falls into the Neiman in modern
Belarus. The Rus are led by the prince of Drutsk, Dmitrii, the druzhina of the
prince of Volynsk, Prince Lev Danilovich and the brother of the great prince,
Yuri Vsyevolodovich, Svyatoslav of Starodub. The Rus suffer a humiliating
defeat at the hands of the Lithuanians
. |
|
| |
1236 AD
|
Battle of the Shaulya (Saule)
River on 21 September. Also known as the battle of Kamenka, a small village on
the boundary between Latvia and Lithuania. The site is disputed. Undere the
leadership of Mindovg the Lithuanians unite their lands. At the Shaulya Prince
Ringol'd defeats the Teutonic knights led by the Grossmeister, with Count
Dannenberg and Count Hazel'dorf of the German knights of the Cross. Also
participating are princes of Volyn; with their companies of Galicians. The
heavily armed knights are annihilatred. The Grossmeister of the Teutonic
knights, Volquin von Vingerstein, Dannenberg and Hazel'dorf are killed. Also
killed are 48 company commanders and the entire command of the knights of the
Cross. Pope Gergory calls for days of grieving. Ringold changes allegiance to
Latvia.
|
|
| |
1236 AD
|
Mikhail Vsyevolodovich Grand
Prince of Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1236-7 AD
|
Batu and Subudei lead Mongol army
against Volga Bolgars, Mongka leads another army against the Polovtsi
(Kypchaks).
|
|
| |
1236-40 AD
|
Aleksandr Yaroslavich (Nevski)
elected prince of Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1237 AD
|
The battle of Dorogichin. The
druzhina of Prince Danil Romanovich of Galicia, grandson of Kyivan Prince
Mstislav Izyaslavich and son of Roman Mstislavich who had crearted the powerful
Volyni-Galicia principality. defeats the Livonian knights lead by Magistrate B
runo.,
|
|
| |
1237 AD
|
Battle of the River Memel'. The
river is a tributary of the Neiman on its lower course near where it empties
into Konigsberg bay. A powerful Teutonic fortress was located here. In a bloody
battle the Lithuanians defeated the combined forces of the Teutonic and
Livonian knights plus units from western Europe and Pskov.
|
|
| |
1237 AD
|
Hermann Balk now provincial
master in Livonia also after the Teutonic Knights unite with the Livonian
Brothers: They capture Courland and spread control along entire south Baltic
coast.
|
|
|
1237-8 AD
|
Batu leads second Mongol
invasion to conquer Rus, Cumans (Polovtsi, or Kypchaks) and Crimea -Yurii II
Vsyevolodovich , Grand Prince of Vladimir, killed in battle with Mongols as are
his two sons. Ryazan captured on 12 Dec 1237, then Moscow, then Vladimir on 8
Feb 1238 after week long siege. Yuri killed on 4 March on Siti River. One
Mongol detachment takes Rostov, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, and Vologda. Another
Mongol detachment attacks Peryeyaslavl, Tver, Uglich, Kashin and Torshok. At
Tver the son of prince of Novgorod and Peryeyaslvl is killed. Torshok is
heavily fortified city and holds out for 2 weeks until 5 March, disrupting the
Mongol time table. Kashin is first mentioned in chronicles in this campaign.
Mongols spend rest of 1238 regrouping and obtaining more horses in steppe
region.
|
|
|
1238-46 AD
|
Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich,
prince of Peryeyaslavl, and sometime elected prince of Novgorod, who luckily
was in Lithuania when the Mongols arrived, elected Grand Prince of Vladimir
after death of his brother, Yuri II, at Siti River, in Sonkovski rayon. He dies
in Mongolia in 1246.
|
|
| |
1238-42, and 1244-6 AD
|
Dietrich v Gruningen, provincial
master of Teutonic Knights for Livonia
|
|
| |
1239-44 AD
|
Heinrich v Weide, provincial
master of Teutonic Knights for Prussia
|
|
|
1239 AD
|
Monka leads Mongol detachment to
conquer Alans and Circassians in north Caucasus region. Batu completes
subjugation of Kypchaks except for 40,000 who flee to Hungary. Mongols conquer
Tibet. Mongols plunder Sudak, also devastate Theodoro and impose tribute, Tatar
capital at Solkhat (Eski-krim), Mongols sack Chernigiv and Pereiaslavl.
Chernigiv is defended by Mstislav Glebovich.
|
|
| |
1239 AD
|
The Lithuanians capture Smolensk
but are then chased out by Yaroslav.
|
|
| |
1239 AD
|
Yaroslav Ingvarevich, who in 1229
had received from Danil the appanages of Mezhibozh'e and Peremil', campaigns to
Kamenets, captures the city and many people including Michael's wife. Danil
Romanovich steps in and frees the princess.
|
|
| |
1239 AD
|
Alexander Yaroslavich (later
Nevski) builds wooden palisade fortress on the Shelon' river near Novgorod.
Following his marriage to Alexandra Praskov'ya, daughter of the Polotsk prince
Bryachislav at Toropets, Alexander returns to Novgorod. He then founds the
city, Porkhov on the Shelon' and builds more palisaded fortresses in the
region. But Mindovg chases Bryachislav out of Polotsk and places his own
son-in-law, Tovtivila, on the throne, thereby taking control of the entire
Polotsk region.
|
|
|
1240 AD
|
Batu's cousin, Mengu, who had
already secretly entered the city on reconaissance, sends emissaries to Michael
Vsyevolodovich who is ruling Kyiv, offering terms. Instead Michel has the
ambassadors killed, then he and Daniel Romanovich flee the city. Mongol
campaign sacks Kyiv in the fall. The Mongol army is spread thin over winter
from Caucasus and Crimea to Carpathians. Many Kypchak flee to Hungary where
they settle.
|
|
| |
1240 AD
|
Alexander Yaroslavich defeats
Swedish force led by Earl Birger, who is attempting to block Novgorod's access
to the sea, on Neva River. Livonian Knights move to capture Pskov but their
allies in the Teutonic Order are diverted by the call from the Duke of Silesia
to aid Poland against the Mongols
|
|
| |
1240 AD
|
The knights of the Order with
detachments from the Dutch king and Bishop of Derpt defeat the Pskovian army
led by the voyevode Gavrilya Gorislavich and capture the fortress at Izorsko,
killing all the local inhabitants. On 16 Sept the German knights aided by
Germanophile Pskovian boyars capture the city. Alexander Yaroslavich's army is
too weak for him to assist. Alexander flees Novgorod to Pereyaslavl. The
Novgorodians receive help from Andrei, another son of Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich,
but he is unable to stop the German advance.
|
|
|
1240 AD
|
Document mentions Alans live
near Chersonesus, Theodoro, Bishop of Alania.
|
|
| |
1240 AD
|
Mindovg, Lithuanian chieftan,
converts to Christianity and is given crown by Innocent IV.
|
|
| |
1241 AD
|
Mongols resume offensive. Mongol
detachment wins battle at Liegnitz (April 9th) over Germans lead by Henrick the
Good, where many Teutonic Knights are killed, and main army of Batu and Subudai
destroy Hungarians led by King Bela IV at confluence of Tisa and Sajo Rivers on
11 April. Northern detachment turns south from Silesia to move rapidly throught
Bohemia and Moravia. Bohemian king Vaclav wins minor skirmish over one Mongol
band near Kladsko, but the Mongols are in a hurry to reach Hungary and don't
take time to bother with Bohemians. Hungarian king Bela rallies support in
Croatia. Emperor Frederick II, Pope Gregory IX, and various western rulers all
issue appeals to each other to move against the Mongols, but no one makes a
move.
|
|
| |
1241 AD
|
Livonian Knights with support
from remaining Teutonic Order begin campaign against Novgorod and capture
Pskov. With support of mercenary Lithuanians, Ests and the
always-ready-for-a-fight, Livs, they take Kopor'ye and Tesov on the Oredezh
River and approach Novgorod. Aleksandr moves around this force and retakes
Kopor'ye, hanging traitors amongst the Chud and Vod clans.
|
|
| |
1241 AD
|
In December Mongols cross frozen
Danube and invade Croatia to capture Zagreb and overrun Dalmatian coast.
Another Mongol detachment reaches Klosterneuburg near Vienna. Batu prepares
campaign into Austria and Central Europe.
|
|
| |
1241 AD
|
Death of Ogodei on 11 December.
|
|
| |
1241-55 AD
|
Aleksandr Nevski returns to
Novgorod in March and is again elected prince.
|
|
|
1242 AD
|
Batu receives word of Ogodei's
death and starts back toward Mongolia in order to influence next election.
Tatar-Mongols again sack Crimea.
|
|
| |
1242 AD
|
Batu establishes khanate of Ulus
of Jochi (Great or Kypchak khanate) at Sarai on Volga.
|
|
| |
1242 AD
|
Livonian and Teutonic Knights
march against Novgorod. Andrei Yaroslavich is sent by the new grand prince, of
Vladimir, Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich to assist Alexandr at Novgorod. After
liberating Pskov, they meet the Germans at the "Uzmen" at the
Vorontei stone and defeat them on 5 April at frozen Lake Peipus (lake Chud).
500 knights are killed and 50 taken prisoner. At this Prussians revolt.
|
|
| |
1243 AD
|
Batu confirms Yaroslav II
Vsyevolodovich as Grand Prince of Vladimir and the yarlik for Kyiv.
Yaroslav sends his son, Constantine, to Sarai where he remained 2 years.
Yaroslav is then summoned to the Mongol capital for the election of the new
great Khan.
|
|
| |
1243-44 AD
|
Rostislav Mikhailovich of
Chernigov, who had married the daughter of Bela IV of Hungary, brings the
Little Poland king Boleslav the Shameful into the fight for Galich. Danil
Romanovich combines forces with Conrad of Mazovia and the Lithuanian prince
Mindovg and wins victory over Rostislav.
|
|
| |
1244-46 AD
|
Poppo v Osternach, provincial
master of Teutonic Knights in Prussia.
|
|
| |
1244 AD
|
Egyptian sultan encourages
Khorezmians (Turcomans), defeated by Mongols, to move to Iraq and Syria and in
July they capture Jerusalem.
|
|
| |
1245 AD
|
Princes Daniil of Galicia and
Vasilko of Volynia defeat Prince Rostislav of Chernigov (despite his support by
Poles and Hungarians).
|
|
| |
1245 AD
|
John of Plano Carpini begins
journey as Papal envoy to Mongol khan at Qaraqorum - Daniil of Galicia goes to
Sarai to obtain yarlik and avoid a Mongol governor going to Galicia.
Batu confirms Daniil Romanovich as Prince of Galicia and Volynia.
|
|
| |
1245 AD
|
Pope Innocent IV preaches Seventh
Crusade at Council of Lyon, King Louis IX of France takes leadership of this
crusade.
|
|
| |
1246 AD
|
Daniil aquieses to Khan's
demandfor tribute. Mikhail Vsyevolodovich, Grand Prince of Kyiv and Prince of
Chernigov, also goes to see Batu but refuses to kowtow and is executed. This
strengthens Daniil's position.
|
|
| |
1246-48 AD
|
Kuriltay electes Guyuk, Great
Khan of Mongols; Yaroslav II, Grand prince of Vladimir: Kilij-Arslan IV, Seljuk
sultan: David V, King of Georgia, are among the attendees along with the envoy
of Pope Innocent. Guyuk decides to concentrate Mongol effort against Egypt in
cooperation with Christians in Palestine. Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich dies in
Mongolia (poisoned?).
|
|
|
1246-48 AD
|
Svyatoslav III, Vsyevolodovich,
Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
| |
1246 AD
|
Daniil reorganizes Galician army
along Mongol lines and equips it with Mongol arms and armor.
|
|
| |
1246-59 AD
|
Dietrich v Gruningen, provincial
master of Teutonic Knights for Prussia.
|
|
|
1246 AD
|
John de Plano Carpini passes
through Ukraine but not Crimea on way to Sarai.
|
|
| |
1247-1485 AD
|
Tver independent principality,
how and why not clear. As of 1245 it still had a namestnik of Yaroslav, but
with his death the area was again divided. The first prince of Tver was
Yaroslav Yaroslavich. Tver principality was formed from parts of the Vladimir
Grand Principality, part of Novgorod land and part of Smolensk principality.
The chronicles mention Tver, Kashin, Zubtsov, Staritsa, Klin, Kholm, Mikulin,
Ksnyatin, Khorvach, and Belii Gorodok. The town soon had a strong kremlin
surrounded by a high earthen rampart and water filled ditch and topped by
strong wooden stockade wall.
|
|
| |
1248-53 AD
|
Andreas v Stierland, provincial
master of Teutonic Knights for Livonia.
|
|
|
1248 AD
|
Mikhail Yaroslavich Khrabri,
briefly Grand prince of Vladimir after chasing Svyatoslav III Vsyevolodovich
out of Vladimir.
|
|
|
1248-52 AD
|
Guyuk gives yarlik to
Andrei II Yaroslavich, as Grand Prince of Vladimir and appoints his brother,
Alexander (Nevski), as Prince of Kyiv. Khan Guyuk dies in 1248, campaign to
Palestine put on hold. In 1249 Andrew returns to Vladimir and Alexander goes to
Novgorod instead of Kyiv.
|
|
| |
1249 AD
|
Swedish leader, Birger Jarl,
conquers central Finland - Treaty of Christburg.
|
|
| |
1249 AD
|
Mikhail Yaroslavich is killed
during battle of Protva River against Lithuanians.
|
|
|
1249 AD
|
Sudak celebrates
"liberation" from Mongol-Tatars, but they pay tribute for the
privilege of local self-government. Tatar capital in Crimea is at Solkhat, a
one-day trip across the mountains from Sudak, on the caravan route to Perekop.
Arab author Ibn-abd-az-Zakhir mentions that at Solkhat there are Alans,
Russians, and Kypchaks among the diverse population.
|
|
| |
1250s AD
|
Lithuanian tribes under strong
leadership of princes such as Mendovg with their druzhina begin offensive
movement to south and east into Ukraine and Russia. They gain control of
Grodno, Volkovysk, Slonim, Polotsk and Vitebsk. In the process the Lithuanians
absorb Russian military skills and culture.
|
|
| |
1250-52 AD
|
Abel, King of Denmark.
|
|
| |
1250-75 AD
|
Valdemar, King of Sweden.
|
|
| |
1250 AD
|
Mamluks seize power in Egypt.
|
|
| |
1251-59 AD
|
Mongke, Great Khan of the Mongols
as result of alliance between himself and Batu and over wishes of descendents
of Jagatay and Ogodei. Batu's son, Sartak, becomes Christian and is placed in
charge of Russian affairs.
|
|
| |
1251 AD
|
Daniil of Galicia marries
daughter of Mendovg of Lithuania as one of a series of dynastic marriages and
attempts to acquire an ally against the Mongols.
|
|
| |
1251 AD
|
On death of Sviatoslav in 1248
Andrei of Suzdal is appointed Grand Prince. Aleksandr goes again to Sarai for
confirmation by Batu, but Andrew refuses to go. Sartak leads Mongol army to
Vladimir in 1252 and defeats Andrew near Peryeyaslavl-in-Suzdalia then
devastates region. Andrei flees to Novgorod and the nto Sweden to evade Mongol
pursuit. Sartak gives yarlik for Vladimir to Aleksandr.
|
|
| |
1252-59 AD
|
Christopher I, King of Denmark.
|
|
|
1252-63 AD
|
Aleksandr Yaroslavich, Nevski,
Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
| |
1252 AD
|
Tatar army led by Burundai
campaigns against Lithuanian principalities of Aukahtaitiya and Zhemaitiya.
Lithuanians harrass Tatars but avoid major battles, thereby maintaining their
independence.
|
|
| |
1252 AD
|
Mongka orders new census and
conscription throughout empire in support of campaign in China. This increases
Mongol pressure in Russia. Mongols begin conquest of Sung empire, south China.
|
|
|
1253, 21 May
|
Friar William de Rubriquis
passes through Sudak on his way from Acre to Sarai and Mongolia. He describes
it as major trade center, and discusses Crimea in general. He notes that he met
there some of the same merchants he had met in Constantinople. (Did these
include Venetians?)
|
|
| |
1253-6 AD
|
Anno v Sangershausen, provincial
master in Livonia.
|
|
| |
1253-78 AD
|
Ottokar II, expands territories
of Bohemia, opens silver mines.
|
|
|
1253-99 AD
|
War between Genoa and Venice
breaks out at Acre, spreads throughout Med and Black Seas.
|
|
|
1253 AD
|
Abulfeda mentions Kerker
(Qurq-ier - Chufut Kale).
|
|
| |
1253 AD
|
Daniil Romanovich of
Volynia-Galicia seeks aid from western states (Hungary and Germany) and the
Pope to start a crusade against the Mongols, without success. Tatar army of
Nevruya attacks Pereyaslav'-Zaleskii and another of Kurems attacks south
Russia. These are driven back by Daniil. Daniil then wages war against Mindovg
in Lithuania. Daniil attempts dynastic alliances. He marries sister of Tovtivil
of Lithuania while his son, Roman, marries Gertrud, daughter of the Austrian
prince Fredrick.
|
|
| |
1253 AD
|
Mongol army of Hulagu, Mongka's
brother, prepares for campaign against Persia and Iraq: Another brother,
Kubilay, begins campaign in China.
|
|
| |
1255AD
|
Ottokar II of Bohemia allies with
Teutonic Knights against Prussians.
|
|
|
1255 AD
|
Batu Khan dies ,succeeded by
Sartak: Hulagu reaches Samarkand in September.
|
|
| |
1255 AD
|
Alexandr Nevski and his brother,
Andrei in battle for throne of Vladimir, Yaroslav of Tver supports Andrei. The
Tatars interveen and defeat Andrei on Klyazma river. Yaroslav flees, his wife
is killed and his son taken prisoner.
|
|
| |
1256 AD
|
Sartaq, Khan of the Kipchak
Khanate, dies shortly after accession. (maybe poisoned) He is succeeded by his
brother, Ulagchi, who calls all Russian princes to Sarai and confirms their
yarliks and orders a new census and further conscription.
|
|
| |
1256 AD
|
Daniil of Galicia begins to defy
Mongols by driving their troops out of Podolia and Volynia. Mongols are busy in
northern Russia and conductd only small, local punitive raids before
withdrawing into steppe.
|
|
| |
1256 AD
|
Hulagu crosses Amu Daria River in
January and reinforcements from Kypchak Khanate strengthen his army further.
|
|
| |
1256-7 AD
|
Mongol armies destroy many
Assassin castles in Persia.
|
|
| |
1257 AD
|
Mongol officials arrive in
Riazan, Murom and Vladimir to conduct census. New Mongol administrative
apparatus is established to control Russian princes. Vladimir area aquiesses,
but Novgorod tries to reject Mongols.
|
|
| |
1257 AD
|
Mongol armies reach Tongking
south of China.
|
|
|
1258-1266 AD
|
Ulagchi dies, then Batu's
brother, Berke, a Moslem convert, becomes Khan of Kypchak Horde, Mongol census
of Rus begins. Berke supports alliance with Mamlukes in Egypt against his
cousin, Hulagu. Berke shifts Mongol attention from northern Russia to Middle
East and western Russia.
|
|
| |
1258-9 AD
|
Aleksandr Nevski and Andrii go
with Mongol officials to Novgorod to impress on people the futility of
resistance. Nevertheless Novgorodians start a riot and Aleksandr has to use
troops from Vladimir to protect Mongol officials and suppress riot. The census
proceeded and Novgorodcitizens are conscripted into Mongol army for duty in
China. Novgorod avoids stationing of permanent Mongol officials.
|
|
|
1258 AD
|
Venice defeats Genoa in naval
war.
|
|
| |
1258 AD
|
Yaroslav III Yaroslavich receives
yarlik for Tver principality.
|
|
| |
1258 AD
|
In February Hulegu sacks Baghdad,
last Abbasid Caliph executed, contingents of Kypchak Horde sent by Ulagchi
participate. Mongols reorganize and rest in preparation for campaign against
Egypt.
|
|
| |
1258 AD
|
Mendovg changes policy of
alliance with Daniil and arrests Danil's son, Roman, leaving Daniil without an
ally against the Mongols.
|
|
| |
1259 AD
|
Hulagu prepares to invade Syria.
|
|
| |
1259 AD
|
Mongka dies of dysentery
contracted while supervising operations in China. Kubilay concludes tgruce with
Sungs and prepares to contest the Mongol succession. Hulagu returns to Mongolia
leaving small army consisting of a single Turkish division with Mongol officers
under command of the Nestorian Christian general, Kit-Buka.
|
|
| |
1259 AD
|
Berke replaces Mongol general
(Kurumshi) in Podolia with new and more active commander (Burunday) with orders
to suppress Daniil's independence and the Lithuanian expansion. Burunday orders
Daniil and Russian princes to support his initial campaign against Lithuanians.
Combined Mongol-Russian army raids Lithuania and seizes booty, but Lithuanian
army avoids battle.
|
|
| |
1259 AD
|
Conflict between Novgorod and
Hanse league over Lubek trade ends in June with new treaty.
|
|
|
1259-61 AD
|
Michael VIII, Paleologus,
Byzantine emperor at Nicea (at Constantinople until 1282) has Englishmen
Varangian guard.
|
|
| |
1260 AD
|
One quriltai elects
Qubilai as khan and another elects Arik-Boke - civil war in center of Mongol
empire, Qubilai wins. (Great Khan 1260-94).
|
|
| |
1260 AD
|
Hulegu invades Syria, between
January and March captures Aleppo and Damascus, but withdraws due to struggle
over succession to Mongke. On September 3rd Mamlukes including now Kypchak and
other Turkish troops defeat Mongol detachment of Kypchaks and Turks left behind
at Ayn-Jalut ,Crusaders wondering whom to support.
|
|
| |
1260 AD
|
Burunday leads Mongol army into
Volynia and orders Russian princes to destroy their own town fortifications.
Daniil flees to Poland. Russians comply by destroying forts. Mongols establish
tax and conscription districts throughout southwest Rus region under
supervision of their own officials. Burunday then withdraws Mongol army back to
Dnieper steppe.
|
|
| |
1260 AD
|
Battle of Durben, Lithuanians led
by Mindovg defeat Teutonic Order when landsknekht flee the field disrupting the
battle order, leading to a new revolt by Prussians. The Livonian Order
magistrate Borkhardt von Hornkhauzen, the Marshall von Botal' and the Swedish
Hertzog Carl all perish. The Danish- Swedish army is severly defeated. 150
titled knights fall and 14 are taken prisoner, of which 8 areburned at the
stake to appease Lithuanian pagan gods. Curland defects from Christiandom and
Prussia returns to Prussians. Mindovg is stripped of his title as Roman king.
But the Baltic region seeks his protection from the Teutonic knights and he
also defends the Rus population of Chyornaya Rusi (ukraine) and Byelorussia,
Volynia and Pskov. Mindovg sends ambassadors to Vladimir to unite against the
Teutonic Order and Aleksandr accepts. But nothing comes of this.
|
|
| |
1260 AD
|
Ottokar II of Bohemia defeats
Hungarians.
|
|
|
1260 AD
|
According to Marco Polo's
account the Polo brothers (Venetians) have a trade post and real estate at
Sudak.
|
|
| |
1260-83 AD
|
After the above revolt the
Teutonic Order finally subjugates the Curonians, southern Letts and Prussians.
|
|
|
1261 AD
|
March, Emperor Michael VIII
Palaeologus recaptures Constantinople with Genoese help. He already has treaty
of Nymphaeam with Genoa favorable to them, that closed Black Sea to all but
Genoa and Pisa. Venetian quarter of Constantinople burned. Michael eventually
gives one daughter each in marriage to Mongol Khans Abaga and Nogay. At first
he blocks trade and communications between Kypchak Horde and Egypt, but later
isforced to reopen it.
|
|
| |
1261-2 AD
|
Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baybars (
who is Kypchak ) sends letter to Berke urging his assistance against Hulagu.
Warfare begins between Berke and Hulagu over control of northern Iran.
|
|
| |
1261 AD
|
Orthodox archbishop established
at Sarai, capital of Kypchak Horde.
|
|
| |
1262 AD
|
Revolts in Rus towns against
Mongol tax collectors centerd in Suzdalia towns, Rostov, Vladimir, Yaroslavl
and Suzdal. Aleksandr Nevski goes to Berke to plead forbearance and pardon for
his people. Berke agrees. Aleksandr dies on return journey at Gorodets on the
Volga. Berke gives yarlik of Vladimir to Aleksandr's brother, Yaroslav
III of Tver..
|
|
| |
1262 AD
|
Lithuanians raid Volynia.
|
|
| |
1262 AD
|
Berke orders his Kypchak troops
with Hulagu to defect and they go to Egypt to reinforce the Mamlukes. Berke's
initial campaign against Hulagu is led by Emir Nogai and is defeated in Derbent
area in late 1262.
|
|
|
1263-72 AD
|
Yaroslav III, Yaroslavich,
Prince of Tver,receives yarlik as Grand Prince of Vladimir, making Tver
the political center of Rus. He is also the appointed prince of Novgorod, but
his policy to expand Tver at Novgorod's expense fails.
|
|
| |
1263 AD
|
Following death of Aleksandr
Nevski and assassination of Mindovg in the fall by his opponents, Dovmont of
Nal'shenai and Troinat of Zhematiisk, the hopes for a united Russian,
Lithuanian block against the Teutonic knights are put to rest forever.
|
|
|
1263 AD
|
Envoy of Sultan Baibars of Egypt
arrives to build mosque at Solkat for the Mamluk ruler commemorating his
birthplace.
|
|
| |
1263-4 AD
|
Berke leads Kypchak Horde army
into Transcaucasia and defeats Hulagu. Both armies suffer heavy losses in
battle seriously weakening Mongol power. Berke levies conscription on Russia
for troops for campaigns in Caucasus and TransCaucasus. Kypchak Horde is now
firmly allied with Mamluks in Egypt against Il-Khans in Persia. Many Egyptian
troops continue to come from Kypchak Horde including Russians and Alans.
|
|
| |
1264 AD
|
Qubilai defeats Arik-Boke,
Qubilai moves capital from Qaraqorum to Beijing.
|
|
|
1264 AD
|
Venice declares war on Genoa and
destroys their fleet off Trepani on Sicily. Byzantine emperor abandons Genoa
and reestablishes relations with Venice.
|
|
| |
1264 AD
|
Berke sends Nogay with army into
Thrace to secure assistance of the vassal Bulgarian Tsar, Constantine, against
the Byzantines.
|
|
| |
1264 AD
|
Daniil of Galicia and Mendovg of
Lithuania die.
|
|
|
1265 AD
|
Byzantine-Venetian trade treaty
reopens Black Sea for Venetian traders.
|
|
| |
1265 AD
|
Combined Mongol- Bulgarian armies
threaten Constantinople.
|
|
|
1265 AD
|
Khan Berke gives Sudak as
appanage to Seljuk Sultan Kai Karnes II as wedding present.
|
|
| |
1265-66 AD
|
Khan Berke again campaigns in
Transcaucasia with advance guard commanded by Nogai.
|
|
| |
1265-82 AD
|
On death of Hulagu, Abaqa becomes
second khan of Il Khan empire in Iran.
|
|
|
1266 AD
|
Genoese found colony at Kaffa by
buying land from a Tatar noble, agreed to by Khan Berke, but city is already
ancient from before 10th century, they build mostly new city and provide
earthen wall defenses initially.
|
|
| |
1267 AD
|
The Novgorod
posadnik, Mikhail Fyodorovich, and the veche call for aid from the son of
Aleksandr Nevski, Dmitrii Alexandrovich, and his Pereyaslav polki. Upon
learning of the call to arms in Novgorod the Germans at Derpt-Yur'yev, the
leaders of Riga and the Order representatives send emmisaries to Novgorod to
ask why war preparations are being made.
. |
|
| |
1267 AD
|
Ottokar II, of
Bohemia, campaigns against Lithuanians.
|
|
| |
1267 AD
|
Genoese granted
trading rights at Galatai by Byzantine Emperor, Michael.
|
|
|
1267-80 AD
|
Berke dies in 1266
in Tbilisi during the campaign and his army retires across the Caucasus. He has
no living son. Mangu Temir, grandson of Batu is elected Khan of Kypchak Horde
Mangu-Temir is a Sky worshipper, which greatly reduces Kypchak pressure to
support Moslems. He grants yarlik of immunity from taxes and
conscription to the Russian Church. Nogai is assigned to command the Mongol
armies in the Balkans.
|
|
| |
1267 AD
|
Qubilay begins campaign again in
South China with assistance of detachments from both Kypchak Horde and the
Il-Khans (Including Russian units).
|
|
| |
1267 AD
|
Hulagu's successor, Abaqa,
attempts to organize alliance with Christian Europe against Moslems in Near
East.
|
|
| |
1268 AD
|
Battle of River Kegola. Novgorod
is now prepared for war. In January they send army against Danes at Rakovor in
Estonia. On 12 February they are ambushed by troops of the very cities in
Livonia that had insisted on peace in 1267. Novgorod looses its posadnik, the
tysyatskii, and many polk commanders in a bloody battle into the night. By
morning the Livonians move on to loot the region around Pskov while Dmitri
retains the battlefield, hence can claim victory.
|
|
| |
1269 AD
|
Kaidu (grandson of Ogodei) gains
control of all Transoxania and Kashgaria.
|
|
| |
1269 AD
|
Mangu-Temir and Abaqa conclude
peace treaty.
|
|
|
1270 AD
|
Emperor Michael allows Venice
back into Black Sea.
|
|
| |
1271- 1281 AD
|
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich prince of
Tver, Tver bishopric in 1271.
|
|
| |
1271 AD
|
Emir Nogai statrts Mongol
offensive against Constantinople to reopen Bosporus to traffic between Egypt
and Kypchak Horde.
|
|
|
1272-76 AD
|
Khan Mangu-Temir gives
yarlik to Vasilii Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Vladimir- from Kostroma.
Khan sends troops to support Vasilii'sclaim to the title as prince of Novgorod
against Novgorodian opposition.
|
|
|
1274 AD
|
Official act of Sudak mentions
use of "Soldaia asper" -silver coin - in trade. Three official acts
mention Genoese at Sudak and two at south Black Sea shore town - Batits -
mention payment of visa duties for trade with Sudak.
|
|
| |
1274 AD
|
Mongol campaign against Japan is
defeated. Kaidu proclaims his independence in Central Asia.
|
|
| |
1275 AD
|
Qubilay orders new census and
conscription in Russia for campaign in south China.
|
|
| |
1276 AD
|
Kaidu moves against
Qubilay's officers in Central Asia but the Great Khan restores his power there.
. |
|
|
1276-81 AD
|
Vasilii dies leaving no
brothers. Mangu-temir gives yarlik to Aleksandr's son, Dimitrii I
Aleksandrovich, of Peryeyaslavl- Suzdalia as Grand Prince of Vladimir (1st
time). He also gives him the title of prince of Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1277 AD
|
Kaidu seizes Karakorum briefly
but is soon ousted by Qubilay's troops.
|
|
| |
1277 AD
|
Mangu-temir begins offensive
against Alans in north Caucasus and orders Russian princes to bring their
druzhina in support. Alexandr Nevski's son, Andrei, among others, participates.
The Russians capture the main Alan fortified city.
. |
|
| |
1278 AD
|
Ottokar II, defeated and killed
by Rudolf Hapsburg at Marchfeld.
|
|
| |
1279 AD
|
Rus princes join Mongol forces in
war against Lithuania.
|
|
|
1279 AD
|
Papal legate Philipp of Fermo,
issues orders showing his concern that the Hungarian king, Laslo IV, is living
according to the Kypchak manner rather than as a Christian.
|
|
| |
1279 AD
|
Qubali gains control of all of
China. Khan Mangu-Temir dies and his brother, Tuda-Mangu, is elected Khan of
the Kypchak Horde. Nogai proclaims himself khan also (of the Nogai horde).
|
|
| |
1279-88 AD
|
Leszek II, King of Poland.
|
|
|
1280-87 AD
|
Khan Tudu Mangu, of Kipchak
Horde, controlled mostly by Nogai.
|
|
| |
1280 AD
|
All Russian princes except Grand
Prince Dmitrii go to meet Khan Tuda-Mangu. Dmitrii is busy attacking Novgorod.
Tuda-Mangu cancels his yarlik and gives Vladimir to Dmitri's younger
brother, Andrei of Gorodets, Dmitri refuses to surrender the yarlik and
conflict follows. Tuda-Mangu sends Mongol troops to assist Andrei. Mongols
pillage Vladimir region and install Andri on throne.
|
|
| |
1280's AD
|
Mongols campaign with modest
success in Cambodia, Annam and Burma. The second Mongol campaign against Japan
fails in 1281.
|
|
|
1281 AD
|
Treaty between Byzantine Mikhail
VIII Paleologus and Egyptian Sultan Quallou to protect merchants trading at
Sudak (slave trade).
|
|
|
1281-83 AD
|
Andrei Aleksandrovich, Grand
Prince - from Gorodyets - He brings Tatar troops in support against Tver and
Torzhok.
|
|
| |
1281 AD
|
Dmitrii goes to Nogai and
receives yarlik for Vladimir and troops for support to regain the
throne. Andrei is forced to give up and move to Kostroma. However, Tuda-Mangu
continues to consider Andrei the legal Grand Prince. Rostov princes likewise
remain loyal to Tuda-Mangu.
|
|
| |
1281-1318 AD
|
Mikhail Yaroslavich, younger
brother of Svyatoslav, is prince of Tver with his mother, Ksyena as regent.
|
|
| |
1282 AD
|
Nogai sends 4,000 select Mongol
(Kypchak) troops to support Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII, but Michael dies
before the campaign begins.
|
|
|
1282 AD
|
Orthodox bishopric of Sudak has
its own metropolitan. Church accounts mention that by mid 13th century
population of Sudak is 8300. (Possibly only males counted). The account lists
Greeks, Tatars Armenians and others.
|
|
|
1282-1328 AD
|
Andronicus II, Byzantine
emperor.
|
|
| |
1282-84 AD
|
Teguder Ahmad, Khan of Il Khan
Dynasty in Iran.
|
|
| |
1283 AD
|
Tuda-Mangu converts to Islam and
becomes a religious mystic.
|
|
|
1283-94 AD
|
Dmitrii I Aleksandrovich, Grand
Prince - 2nd time.
|
|
| |
1284-91 AD
|
Arghun, Khan of Il Khan Dynasty
in Iran.
|
|
| |
1285-6 AD
|
Nogai leads his own Mongol
(Kypchak) troops in offensive into Hungary from the south. Tele-Buga leads the
army of the main Kypchak Horde into Slovakia from the north but is stopped by
snow in the Carpathian Mountains and forced to retire to Galicia, which he then
loots in compensation for missing out in Hungary.
|
|
| |
1286 AD
|
Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver leads
united troops of Tver, Moscow, Novo-torzhok, and Rzhev against Lithuanian
invasion. In following two years he shows independence from Grand Prince of
Vladimir, Dmitrii I Aleksandrovich.
|
|
| |
1286 AD
|
Nogai arrives in Galicia to work
together with Tele-Buga to attack Poland. They order Russian princes to join as
well. Nogai attacks Krakow and Tele-Buga moves toward Sandomir.
|
|
| |
1287 AD
|
After looting Poland both Mongol
armies return to Galicia and Volynia to complete the destruction there. This
destruction reduces the local ability to resist the subsequent advance by
Lithuania.
|
|
|
1287 AD
|
Baptism of one of Nogai's wives
at Chufut-Kale.
|
|
|
1287 AD
|
Venetian consul mentioned at
Sudak - possibly existed from some time after 1265.
|
|
|
1287-91 AD
|
Tele Buga, Khan of Kipchak Horde
after resignation of Tudu Mangu. He opens new war against Il-Khans in Persia to
try to take Azerjaijan, but fails.
|
|
|
1288 AD
|
Galician chronicles mention
presence of merchants from Sudak, Germany, and Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1289 AD
|
Rostov people try to use
opportunity to rebel against Mongols, but revolt is suppressed by Russian
princes with Mongol aid.
|
|
| |
1290 AD
|
Teutonic Order from Livonia
conquers Semigallia.
|
|
|
1290's AD
|
Sudak population is one third
Tatar.
|
|
|
1290 AD
|
Date of earliest surviving
official Genoese regulations for local government in Kaffa.
|
|
| |
1290-96 AD
|
Przemyslav II, King of Poland.
|
|
| |
1290 AD
|
Tele-Buga again at war in
Azerbaijan. He tries to arrest Mangu-Temir's son, Tokhta, who escapes and finds
refuge with Nogai.
|
|
|
1291 AD
|
Mamluks drive last Crusaders out
of Palestine, Venice establishes trade with Turks at Acre, Genoa tries to close
Dardanelles to Venice.
|
|
| |
1291 AD
|
Nogai captures Tele-Buga and has
him executed. He then places Tokhta on throne as Khan. Tokhta revitalizes Horde
and its army. The Russian princes split with some including Andrei and the
Rostov princes going to swear allegiance to Tokhta and others including Dmitrii
and Michael of Tver going to swear allegiance to Nogai.
|
|
|
1291-1313 AD
|
Tokhta, Khan of Kypchak Horde.
|
|
| |
1291-95 AD
|
Geikhatu, Khan of Il Khan empire.
|
|
| |
1292 AD
|
Swedes establish outpost castle
at Viborg in Karelia.
|
|
|
1292 AD
|
Metropolitan of Gothia,
Sophronius, attends Council at Constantinople.
|
|
| |
1293 AD
|
Tokhta confirms Andri as Grand
Prince of Vladimir and sends Mongol army to support Andri in battle against
Dmitrii. Result is extensive destruction in entire Vladimir princedom and
looting of Vladimir, Moscow and other towns. Tver tries to resist against
another Mongol army. Dmitrii flees to Pskov and then dies.
|
|
| |
1293 AD
|
Mongols are defeated in Java.
|
|
| |
1293 AD
|
Nogai invades Serbia and forces
king to acknowledge him as overlord.
|
|
|
1294 AD
|
Genoa wins naval victory over
Venice at Alexandretta, but Venice reopens Dardanelles and sacks Genoese
quarter at Galatia.
|
|
| |
1294-1307 AD
|
On death of Qubilai, Temur
Oljeitu becomes Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty) in China.
|
|
|
1294 - 1304 AD
|
On death of Dmitri
Aleksandrovich, Andrei III Aleksandrovich, Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
| |
1295 AD
|
Baidu and then Ghazan (1295-1304)
become Khan of Il Khan empire, convert to become Muslim.
|
|
| |
1297 AD
|
Tokhta calls all Russian princes
to meeting at Vladimir with his representative and forces them to unite in his
support. War between Tokhta and Nogai between the Volga and the Pruth. Nogai
brings his army from Bulgaria and Romania to the battle between the Pruth and
Dniester Rivers. Nogai wins and drives Tokhta back across the Don River but
fails to complete the pursuit and follow up the victory.
|
|
|
1297 AD
|
Venice and Genoa at war in Black
Sea with each seeking spport from one of the rival Mongol khans. Venice gains
temporary control of Evpatoria.
|
|
| |
1297 AD
|
Civil war in Livonia.
|
|
| |
1298 AD
|
Tatars sack Moscow.
|
|
|
1298-1300 AD
|
Steppe war among Kypchak clans,
Nogai, instead of following up against Tokhta, turns into Crimea. He captures
Eski-Kerman, Chufut Kale, attacks Kaffa, Chersonesus and Sudak. Acceleration of
decline of Chersonesus with Tatars controlling western Crimea.
|
|
|
1299 AD
|
Genoa wins decisive victory over
Venice at Curzole in Adriatic.
|
|
| |
1299 AD
|
During steppe war Metropolitan
Maksim leaves Kyiv for Vladimir. Kyiv is now too unsafe a location for church
headquarters.
|
|
|
1299 -1300 AD
|
Khan Tokhta has new army and
returns to the attack. Battle of (Kukanlyk) Kagamly River, near modern Poltava,
Khan Tokhta defeats Nogai, who is killed by one of Tokhta's Russian troops.
Tokhta executes him for daring to spill the blood of a Mongol emir. Soon the
Nogai Horde divides and some move back to steppes north of the Caspian Sea
while others remain along the Dnieper. Tokhta sets about restoring order and
power after damage caused by the civil war.
|
|
|
End 13th early 14th century
|
Arab writers and travelers list
Sudak among the most important trading cities of the world - call the Black Sea
the "Sudak Sea".
|
|
| |
1300 AD
|
Swedes built Landskrona fortress
on the Neva river.
|
|
| |
1300-05 AD
|
Wenceslas I, King of Poland.
|
|
| |
1300-40 AD
|
Strong Russian unts are
maintained in north China and from 1330 as special guards for the Mongol
Emperor. These were volunteer recruits, conscripts, and captured prisoners. For
instance thousands of Tverians were sent to China after the abortive rebellion
in Tver in 1327.
|
|
| |
1301 AD
|
Kaidu tries again to capture
Karakorum and dies. Great Khan Timur succeeds in reunited Mongols in that all
again recognize his supremacy and agree to negociate their individual
differences. With internal unity in the Kypchak Horde and enforced agreement
between the Kypchak and Il-Khans the Mongol pressure on Russia increases and
the Russians can't get away with rebellions. The Russian princes continue to
fight each other.
|
|
| |
1301 AD
|
Daniil of Moscow captures Kolomna
from Riazan even though Riazan has support from local Mongol garrison troops.
|
|
| |
1303 AD
|
Daniil takes Mozhaisk from prince
of Smolensk and Peryeyaslavl from officers of Andrii. Daniel's success starts
the trend for Moscow continued by his descendents. Andrii goes to complain to
Tokhta who orders a new meeting of Russian princes under his control.
|
|
|
1303-19 AD
|
Mikhail Yaroslavich, of Tver,
Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
|
1303-1325 AD
|
On death of Daniil
Aleksandrovich, Yuri III Danilovich, Prince of Moscow, then of Vladimir from
1319.
|
|
| |
1304 AD
|
Russian princes attend meeting at
Peryeyaslavl under Mongol supervision and are forced to swear allegiance and
stop fighting.
|
|
| |
1304 AD
|
Il-khan Gazan dies and his
brother, Oljaitu, is proclaimed the new ruler.
|
|
| |
1304 AD
|
Ottomans take Ephesus.
|
|
| |
1304 AD
|
Crusaders from Rhineland assist
the Teutonic Order against Lithuania.
|
|
| |
1305 AD
|
Death of Metropolitan Maksim,
Mikhail of Tver wants abbot Gerontius to be next Metropolitan, but Abbot Peter
is called from south Russia as next Metropolitan. (1308) He is supported by
Yuri of Moscow and in return moves his see from Vladimir to Moscow. This brings
major power to Moscow.
|
|
| |
1305 AD
|
Mikhail of Tver attacks Moscow
unsuccessfully. He also fails to aquire part of Novgorodian lands. His efforts
to gain control of Novgorod unappreciated by locals.
|
|
| |
1305 AD
|
On death of Andrii in 1304 both
Mikhail of Tver and Yuri of Moscow seek the yarlik for Vladimir from
Tokhta. He gives it to Mikhail. The struggle between Moscow and Tver
intensifies.
|
|
| |
1305-19 AD
|
Mikhail Yaroslavich, Grand Prince
of Vladimir
|
|
|
1307 AD
|
Khan Tokhta arrests Genoese at
Sarai
|
|
| |
1307 AD
|
Great Khan Timur dies with no
male descendents. Throne in China passes to a succession of eight emperors in
following final twenty-six years of Mongol rule.
|
|
|
1308 AD
|
Khan Tokhta besieges Kaffa and
Sudak.
|
|
| |
1308 AD
|
Mikhail of Tver again attacks
Moscow but fails.
|
|
| |
1308 AD
|
Peter becomes new Metropolitan.
|
|
| |
1308 AD
|
Teutonic Order occupies Danzig.
|
|
| |
1309 AD
|
Headquarters of Teutonic Order
moves from Venice to Marienburg.
|
|
| |
1311 AD
|
Yuri of Moscow campaigns against
Nishnigorod to expand Moscow to Oka, with support from Metropolitan Peter.
|
|
|
1311 AD
|
Roman Catholic Archbishop of
Bosporus, Franciscas de Camarino has 5 bishops including Chersonesus
|
|
| |
1312 AD
|
Mikhail of Tver recalls his
namestnik from Novgorod and institutes blockade of grain supply. Novgorod
already suffering from major fire and needing food, sues for peace. But
Novgorodians seek support from Moscow.
. |
|
|
1313-41 AD
|
After Tokhta dies on way to
visit Russia in 1312, Osbeg (Uzbek), nephew of Tokhta, is elected Khan of
Kypchak Horde, Horde becomes Muslim. He institutes new policy of ordering the
Russian princes themselves to collect the taxes instead of the former Mongol
baskak. Novgorod seeks to use opportunity of new Khan to weaken Tver. Mikhail
goes to Sarai to obtain new yarlik as grand prince. Osbeg confirms
Mikhail.
|
|
|
1314 AD
|
Genoese trading at Chersonesus -
Novgorod throws Tver namestnik out and burns Tver suburb on Volga and asks for
help from Yuri of Moscow.
|
|
| |
1315 AD
|
Mikhail returns to Tver with
yarlik as grand prince of Vladimir. He quickly sets out on campaign against
Novgorod. In decisive battle at Torzhok the town is burned and Novgorod looses.
Mikhail assesses tribute of 12000 silver grivna on Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1315 AD
|
Yuri Danilovich of Moscow ordered
to Sarai. He takes a large amount of money from Novgorod as a present. He
remains 2 years and marries Osbeg's sister Konchaka (Agrafa).
|
|
|
1316 AD
|
Genoese decree establishes
relationship between Kaffa and Sudak for trade and customs duties. Sudak losing
its preeminence in favor of Kaffa, which is Genoese main base on Black Sea.
|
|
| |
1316 AD
|
Gedymin becomes Grand Duke of
Lithuania and starts building a major power. especially over the western
Russian principalities.
|
|
| |
1316 AD
|
Mikhail again campaigns against
Novgorod after people stage uprising.
|
|
|
1317 AD
|
Metropolitans of Gothia and
Sudak "Sugdai" in bitter controversy over control of some villages -
Patriarch decides outcome.
|
|
| |
1317 AD
|
Yuri Danilovich receives
Yarlik from his Tatar brother-in-law and campaigns against Tver with
support from Novgorod. Mikhail first defeats Novgordians at Torshok and
concludes peace with them, Then he defeats Yuri at Bortenovo (40 versts below
Tver on Volga) on 22 December, Agrafa is captured and dies at Tver. Yuri has
Tatar detachment of Kavgadi with him. Yuri flees to Sarai and accuses Mikhail
of defying Ozbeg. Mikhail must go to Sarai.
|
|
| |
1318 AD
|
Grand Prince Mikhail Yaroslavich
executed on 22 November by Khan Osbeg, Yuri Danilovich again receives
yarlik for Vladimir. Dmitri Mikhailovich, becomes prince of Tver, and
the principality is divided into udels (appanages) for brothers, Aleksandr
Mikhailovich, Konstantin Mikhailovich and Vasilii..
|
|
| |
1318 AD
|
Novgorodians raid Finland and
burn Abo cathedral.
|
|
|
1319-25 AD
|
Yurii III Danilovich, of Moscow,
Grand prince of Vladimir.
|
|
| |
1320 AD
|
Having lost out to Moscow in the
favor of the Kypchak Khan, Tver turns to Lithuania for support. Already Tver
has trade relations with Lithuania. Dmitri Mikhailovich marries daughter of
Grand Duke Gedemin of Lithuania to seal alliance.
|
|
| |
1320-22 AD
|
Anti-Tatar uprising in Rostov
|
|
|
1320 AD
|
Franciscan monastery at
Balaklava - Roman Catholic diocese at Kaffa including territory from Sarai to
Varna
|
|
| |
1321 AD
|
Battle of the Irpen' River.
Gedemin defeats a coalition of Russian princes and captures Kyiv, leaving a
vassal prince as governor. It is not clear if this was Ivan Volodimir
Ivanovich, Prince Andrei of Ovruch, or perhaps someone else. Prince Stanislav
of Kyiv also is mentioned.
|
|
| |
1321 AD
|
Having collected the Tribute for
the Tatars, Yuri makes the mistake of stopping in Novgorod. This enables Dmitri
of Tver to get to Sarai ahead of him and convince Khan Ozbeg that Yuri is
untrustworthy.
|
|
| |
1321 AD
|
Tatar official Tayanchar goes
from Sarai to Tver to assess huge indemnity from Kashin region. Moscow
detachments descend on Kashin but Tver lacks strength to help Kashin.
|
|
|
1321 AD
|
Mention of Kerkri (Chufut-
Kale).
|
|
|
1322 AD
|
Khan Ozbeg attacks Kaffa, sacks
Sudak, allows Venetians back to Tana.
|
|
|
1322-25 AD
|
Dmitri Mikhailovich goes to
Sarai to receive yarlik for Tver, with big present (bribe). Khan Ozbeg
decides that Tver is now sufficiently weakened and punished so he takes
yarlik from Yuri and gives it to Dmitri, Prince of Tver who becomes also
Grand Prince of Vladimir by Tatar Yarlik
|
|
| |
1323 AD
|
Pope John XXII (Avignon) sends
message to Khan Ozbeg asking for return of stolen church bell at Sudak.
|
|
| |
1323 AD
|
Treaty of Noteborg ends
Swedish-Novgorodian war. Peace of Vilnius between Teutonic Order and Duke
Gedemin.
|
|
| |
1324 AD
|
Gedemin annexes all Chornaya Rus
(Ukraine) and Podlyakhia into his Lithuanian domains.
|
|
| |
1325 AD
|
Dmitri kills Yuri of Moscow at
Sarai, Ivan Danilovich becomes prince of Moscow.
. |
|
| |
1326 -48 AD
|
Pskov is fearful on the one hand
of the Teutonic Order's expansion and on the other of the successful campaigns
of Lithuania against Novgorod, which have laid bare the latter's inability not
only to defend Pskov but itself as well from Lithuanian threats. Pskov seeks
military-political dependancy on Lithuania. This brings about rising tensions
between Novgorod and Pskov and eventually an independent Pskov Republic.
|
|
|
1326-28 AD
|
Khan Ozbeg orders execution of
Dmitri for murder of Yuri. Alexander Mikhailovich, of Tver, Dmitri's brother,
receives yarlik by Osbeg as Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
| |
1327 AD
|
Tatars attack Kaffa and Sudak.
|
|
| |
1327 AD
|
Tatar ambassador Shevkal,
brother of Osbeg arrives at Tver to collect tribute and faces Anti-Tatar
uprising on 15 August. Tatar detachment all killed. In the fall Ivan Kalitka of
Moscow obtains huge Tatar army to attack Tver. They burn the city and also
Kashin and Novo-Torshok and entire region.
|
|
| |
1327 AD
|
Lithuania begins war against
Teutonic Order and concludes treaty with the Kypchak Horde.
|
|
|
1328 AD
|
Alexander Mikhailovich removed
as Grand Prince, due to uprising in Tver. He flees with his family to Novgorod
and then to Pskov. Then his brother, Konstantin, becomes prince of Tver. To
avoid more dangers he becomes ally of Ivan Kalitka.
|
|
|
1328 AD
|
Feognost becomes Metropolitan of
Rus.
|
|
|
1328-41 AD
|
Andronicus III, Byzantine
emperor
|
|
|
1328-41 AD
|
Ivan I Danilovich, Kalita, of
Moscow, Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
| |
1329 AD
|
King John of Bohemia Crusade.
Prussia at war with Poles and Lithuanians. English knights are serving as
temporary help to Teutonic Order in LIthuania from 1329 to 1408.
|
|
|
1330's AD
|
Many Armenians move to Kaffa,
they are largest group next to Tatars, build many churches and a monastery near
Sudak.
|
|
| |
1332 AD
|
Peace between Prussia and Poland.
|
|
|
1333 AD
|
Pope John XXII makes Chersonesus
a city subject to Bosporus, orders cathedral of St Clement built, Richard
Anglico Bishop of Chersonesus - Grand Prince Ivan, Metropolitan Feognost and
Ibn-Battutu visit Sarai.
|
|
|
1333-34 AD
|
Arab traveler, Ibn - Battutu
visits Sudak and Kaffa, mentions that Kaffa is mostly Genoese and large town.
|
|
| |
1337 AD
|
Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver
agrees to submit to Khan and returns to Tver. But Ivan considers this very
dangerous.
|
|
| |
1337 AD
|
Emperor Lewis IV authorises the
Teutonic grand-master to conquer Eastern Europe.
|
|
|
1338 AD
|
Another Tatar attack on Sudak.
|
|
| |
1339 AD
|
Ivan pressures Alexandr
Mikhailovich to subordinate himself along with his son, Feodor, more to Khan.
The bell of the Tver cathedral of Spaso Preobrashenski is taken to Moscow. Ivan
and Khan Ozbeg lead combined forces in attempt to take Smolensk.
|
|
|
1339 AD
|
Khan Ozbeg renews treaty with
Genoa. They rebuild Kaffa walls.
|
|
|
1340 AD
|
Khan Ozbeg fighting Genoese in
Crimea and then confirms Genoese charter
|
|
| |
1340 AD
|
Grand Prince Ivan I visits Sarai
for 4th or 5th time, Prince Simyeon also visits along with all Rus princes
called to gather there. Ivan gets Khan Ozbeg to approve the conditions of his
will ahead of time.
|
|
|
1341-53 AD
|
On death of Ivan I, Simyeon
Ivanovich Gordii, Grand Prince of Vladimir, ruler of Moscow.
|
|
| |
1341 AD
|
Konstantin, prince of Suzdal,
wants to dispute Vladimir with Simyeon. He captures Gorodets and
Nizhni-Novgorod and creates principality of Nizhnigorod.
|
|
|
1341-77 AD
|
Grand Prince Olgerd rules
Lithuania
|
|
|
1341-42 AD
|
Tinibeg, Khan of Golden Horde
|
|
|
1341-47 AD
|
John V, Byzantine emperor
|
|
|
1342-57 AD
|
Jannibeg, Khan of Golden Horde,
Grand Prince Simyeon and Metropolitan Feognost both visit Sarai to swear
allegiance.
|
|
|
1343 AD
|
Riot at Tana between Italians
and Muslims causes Khan Jannibeg to drive both Venice and Genoa out.
|
|
|
1343-45 AD
|
Khan Jannibeg continues to
Crimea to besiege Kaffa.
|
|
| |
1343 AD
|
Battle of the Little Borka River.
A two-year long rebellion in Estonia precipitates a war between Pskov and the
Livonian Order. Near Neigauzen the Pskovites are victorious, but no formal
treaty results.
|
|
|
1344 AD
|
Pope Clement VI calls for
crusade to defend Kaffa from the Tatars.
|
|
|
1346 AD
|
Plague from Asia strikes Tatars,
then Tana, then Italians fleeing Tana bring to Kaffa, Tatars besiege city and
perhaps throw bodies into town, Genoese ships carry to Europe as "Black
Death". 80,000 die in Crimea.
|
|
| |
1346 AD
|
Danish King Valdemar IV sells
Estonia including Narva fortress to the Teutonic Order.
|
|
|
1347 AD
|
Khan Jannibek cuts Venetians at
Tana.
|
|
|
1347-54 AD
|
John VI, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
| |
1347 AD
|
Konstantin Mikhailovich again
prince of Tver. After his death throne goes to Vasilii, youngest son of Mikhail
Yaroslavich who rules for 20 years. But there is struggle within the ruling
family and Vasilii obtains support from Moscow while his cousin, Mikhail
Aleksandrovich, appanage prince of Mikulin, gets help from Lithuania. The
struggle weakens Tver. Mikhail also ruled Kashin. But the sons of Aleksandr
Mikhailovich ruled Kholm, Mikulin, Staritsa and Zubtsov. And the udels of the
sons of Konstantin were around Klin.
|
|
|
1347 AD
|
Metropolitans of Gothia
(Theodoro - Mangup) and Sugdaia (Sudak) attend council in Constantinople.
|
|
|
1347-55
|
War between Genoa and Venice
throughout Italy, Mediteranian and Black Seas
|
|
| |
1347 AD
|
Following Semyon Ivanovich's
extended stay in Novgorod he weds Princess Marfa Aleksandrovna of Tver, his
third marriage. Meanwhile King Magnus of Sweden is attempting to convert the
Novgorodians to Catholicism either by words or the sword.
|
|
| |
1348 AD
|
Pskov declares independence from
Novgorod.
. |
|
| |
1348 AD
|
King Magnus of Sweden invades
Russia. Prussians defeat the Lithuanians at Strawe.
|
|
|
1350 AD
|
Treaty, Byzantine Emperor
Andronicus grants Chersonesus to Genoese and prescribes that their ships will
carry all goods.
|
|
| |
1352 AD
|
Simeon campaigns with Muscovite
army against Smolensk and forces an agreement recognizing his suzerainty.
Simeon takes Torzhok from Novgorod. the Novgorodian army chooses not to contest
this.
|
|
|
1353-54 AD
|
Venice renews war on Genoa over
trade in Black Sea. Venice soundly defeated at Sapienza, loses entire fleet.
|
|
|
1353 AD
|
Simeon and his sons die from
plague that reaches Moscow from Novgorod -- Metropolitan Feognost dies. Plague
repeats in 1364-5, and every decade until 1425. Russia looses 1/3 of
population.
|
|
| |
1353-59 AD
|
Ivan II Ivanovich, Krasnii,
younger brother of Simeon, Grand Prince of Vladimir
|
|
| |
1354 AD
|
All Rus princes assemble at
Sarai, Khanum Taydula gives Aleksei (to be appointed Metropolitan)
yarlik for visit to Constantinople.
|
|
|
1355-76 AD
|
John V, restored as emperor.
|
|
|
1355 AD
|
Emperor John V, gives Venice
Tenedos island that controls Dardanelles. War between Venice and Genoa again,
Admiral Luciano Doria of Genoa defeated by Vettor Pisani at Pola on Istria
coast.
|
|
|
1356 AD
|
Khan Jannibeg makes treaty with
Venice.
|
|
| |
1356 AD
|
Olgered (Algirdas) grand duke of
Lithuania, attacks Smolensk and Briansk and also captures Rzhev and Belaia.
Prince Oleg of Ryazan takes Lopasnia area along the Oka from Moscow.
|
|
|
1356 AD
|
Russian chronicle mentions
arrival of Tatar ambassador accompanied by merchant "Surozhane".
Surozhe - Sudak becomes name for merchants trading to south having special
privileges.
|
|
| |
1357 AD
|
Metropolitan Aleksei cures Khanum
Taydula at Sarai, Jannibeg dies.
|
|
|
1357-59 AD
|
Berdibek, Khan of Golden Horde,
he issues yarlik to Aleksei.
|
|
|
1357 AD
|
Kaffa city walls rebuilt.
Genoese also capture Chembalo (Balaklava).
|
|
| |
1358 AD
|
Ivan II recaptures Rzhev.
|
|
| |
1359 AD
|
First mention of Belii.
|
|
| |
1359 AD
|
Khan Berdibek is murdered,
beginning of difficult internal struggle in Kypchak Horde.
|
|
|
1359-63 AD
|
On death of Ivan II, Dmitrii
Konstantinovich, of Suzdal Nishegorod given yarlik as Grand Prince of
Vladimir.
|
|
|
1359-89 AD
|
On death of Ivan II, 9-year-old
Dmitri Ivanovich, Donskoi becomes Prince of Moscow, Grand Prince from 1363.
|
|
| |
1360's-70's
|
Olgerd is concentrating on
expanding Lithuanian control deep into Ukraine, he takes Chernigiv region.
|
|
| |
1360's AD
|
Mikhail Aleksandrovich, appanage
prince of Mikulin is gaining power by uniting large parts of Tver principality.
He has support of his brother-in-law, Olgerd of Lithuania. Tver has been split
into appanages of various brothers and nephews. Moscow sees danger of
unification, especially to its ally, Vasilii of Kashin.
|
|
|
1360-62 AD
|
Khaidar, succedes Qulpa
(1359-60) as Khan of Kypchak Horde, but there is civil war during next few
years over throne of Kypchak Horde.
|
|
|
1361 AD
|
Mamai effectively in control of
western half of Golden Horde.
|
|
|
1362-63 AD
|
Battle of the River Sinivody at
the Southern Bug (left bank tributary of the Bug). This battle has been
mistakenly called the Blue water failing to indicate the precise location.
Grand Prince Olgerd is victorious over Kadlubak, (Kachibei, Demetrius) - Tatar
chieftans from Crimea (Mangup?) Meanwhile the Teutonic Order with German and
French knights besieges Kovno. Olgerd and Keistut bring Russian-Lithuanian army
but decide against battle and the fortress falls.
|
|
|
1362-64 AD
|
Murad, Khan of Golden Horde -
civil war and multiple khans following him. He gives yarlik to Dmitri
Konstantinovich of Nizhnigorod.
|
|
| |
1362 AD
|
Prussian knights capture Kaunas.
|
|
|
1363-89 AD
|
Dmitrii Ivanovich (Donskoi)
given yarlik as Grand Prince of Vladimir by Khan Murad, but changes his
mind because Mamai favors Dmitrii and returns yarlik to Dmitrii
Konstantinovich. But faced with lack of internal support Dmitrii
Konstantinovich gives up and agrees in 1366 to marriage of his daughter with
Dmitri Ivanovich.
|
|
| |
1364 AD
|
Rostov and other appanages begin
payment of tribute to Moscow.
|
|
| |
1364 AD
|
Pope Urban V issues Bull
promoting more crusading war in Lithuania.
|
|
| |
1365 AD
|
Riazan defeats Tatar troops.
. |
|
|
1365 AD
|
In July taking advantage of
local conflicts among population groups, Genoa seizes Sudak and 18 local
villages and administers the area as a consulship under Kaffa. Villages are
located not only along the coast but into the interior.
|
|
|
1365 AD
|
Under Mamai, Tatars attempt to
reconquer lost territory from Genoese.
|
|
|
1365 AD
|
Genoese retake Sudak second
time.
|
|
| |
1367 AD
|
Dmitri Ivanovich rebuilds Moscow
kremlin walls from wood to stone, more appanage princes begin payment of
tribute to Moscow.
|
|
| |
1367 AD
|
Moscow helps Vasilii of Kashin in
attack on Mikhail Aleksandrovich of Mikulin (both part of Tver). Mikhail goes
to get aid from Lithuania. Olgerd is already married to Mikhail's sister.
Metropolitan Alexis supports Moscow by supporting the junior princes in Tver.
|
|
| |
1368 AD
|
On death of prince Vasilii of
Kashin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich occupies the throne of Tver. Seeking to weaken
his power and influence, Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow seeks support of the head
of the church, Metropolitan Aleksei. Dmitri succeeds in capturing and
imprisoning Mikhail until the Khan orders his release. At the end of the summer
Dmitri begins campaign against Tver. Mikhail calls for help from Lithuania. In
October Olgerd (Algirdas) Grand Duke of Lithuania counterattacks and then
besieges Moscow, with detachment also from Tver, but they are unsuccessful.
They burn the surrounding area and withdraw. On 21 November at the Battle of
Lake Trostenskoye, 10 km south of Rumyantsevo the Muscovite polki are
practically destroyed. To fight Moscow Mikhail also seeks aid of Kypchak Horde.
Mikhail obtains yarlik but Dmitri does not accept that.
|
|
|
1370 AD
|
Dmitri Konstanovich sends his
brother, Boris, and son, Vasilii, against Volga Bulgar with approval of Tatar
Khan and Mamai.
|
|
| |
1370 AD
|
Dmitri again invades Tver and
Mikhail again gets help from Lithuania and from Horde. Ol'gerd besieges Moscow
second time, unsuccessfully. Mikhail obtains a yarlik from Mamai's
puppet khan.
|
|
| |
1371 AD
|
Mikhail again goes and obtains
yarlik from Mamai, while Dmitri obtains yarlik from Khan at
Sarai. Vladimir Andreivich, Dmitri's cousin, marries Olgerd's daughter.
|
|
| |
1372-5 AD
|
Renewal of all out war between
Tver and Moscow, Tver also attacks Torzhok, one of Novgorod's main towns.
Ol'gerd's brother, Keistut, and his sons, Vitovt and Andrei, with vassal prince
Dmitrii Drutskii lead Lithuanian troops in bloody raid against Torzhok. Kashin
and Pereyaslavl-Zaleskii. In June Ol'gerd joins the Tverians near Kaluga and on
12 July they approach Moscow. Dmitrii's avant-gard troops conclude peace with
Lithuanians at Rzhyov. The Lithuanian forces include those of Prince Boris
Konstantinovich of Gorodets, Andrei Ivanovich of Tver, and Yuri Vladimirovich
of Pinsk.
|
|
| |
1372 AD
|
Kremlin in Nizhni-Novgorod built
in stone.
|
|
| |
1373 AD
|
Mamai in revenge sacks Riazan.
|
|
| |
1374 AD
|
Mamai's ambassadors and troops
are killed at Nizhegorod by order of Archbishop Dionisii, who is attempting to
instigate hostilities between Mamai and Dmitri.
|
|
| |
1374 AD
|
Urus Khan of Kypchak Khanate.
|
|
| |
1375 AD
|
Cyprian becomes Metropolitan of
all Rus, attempts policy of unifying church in all Rus lands
. |
|
|
1375 AD
|
Nekomat (Surozh merchant) and
Ivan Vel'yaminov dealing with Tver against Moscow. Dmitri launches campaign
against Tver with aid from Suzdal, Nishegorod, Rostov, and Yaroslavl. Unable to
take the fortress by a coup de main, Dmitri besieges Tver for a month. Dmitri
gains control over Ryazan and Starodub. Ol'gered does not come to help Tver.
|
|
| |
1375 AD
|
Tatars sack Nizhegorod - Dmitri
of Moscow and Mikhail of Tver sign truce unfavorable to Mikhail. Mikhail
declares himself 'younger brother' of Dmitri, and Tver agrees to help Moscow
against Tatars.
|
|
|
1376 AD
|
Muhammed Saltan, ruler of Bolgar
and Kazan.
|
|
|
1376-79 AD
|
Andronicus IV, Byzantine
emperor.
|
|
| |
1376 AD
|
Dmitri Ivanovich besieges and
gets tribute from Kazan - Toqtaqya and then Temur Kelik are Khans of the
Kypchak Horde.
|
|
|
1377 AD
|
14 Jan -20 March - Rus campaign
against Tatar vassal, Volga Bolgar, against Tatar wishes.
|
|
|
1377 AD
|
Mamai unites under himself all
power over the western part of the Kypchak Horde from Volga ulus except
Astrakhan ulus of Khadzi Cherkesa, but he is not legal ruler, who is Khan
Tulyak. Mamai's troops attack Nizhnigorod and again in 1378.
|
|
| |
1377 AD
|
Grand Duke Olgerd dies, succeeded
by Jagiello as ruler of Lithuania.
|
|
|
1376-91 AD
|
Toqtamish, Khan of White horde,
claims Kypchak Horde also.
|
|
|
1378 AD
|
Toqtamish captures Sarai -
leaving Mamai with control only over Kypchak in western regions. Dmitri defeats
Mamai's troops led by Beglich, on Vozha River, Tatars burn Nizhegorod,
Metropolitan Aleksei dies
|
|
|
1379 AD
|
Genoa and Venice at war, each
supporting one side of Byzantine civil war between John V and Andronikus IV,
Genoese blockade Golden Horn.
|
|
|
1379 AD
|
29 Sept. Naval battle in Straits
between Genoese and Venetian navies.
|
|
|
1379-91 AD
|
John V, restored as emperor
again.
|
|
|
1379 AD
|
Mamai preparing for offensive
coming from east by Toqtamish. He obtains promise of support from Oleg of
Ryazan and Jagiello of Lithuania.- Pimen becomes Metropolitan of Rus in Moscow.
|
|
|
1379 AD
|
Mitya journey to Kaffa via
Solkhat. He meets Mamai in steppe of north Crimea on way to Constantinople -
receives yarlik from Khan Tulyak for metropolitan of Moscow, arrives
Constantinople at time of Genoese blockade and dies on shipboard.
|
|
|
1379 AD
|
30 Aug. 1.5 months after Mitya
left Moscow, Ivan Vel'yaminov executed for treason.
|
|
|
1380-86 AD
|
Metropolitans of Chersonesus and
Gothia in conflict over villages.
|
|
|
1380 AD
|
Genoese - Venetian war continues
with Genoese fleet blockading Venice and then blockaded itself at Chioggia in
Venician outer harbor area. In June Genoese best fleet surrenders. This is
decisive victory for Venice.
|
|
|
1380 AD
|
September 8, Battle of Kulikovo
Pole, Dmitri Ivanovich (Donskoi) defeats Mamai. Dmitri has 10
"Surozhane" - merchant traders with Crimea - as guides for campaign
across the steppe.
|
|
|
1380 AD
|
28 November, treaty between
Genoese and Mamai, Jarkass, Governor of Solkhat signs in name of khan, Consul
of Kaffa is Giannone del Bosco.
|
|
|
1380 AD
|
Mangup fortifications rebuilt
(under agreement with Toqtamish?).
|
|
| |
1381 AD
|
Teutonic Order uses cannon on
Nieman river.
|
|
|
1381 AD
|
Toqtamish defeats Mamai who is
killed in Kaffa, - 23 February, renewed treaty between Genoese and Tatars,
Elias, son of Kotolbega, now Governor of Solkhat signs for Tatars, Toqtamish
now khan.
|
|
|
1381 AD
|
Peace of Turin, ended another
war between Genoa and Venice, Venice forbidden to sail to Tana for 2 years.
|
|
| |
1381 AD
|
Ciprian becomes Metropolitan,
visits Sarai in 1385.
|
|
| |
1381 AD
|
Keistut takes power in Lithuania
from his nephew, Vitold, with some assistance from Moscow and concludes peace
treaty. Jaigallo murders his uncle, Keistut, and imprisons his cousin, Vitold.
|
|
|
1382 AD
|
Toqtamish campaign against
Moscow, approaches unsuspecting city on 12 August, uses ruse to gain entrance
to city, then sacks it. Boris of Nizhnigorod is Toqtamish ally. Michael of Tver
supports Tatars in hopes of getting yarlik, but is disappointed.
|
|
| |
1382 AD
|
Teutonic Order captures Vilnius
and Trakai.
|
|
|
1383 AD
|
Nekomat Surozan executed.
|
|
| |
1384 AD
|
Oleg of Ryazan invades Moscow
again, but then signs peace agreement.
|
|
|
1386 AD
|
Venice back sailing to Tana,
renewed war between Genoa and Tatars.
|
|
| |
1386 AD
|
Novgorod tries to use Tatar
victory over Moscow to gain more independence. Dmitrii brings army and extracts
promise of Tatar tribute from Novgorod the Great. Jagiello marries Jadwiga
bringing Lithuania and Poland into dynastic union. He is baptised and made King
of Poland.
|
|
|
1387 AD
|
12 August, new treaty between
Genoa and Tatars, Governor of Solkhat signs in name of Toqtamysh, for Genoa -
Giannone del Bosco and Gentile dei Grimaldi
|
|
| |
1387 AD
|
Beginning of conflict between
Toqtamysh and Timur (Tamerlane).
|
|
|
1389 AD
|
Pimen reaches Azov via Don in 40
days travel.
|
|
|
1389 - 1425 AD
|
On death of Dmitrii Donskoi,
Vasilii I Dimitriyevich, Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
| |
1391 AD
|
Timur renews war against
Toqtamish. He drives Kypchak army north along Volga and defeats Toqtamish on
Kondurcha River (or Sakmara) on 18 June. Vasilii Dimitriyevich is called to
support Toqtamish but manages to keep his army north of the Ik River. Skirting
Suzdal and Ryazan territories he crosses the steppe beyond the Don. But once
there he is compelled to marry Sofia, daughter of Vitvot of Lithuania. He
brings his bride back to Moscow.
|
|
|
1391-1425 AD
|
Manuel II, Byzantine emperor .
|
|
| |
1392 AD
|
Vitvot, son of Keistut, turns
away from the Teutonic Order and by Treaty of Ostrow receives the Duchy of
Trokai and part of Volhynia with its castle at Lusk.
|
|
| |
1392 AD
|
Vasilii takes advantage of Tatar
weakness to sieze Nizhni-Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1392 AD
|
Teutonic Order captures Polish
duchy of Dobrzyn.
|
|
| |
1393- 1430 AD
|
Vitvot (Vytautus) grand duke of
Lithuania.
|
|
|
1394 AD
|
Tetrak, ruler of Bolgar and
Kazan.
|
|
| |
1395 AD
|
Vitvot captures Smolensk while
Vasilii remains neutral.
|
|
|
1395 AD
|
Tamerlane campaigns against
Toqtamish, wins decisive battle on 14 April on Terek River, sacks Sarai,
destroys Tana on 14 September, destroys much of Crimea, his army rampages to
Dniper, but he refrains from marching on Moscow due to danger from Kypchaks on
his flanks. His supporter in Crimea is Tash Timur, Toqtamish flees to
Lithuania.
|
|
|
1396-97 AD
|
Toqtamish returns, attacks Kaffa
successfully defended by Genoese. His army is attacked in rear by troops of
Khan Timur Qutlugh.
|
|
| |
1397 AD
|
Vitvot and Vasilii conduct joint
campaign against Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1397-98 AD
|
Vitvot begins campaigns deep into
steppe as far as Black Sea with Toqtamish's Tatars. They have army now equipped
with pischali (hand guns) and cannon and depart Kyiv for Crimea. On 8 September
1397 they are victorious over small forces of Timur Qutlugh and Yedigei near
Kaffa. During the 1397 campaign Vitvot takes Kariate families from Chufu-Kale
to settle at Trakai. Then in 1398 Timur Qutlugh defeats Toqtamish and forces
his return to Lithuania. Toqtamish agrees to treaty with Vitvot giving the
latter the ulus of Moscow in exchange for further help in war against Timur
Qutlugh
|
|
|
1397-99 AD
|
Yedigei in Crimea ruling for
Khan in civil war, in process Tatars attack and burn Chersonesus, virtual end
of the city.
|
|
| |
1397-8 AD
|
Vasilii campaigns to north and
takes North Dvinia land from Novgorod, but Novgorod recaptures the area the
following year.
|
|
| |
1398 AD
|
Teutonic Order takes Gotland and
is given Samogitia by Vitvot.
|
|
|
1399 AD
|
Khan Timur Qutlugh defeats
Toqtamish and Grand Duke Vitvot (Vytautus) at Vorskla River on 12 August. Many
Lithuanian princes are killed. This is decisive blow to Lithuanian efforts on
Black Sea coast. Prince Yurii Svyatoslavich regains his city at Smolensk, but
loses it again in 1403-4.
|
|
| |
1399 AD
|
Mikhail of Tver wills almost all
his lands to his oldest son, Ivan, thus greatly strengthening the principality
by avoiding the usual breakup into separate udels.
|
|
| |
1401-07 AD
|
Yedigei installs Sadi Beg
(Shadibek) as Khan of Kypchak Khanate (Ulus Juchi). Sadi, Beg restores closer
ties with Moscow.
|
|
| |
1401 AD
|
Vasilii fails again in attempt to
wrest northern Dvina region from Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1403 AD
|
Vasilii Kirdyapa, main enemy of
Moscow, dies in Gorodets.
|
|
|
1403 AD
|
Prince Alexei ruler of Theodoro
at Mangup.
|
|
| |
1404 AD
|
Teutonic Order returns Dobrzyn to
Poland but subjugates Samogitia.
|
|
| |
1406-7 AD
|
The bloodless Russian-Lithuanian
War pits Vasilii II against his father-in-law, Vitvot. The first standoff is at
Krapivna on the Plava River near Tul'ya. The second is at Vyaz'ma in Smolensk
region. The third is at the Urga River, probably near Kaluga.
. |
|
| |
1407 AD
|
Battle of the Field of
Logozovitskoye. Following three years of light skirmishing and raids by both
sides, the conflict between Novgorod and Livonians turns serious. The main
leaders of Novgorod and Pskov take their polki as well as three Novgorod
posadniki to this battle where they are all killed. Magistrate Conrad von
Vietinghof leads the Livonians. The attempt to compel Pskov to surrender in
1408 and 1409 results in a peace treaty signed at Kirumpyaya in 1410.
|
|
| |
1407-10 AD
|
Pulad Han Khan of Kypchak
Khanate.
|
|
| |
1408 AD
|
Emir Edigei attacks Moscow and
nearby towns. He demands troops and artillery for support from Prince Ivan of
Tver. Ivan pretends to agree but keeps his forces at home, greatly improving
his position within Russia. Edigei besieges Moscow but fails to take city
before he is recalled to send troops elsewhere. But he extracts ransom.
Meanwhile Vasilii is conveniently in north 'raising troops.'
|
|
| |
1409 AD
|
Samogitia revolts against
Teutonic Order. Order retakes Dobrzyn.
|
|
| |
1410 AD
|
Battle of Tannenberg,( or
Grundvald or Salgir) On 15 July Vitvot with Polish, Lithuanian and Russian
troops defeats Teutonic Knights of Ulrich von Jungingen. Tens of thousands of
Teutonic knights are killed. But Livonian Order stays out of the battle.
|
|
| |
1410-12 AD
|
Temur Khan of Kypchak Khanate.
|
|
|
1411 AD
|
Genoese records at Kaffa mention
Prince Alexis of Theodoro (Mangup).
|
|
| |
1411 AD
|
Emir Edigei overthrown at Kypchak
Khanate .
|
|
| |
1412 AD
|
Gelal ed-Din, then Kerim Berdi,
Khan of Kypchak Khanate.
|
|
| |
1414 AD
|
King Vladislav IV of Poland
invades Prussia again, then retreats.
|
|
| |
1414-17 AD
|
Kibak Khan of Kypchak Khanate.
|
|
| |
1417-19 AD
|
Jeremferden Khan of Kypchak
Khanate.
|
|
| |
1419 AD
|
Uleg Mehmed Khan of Kypchak
Khanate.
|
|
|
1422 AD
|
War between Gothia (Theodoro)
and Kaffa over Cembalo seaport and trade access to sea.
|
|
|
1423 AD
|
Prince Alexis captures Chembalo
- Genoese under Pietro Magnero retake it.
|
|
|
1423 AD
|
Genoese raid Kalimita and burn
town, Alexis rebuilds.
|
|
| |
1423 AD
|
Teutonic Order cedes Samogitia to
Vitvot. Last German knights go to Prussia.
|
|
|
1425-48 AD
|
John VIII, Byzantine emperor.
|
|
| |
1425 AD
|
Ivan Mikhailovich, prince of
Tver, dies followed by his son, Aleksandr Ivanovich. Throne goes to Boris
Aleksandrovich. The new prince strengthens his power by eliminating the
remaining udels.
|
|
|
1425-62 AD
|
Vasilii II Vasil'yevich,
Tyemnii, Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
| |
1425 AD
|
Yuri Dmitriyevich, prince of
Galich, immediately prepares army to contest rule with his nephew, Vasilii.
Metropolitan Photius goes to Galich and prevents this.
|
|
|
1425 AD
|
Genoese fortification work
expanded at Cembalo.
|
|
|
1425 AD
|
War between Genoa and Theodoro.
|
|
|
1427 AD
|
Alexis of Mangup- Theodoro,
building port at Kalimita (Inkerman).
|
|
| |
1427 AD
|
Boris Aleksandrovich of Tver
signs alliance with Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vitvot.
|
|
| |
1428 AD
|
Boris participates in Vitvot's
campaign against Novgorod.
|
|
| |
1429 AD
|
Emperor Sigismund requests
Teutonic Order knights go to defend Hungary against Turks.
|
|
| |
1430 AD
|
Vitvot dies. Boris supports
Svidrigailo for Lithuanian throne with troops but they are defeated in several
battles.
|
|
|
1431 AD
|
War between Genoa and Venice
again.
|
|
| |
1431 AD
|
With both Vitvot and Metropolitan
Photius dead, Yuri, brother of Vasilii I, again claims throne of Moscow - he
and Vasilii II go to Sarai for decision by Khan Ulug Mehmed.
|
|
| |
1432 AD
|
Ulug Mehmed gives yarlik
to Vasilii II.
|
|
|
1432 AD
|
Prince Alexis of Theodoro,
alliance with Venice.
|
|
| |
1433 AD
|
Hussites and Poles invade
Prussia.
|
|
|
1433-34 AD
|
Yuri Dmitriyevich Galitski
attacks and captures Moscow and becomes grand prince, Vasilii II sent to
Kostroma but by end of the year Vasilii has raised army and returned - Sajjid
Ahmed claims to be Khan of Kypchak Khanate.
|
|
|
1433 AD
|
Renewed war between Theodoro and
Genoa until 1441. Alexis gains support of Greeks living in Cembalo drives
Genoese out.
|
|
|
1434-62 AD
|
Vasilii II Vasil'yevich, Grand
Prince 2nd time. He seeks revenge and sacks Galich. But later in 1434 Yuri
again defeats Vasilii but then Yuri dies in Moscow and his son, Vasilii Kosoi,
is unable to keep the city.
|
|
|
1434 AD
|
Genoese fleet regains Cembalo
and combined fleet and army attack Kalimita.
|
|
| |
1435 AD
|
Poles defeat Livonian Order
knights at Wilkomierz.
|
|
|
1435-65 AD
|
Kuchak Mehmed, Khan of Kypchak
Horde after overcoming Ulug Mehmed.
|
|
| |
1436 AD
|
Vasilii II captures and blinds
Vasili Kosoi.
|
|
|
1437-45 AD
|
Ulug Mehmed, Khan of Kazan.
|
|
| |
1438 AD
|
Ulug Mehmed defeats Moscow at
Belev.
, |
|
| |
1439 AD
|
Ulug Mehmed besieges Moscow.
|
|
|
1440-66 AD
|
Khadzhi Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
| |
1440 AD
|
Casimir Grand Duke of Lithuania .
|
|
| |
1440 AD
|
Boris Aleksandrovich of Tver
signs alliance with Moscow and then sends troops to support Vasilii's campaign
against Novgorod.
|
|
|
1441 AD
|
Peace treaty between Theodoro
and Genoa.
|
|
|
1443 AD
|
Kypchak Horde Tatars led by
Prince Mustafa attack Riazan, defeated by Vasilii II's troops.
|
|
|
1444 AD
|
Khan Uleg Mehmed moves from
Belev down Oka to Gorodets.
|
|
| |
1444-8 AD
|
Novgorod at war with Livonian
Order.
|
|
|
1445 AD
|
Uleg Mehmed attacks Murom, he
sends sons, Mahmudek and Yakub to attack Suzdal, they capture Vasilii II.
Mahmudek captures Kazan from Kypchak Horde.
|
|
| |
1445 AD
|
Tver campaign against Torzhok.
|
|
|
1445-62 AD
|
Uleg Mehmed, proclaims self Khan
of Kazan.
|
|
| |
1446 AD
|
While Vasilii is held by Tatars,
Dmitrii Yurivich Shemiaka takes Moscow throne. Uleg Mehmed lets Vasilii return
to Moscow for huge ransom. Then Ivan, prince of Mozhaisk helps Dmitrii by
capturing Vasilii and Dmitri then blinds Vasilii. Nevertheless, by end of the
year Vasilii has gained support and Dmitri is driven out of Moscow.
|
|
| |
1446 AD
|
Boris Aleksandrovich of Tver
builds new strong fortress at Luboven, at mouth of T'mak River opposite
strengthened kremlin.
|
|
|
1446 AD
|
Alexis attacks Cembalo again.
|
|
|
1447 AD
|
2 May - Olobei (Alexis' son)
ruler of Theodoro at Mangup.
|
|
|
1446-47 AD
|
Ottoman Sultan Murad II
(1421-1451) sends fleet to attack Trebizond, then Crimea, takes prisoners from
Gothia.
|
|
| |
1447 AD
|
Casimir becomes also King of
Poland.
|
|
|
1447 AD
|
War between Kaffa and Trebizond,
Byzantine Emperor John IV Commenus sends fleet under command of David, brother
in law of Olobei, David goes to Kaffa and Kalimita , then visits Doros
(Theodoro).
|
|
|
1447 AD
|
Vasilii retakes Moscow from
Dmitri Shemiaka - Mahmudek, now Khan of Kazan, attacks Moscow but is driven
away. Boris cements alliance with Vasilii by agreeing that his daughter, Maria,
marry Ivan. Boris sends cannon from Tver to help Vasilii take Ustug and defeat
Shemiaka. And Vasilii to show friendship gives Rzhev to Tver. But Rzhev objects
so Boris has to besiege the town using his cannon.
|
|
| |
1448 AD
|
Fearing Tver- Moscow alliance,
the Lithuanians come and take Rzhev and hold it until Tver signs a new treaty.
|
|
| |
1448 AD
|
Battle on the Narova River.
Prince Vasilii Vasil'yevich of Suzdal defeats the Livonian German army. By sea
at the isthmus of the River Narova the Novgorodian boats assault the Livonian
ships andcapture two barons and 84 knights.
|
|
|
1448 AD
|
28 March - Battisto Marchexano
appointed capitaneus of Genoese Gothia.
|
|
|
1448-53 AD
|
Constantine XI, last Byzantine
emperor.
|
|
|
1449 AD
|
Statute of Kaffa, detailed
instructions from Genoese government on how to govern colony - important
historical source.
|
|
|
1449 AD
|
King Casimir of Poland
supporting Haji Gerei, living in Lithuania, to seize Crimea from Said Ahmad,
Khan of the Kypchak Horde.
|
|
| |
1449 AD
|
Casimir IV makes treaties with
Vasilii II of Moscow and Boris Aleksandrovich of Tver - Vasilii makes his son,
Ivan, co-ruler.
. |
|
|
1449 AD
|
Said Ahmad sends part of Horde
against Moscow, defeated by Kasim, Tsarivich of Kasimov Tatars.
|
|
| |
1450 AD
|
Dmitrii Shemiaka attacks Moscow
again, when defeated flees to Novgorod.
|
|
|
1451-81 AD
|
Mohammed II, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1451 AD
|
Another Horde Tatar army of Said
Ahmad reaches Moscow but is repulsed at the walls.
|
|
|
1453 AD
|
Ottoman Sultan Mohammed II
captures Constantinople.
|
|
|
1453 AD
|
15 November - Genoese government
cedes all Black Sea possessions to Bank of San Giorgio.
|
|
| |
1453 AD
|
Moscow Kremlin burns.
|
|
| |
1454 AD
|
In revenge for Ivan's support of
Dmitri Shemiaka, Vasilii drives him out of Mozhaisk and annexes the town.
|
|
|
1454 AD
|
14 July, Ottoman Turkish fleet
attacks Kaffa - Tatar Khan Haji Girei helps Ottomans but siege fails, however,
tribute now due to Sultan.
|
|
|
1454 AD
|
Ottoman fleet attacks Theodoro
before returning to Constantinople.
|
|
| |
1454-66 AD
|
War between Teutonic Order and
combination of Poland and Prussian towns.
|
|
|
1455 AD
|
In May, consul at Sudak (Carlo
Chicala) reports about Gothia (Theodoro) border conditions.
|
|
|
1455 AD
|
Genoese repair fortifications St
George and St Nicholas at Chembalo.
|
|
|
1455 AD
|
Giobanni Piccinino, Italian
engineer, to fortify Kaffa. He proposes plan to capture Theodoro, not accepted.
|
|
|
1456 AD
|
Protectors of Bank of St George
send friendly letter to Theodoro concerning danger from Ottomans.
|
|
|
1456 AD
|
Sultan Mohammed captures Athens
from Franks.
|
|
| |
1456 AD
|
Vasilii and Boris sign a new
treaty of alliance as equals, calling each other 'brothers'. Vasilii II leads
his army to Novgorod, fines the city and limits operation of the veche.
|
|
|
1458 AD
|
Olobei probably dies, succession
at Theodoro goes to Isaac.
|
|
| |
1459 AD
|
Vasilii conquers Viatka,
temporarily.
|
|
| |
1461 AD
|
Boris Aleksandrovich of Tver dies
after 36 year rule that brought great prosperity to Tver. He is suceeded by
Mikhail Borisovich. He signs alliance with Moscow the following year.
|
|
|
1461 AD
|
Ottoman Turks take Trebizond.
|
|
|
1462-67 AD
|
Halil, Khan of Kazan.
|
|
|
1462 - 1505 AD
|
Ivan III Vasil'yevich, Grand
Prince of Moscow.
|
|
|
1462 AD
|
First campaign by Ivan III
against Kazan.
|
|
|
1465 AD
|
Isaac (Saichus) probably son of
Olobei, Prince of Theodoro.
|
|
|
1465-81 AD
|
Ahmed, Khan of Kypchak Horde.
|
|
|
1465 AD
|
Khan Ahmed starts campaign
against Moscow, attacked en route on Don by Haji Girei and Crimean Tatars,
allies of Moscow.
|
|
| |
1466 AD
|
At second peace of Torun Teutonic
Order cedes half Prussia to Poland.
|
|
| |
1466-72 AD
|
Tver merchant Afanasiyi Nikitin
travels overland to India.
|
|
|
1466-68 AD
|
Nur-Devlet Girei, Khan of
Crimea.
|
|
|
1467-79 AD
|
Ibrahim, son of Mahmudek, Khan
of Kazan.
|
|
|
1468-1515 AD
|
Mengli Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1468-69 AD
|
Ivan III begins another major
campaign against Kazan, fails twice.
|
|
|
1470's AD
|
Religious struggle between
Catholics and Greek Orthodox over reunion of churches generates civil unrest in
Genoese Black Sea colonies.
|
|
| |
1470 AD
|
Novgorod seeks help from King
Casimir IV of Poland.
|
|
| |
1471 AD
|
Livonian Lithuanian alliance is
blocked when Livonian Master Wolthus von Herse is deposed.
|
|
| |
1471 AD
|
Ivan III campaigns against
Novgorod with Muscovite and Tatar troops and detachment from Tver, wins victory
at Shelon River, forces treaty on Novgorod.
|
|
|
1471 AD
|
Kaffa pays tribute to Khan to
buy friendship.
|
|
|
1471 AD
|
Genoese Kaffa and Sudak sign
alliance with Theodoro for joint defense, Genoese Guasko brothers to stop
bothering Lusti, belonging to Theodoro.
|
|
|
1471-72 AD
|
Genoese at Kaffa side with
Mengli-Girei in his struggle for power with his brothers, (Nur- Devlet) whom
they capture and keep at Sudak. Genoese try to get aid from Poland against
Turks, but Poles fighting elsewhere.
|
|
|
1472-73 AD
|
Kaffa resident, Khozya Kokos,
sends letter to Ivan III in Moscow proposing marriage of Ivan's 16-year -old
son to daughter of Isaac, Prince of Theodoro on Mangup.
|
|
|
1472 AD
|
14 Sept. Isaac's sister, Maria,
marries Stephen the Great, Prince of Moldovia.
|
|
|
1472 AD
|
Casimir signs treaty of alliance
with Great (Kypchak) Horde against their mutual enemies, Muscovy and Crimean
Tatars.
|
|
| |
1472 AD
|
Ivan captures Perm, inherits
Dmitrov.
|
|
|
1472 AD
|
Sophia Palaeologina travels from
Italy to Moscow to marry Ivan III, accompanied by Prince Constantine of Mangup.
|
|
|
1472 AD
|
Ahmed launches another major
campaign against Moscow, blocked with aid of Kasimov Tatars when Lithuanian
allies failed to show.
|
|
|
1474 AD
|
Ivan III sends boyar, Nikita
Beklemishev, to Khan Mengli Girei and Isaac (to check about marriage) and sign
alliance with Mengli against Ahmed. Ivan also pays damages for raids of
cossacks against Kaffa merchants.
|
|
|
1474 AD
|
Ottomans win victory in Hungary
and prepare to shift forces to Black Sea.
|
|
| |
1474 AD
|
Ivan unites Rostov to Moscow.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
Early spring - Stephen wins
great victory over Turks in Moldovia.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
Ivan III negociating treaty of
alliance with Mengli Girei when Ottomans invade and capture Mengli.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
Early spring - Ivan III sends
boyar, Aleksei Starkov, to Theodoro to cement proposed marriage, Starkov also
is to obtain redress for damages done to Muscovite merchants.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
Stephen of Moldovia sends
Alexander, brother of his wife and of Isaac, by ship from Montecastro to
Kalimita with 300 mercenary troops supplied by king of Hungary. Alexander
deposes and kills Isaac, assumes rule of Theodoro.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
Khan Mengli Girei forced out at
Solkhat, takes refuge in Kaffa. Tatar chieftans support Ottoman sultan, who
uses the excuse to conquer Crimea.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
31 May - Large Turkish fleet
under Grand Vizier Keduk Akhmet Pasha arrives to conduct naval landing and
besiege Kaffa with Tatar aid.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
6 June - after 5-day siege,
Kaffa surrenders, 500 Genoese families sent to Constantinople, many leaders
manage to flee to Mangup. Many foreign merchants including Russians taken into
slavery.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
Ottoman army takes Sudak after
Genoese put up heroic defense throughout city and in upper castle.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
Stephen III of Moldova appeals
to King Matthew Corvinus of Hungary for more help.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
December - Ottomans capture
Mangup after 3-month siege, during which 5 assaults fail, by using heavy
artillery. Prince Alexander has 300 Wallach mercenaries and possibly 15,000
local men. Mengli Girei taken to Constantinople then returned to be Khan.
Prince Alexander taken and beheaded after his wife and daughters are given to
Sultan's harem.
|
|
|
1475 AD
|
Ottoman Turks establish their
local governor on Magkup and begin repair of fortifications. This becomes their
citadel for control over Crimean Tatars.
|
|
| |
1475 AD
|
Ivan goes again to Novgorod -
Aristotle Fioroventi arrives in Moscow with contract to fortify and build
churches.
|
|
| |
1477 AD
|
Ivan again campaigns against
Novgorod with support from Tver troops.
|
|
|
1478 AD
|
Khan Ibrahim of Kazan tries to
capture Viatka while Ivan III busy at Novgorod, but fails. Ivan takes great
bell from Novgorod to Moscow. He also takes Torzhok.
|
|
|
1479-84 AD
|
Ali, Khan of Kazan.
|
|
| |
1480 AD
|
Livonian Order fails to capture
Pskov.
|
|
| |
1480 AD
|
Incident on the Ugra, Ivan III
and Khan Ahmed face each other across river but both refuse battle. Tver sends
troops to support Ivan.
|
|
|
1481-1512 AD
|
Bayazid II, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
| |
1481 AD
|
Andrei of Vologda bequeaths
appanage to Ivan - Khan Ahmed killed.
|
|
|
1481-1502 AD
|
Seyed Ahmed, last Khan of Great
(Kypchak) Horde.
|
|
|
1482 AD
|
Ottoman Turks capture Matrega on
Taman Penn.
|
|
| |
1483 AD
|
Being now nearly surrounded by
Moscow, Mikhail Borisovich signs treaty with Casimir IV and agrees to marriage.
But, having helped Ivan take Novgorod it is now too late for Mikhail.
|
|
|
1484 AD
|
Ottomans take Chilia Kilia on
Danube and Moncastro (Akkerman - Belgorod Dnistrovski) on Dniester.
|
|
|
1484-85 AD
|
Muhammed Emin, Khan of Kazan.
|
|
|
1484 AD
|
Ivan III conducts another
campaign against Kazan.
|
|
|
1484 AD
|
Ivan sends his Tatar troops to
aid Mengli Girei against Great Horde after the Horde under Murtaza (Ahmed's
son) invades Crimea. Mengli sends Murtaza as prisoner to Istanbul, then Mengli
defeated and goes temporarily to Istanbul.
|
|
|
1484 AD
|
Under increasing pressure Great
Horde migrates west to Donets River, continues much fighting with Crimean
Tatars and Moscow.
|
|
| |
1485 AD
|
Ivan III attacks Tver in winter
1484-5. Casimir does not send help. Mikhail is forced to swear allegance to
Moscow. This causes his boyars and serving princes to go to Moscow. Then Ivan
comes again in September. Mikhail flees to Lithuania and the citizens open the
gates to Ivan.
|
|
|
1485-87 AD
|
Ali, (2nd time) Khan of Kazan.
|
|
|
1486 AD
|
Ivan sends army under Nur Devlet
against Great Horde.
|
|
|
1487-95 AD
|
Mohammed Emin (2nd time) Khan of
Kazan.
|
|
|
1487 AD
|
Under pressure from Ottoman
sultan Great Horde attacks Lithuania instead of Crimea or Moscow. Horde spends
2.5 years campaigning in Poland and Lithuania thus weakening Poles versus
Ottomans but also weakening itself versus Crimea and Moscow.
|
|
|
1487 AD
|
With Mehemmed Amin's mother now
married to Mengli Girei, his ally, Ivan now settles on Mehemmed as his
candidate for Kazan throne, sends 4 armies who depose Ali and instal Mehemmed
again. Ivan agrees for Mehemmed to marry daughter of Nogai chieftan, Musa.
|
|
| |
1489 AD
|
Viatka submits to Moscow.
|
|
|
1490 AD
|
Great Horde still fighting in
Poland after being ejected from Podolia, Ivan sends Kasimov Tatars against them
with no contact. Sultan Bayazid trying to get all Tatars into mutual alliance.
|
|
|
1490-91 AD
|
Mengli Girei demobilizes Crimean
army, then Great Horde attacks by surprise, Mengli retaliates against their
fortress on Dnieper while Great Horde is fighting Poles, Bayazid sends 1000
Janissaries to help Mengli.
|
|
|
1491 AD
|
Afash ulan leads Kazan Tatar
army attack on Astrakhan.
|
|
|
1491 AD
|
Poles defeat Great Horde at
Zaslavl as Mengli and Ivan applaud from the sidelines. But then Great Horde
masses north of Crimea for invasion with aid from Nogai Horde. Ivan sends army
south and also sends Kazan Tatars south to aid Crimeans. This forces Great
Horde to disperse.
|
|
|
1492 AD
|
Combined attack on Astrakhan by
Siberian Tatar Ivak, his brother, Mamuk, Khan of the Uzbeks, and his brother in
law, Musa andYamgurchu of the Nogais, but they fail to take fortress. They
continue to pressure Kazan.
|
|
|
1492 AD
|
With Great Horde impotent,
Mengli Girei builds Crimean fortress at Tyaginka, on Dnieper as base for raids
into Podolia, Ivan concerned as he has designs on lower Dnieper for himself.
|
|
| |
1492 AD
|
Death of Casimir IV, Moscow-
Lithuania again in conflict.
|
|
|
1493 AD
|
Fire destroys most of Mangup,
Turks rebuild.
|
|
|
1493 AD
|
Mengli begins Crimean campaigns
into Lithuania-Poland from Tyaginka. Lithuanians counter attack and destroy
that fort. Mengli leads next campaign in person into Podolia and rebuilds
Tyaginka .
|
|
| |
1494 AD
|
Ivan III begins campaign against
Lithuania - Ivan closes Novgorod to trade with Hanse.
|
|
| |
1495 AD
|
Alexander, Grand Duke of
Lithuania, marries Ivan's daughter Elena.
|
|
|
1495-96 AD
|
Mamuk, Khan of Siberia takes
over in Kazan with help from Nogais, Mehemmed flees to Moscow, then population
ejects Mamuk.
|
|
|
1496-1502 AD
|
Abd- al- Latif, Mehemmed's
brother, installed by Ivan as new Khan of Kazan, Mehemmed receives lands around
Serpukhov, thus Mengli and Nur Sultan were kept happy.
|
|
| |
1496 AD
|
War between Moscow and Sweden.
Swedes capture Ivangorod...
|
|
|
1497 AD
|
Polish-Lithuanian campaign
against Ottomans in Modavia. King Stephen victorious against Poles, Ivan and
Mengli force Lithuanians out of campaign. Alexander of Lithuania attacks
Tyaginka instead but Tatars win.
|
|
|
1498 AD
|
Nogai and Siberian Tatars again
plotting to take Kazan and replace Abd-al-Latif.. Ottomans invade Poland to aid
Stephen and Mengli.
|
|
|
1499 AD
|
Ivan sends riverine army to
defend Kazan from Siberians and Nogai. He also agrees with Mengli on division
of the steppe Ukraine.
|
|
|
1500 AD
|
Ivan again defending Kazan from
Nogai despite being also heavily engaged in war in Lithuania, Battle of
Vedrosha River.
|
|
|
1500 AD
|
Crimean Tatars reach Lvov and
Lublin in July. Great Horde again moves west to Don and Medveditsa Riveras
under Sheykh and Seyyed, sons of Ahmad Khan, They are planning to help
Lithuanians. Mengli Gerei withdraws from Lithuania to guard Crimea from them.
Then they shift to attack Moscow. Mengli warns Ivan and Ivan sends army south.
Crimeans invade Lithuania again and reach Brest and into Poland across Vistula.
|
|
|
1501 AD
|
Treaty of Wenden unites Livonian
Order and Lithuanians against Ivan III. Alexander now king of Poland plans to
get Nogai to attack Kazan while Great Horde and Lithuanians attack Seversk.
Ivan on defensive, but defeats Livonians at Helmed.
|
|
|
1502 AD
|
Great Horde, now much depleted,
moves west to Dnieper north of Kyiv but refuses Ottoman order to cross. Mengli
Gerei chases Horde and destroys much of it on 6 June. Ivan has Tatar Khans of
Kazan and Kasimov with their armies supporting his around Smolensk. In July
Mengli sends his sons, Feti and Burnash, with 90,000 troops to support Ivan,
but instead they raid far west into Polish Galicia and Volhynia. Their excuse
was that area around Smolensk was too wooded. Their raid did force Alexander to
shift troops from Smolensk west to Lutsk. But Master von Plettenberg saves
Livonia in battle of Lake Smolina.
|
|
|
1502-18 AD
|
Muhammed Emin (3rd time) Khan of
Kazan.
|
|
|
1504 AD
|
Mengli Girei sends letter to
Ivan III informing that Sultan Bayazid II has assigned 1000 men from Kaffa and
Mangup to repair fortifications.
|
|
|
1505-33 AD
|
Vasilii III Ivanovich, Grand
Prince of Moscow.
|
|
|
1506 AD
|
Vasilii launches first campaign
against Kazan but is defeated.
|
|
|
1508 AD
|
Muhammed returns Russian
prisoners and signs peace treaty.
|
|
| |
1510 AD
|
Vasilii III takes Pskov.
|
|
|
1512-20 AD
|
Selim I, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1512 AD
|
Vasilii III sends boyar
Alekseyev to Sultan Selim I. Alekseyev returns with Prince Kemalbi of Mangup.
|
|
|
1512 AD
|
Mengli Gerei switches sides to
alliance with Lithuania - due to Vasilii's stingy payments and Muscovite
annexation of Severia. This destroys cornerstone of Ivan III's strategic policy
and begins continual war between Crimea and Moscow lasting to 1780's.
|
|
| |
1512 AD
|
War between Moscow and Lithuania
resumes.
|
|
| |
1514 AD
|
Vasilii captures Smolensk.
|
|
|
1515-23 AD
|
Mukhammed Girei I, Khan of
Crimea (Mengli's son).
|
|
|
1515 AD
|
Crimean Tatars raid Moscow.
Moscow begins major fortification program along southern border - Zasechnaya
Cherta. Organizes 'shore duty' along Oka.
|
|
| |
1517 AD
|
Vasilii aquires Ryazan.
|
|
|
1519-21 AD
|
Mehemmed Amin dies at Kazan,
Vasilii sends Shah Ali, Mehemmed's brother, as new Khan of Kazan. Crimeans now
interveen against Moscow, send Khan's brother, Sahib to rule Kazan.
|
|
| |
1519 AD
|
Poles invade Prussia.
|
|
|
1520-66 AD
|
Suleiman I, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1521-24 AD
|
Sahib Girei, Khan of Kazan.
|
|
|
1521 AD
|
Mehemmed Girei, Khan of Crimea,
launches major campaign against Moscow, they reach suburbs with Lithuanian and
Cossack help. Moscow annexes Riazan accusing them of aiding Tatars.
|
|
|
1523 AD
|
Gazi Girei I , Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1523-31 AD
|
Saddat Girei I, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1524-31 AD
|
Safa Girei, Khan of Kazan.
|
|
| |
1525 AD
|
Prussia secularized under Duke
Albert (end of Teutonic Order control).
|
|
|
1531-33 AD
|
Jan Ali, Khan of Kazan, protegee
of Moscow, he was Khan of Kasimov and brother of Shah Ali.
|
|
|
1532 AD
|
Islam Girei I, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1532-50 AD
|
Sakhib Girei I, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1533-46 AD
|
Safa Girei (2nd time), Khan of
Kazan.
|
|
|
1533-84 AD
|
Ivan IV Vasil'yevich, Tsar of
all Russias (his mother, Elena Glinskaya regent until 1538, then Vasilii
Shuiskii regent for a year, then Ivan Bel'skii).
|
|
|
1534 AD
|
Sakhib Girei tries to capture
Kazan and Astrakhan but he is murdered.
|
|
|
1538 AD
|
Kazan Tatars raid Muscovy.
|
|
|
1540 AD
|
Safa Girei leads Kazan troops
against Muscovy, then Sakhib Girei brings Crimean Tatars and Turkish troops
north along Don.
|
|
|
1541 AD
|
31 July the Crimean army with
Turkish artillery reaches Oka. Large Muscovite army defends river line to
Tatars retire.
|
|
|
1546-49 AD
|
Shah Ali, Khan of Kazan.
|
|
|
1548 AD
|
Ivan IV first campaign against
Kazan, many troops lost to river ice thaw.
|
|
|
1549-51 AD
|
Safa Girei dies, Utemish
(regent) in Kazan.
|
|
|
1550 AD
|
In Feb Ivan's army reaches
Kazan. In March reports that Sakhib Girei is advancing from Crimea force Ivan
to move troops to Kolomna and Riazan.
|
|
|
1551-77 AD
|
Devlet Girei I, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1551-52 AD
|
Shah Ali (3rd time), Khan of
Kazan, sent by Ivan when Kazan leaders want peace and throw out the Crimean
rulers. He releases 60,000 Russians held prisoner. People revolt against Shah
Ali.
|
|
|
1552 AD
|
Yedigar Muhammed, Khan of Kazan.
|
|
|
1552 AD
|
Ivan IV conquest of Kazan.
|
|
|
1553 AD
|
Revolt in Kazan, Ivan sends
several armies to crush it. Nogai Tatars ask him to depose Khan of Astrakhan.
|
|
|
1554 AD
|
Ivan IV sends Russian army down
Volga by boat to Astrakhan to depose Yamgurchei and instal Derbysh as Tsar of
Astrakhan, Yamgurchei counterattacks with Crimean and other Nogai help, Derbysh
flees and Russians take control.
|
|
|
1554 AD
|
Ivan mounts first attack
directly toward Crimea and Muscovite army reaches Perekop. Khan Devlet Girei
counterattacks with large army to Tula. Devlet ambushes Ivan Sheremetev.
|
|
|
1556 AD
|
Ivan sends recon parties to
Crimea while he goes with main army to Tula, Ivan forstalls Devlet, who retires
again to Crimea. Russian recon raids Ochakov on Black Sea, Prince Vishnevetsky
builds Cossack fortress on Khortitsa Island.
|
|
|
1558 AD
|
Vishevetsky raids Perekop from
base on Khortitsa Island.
|
|
|
1558 AD
|
Devlet Girei launches major
offensive against Moscow with 100,000 Tatars including Greater and Lesser Nogai
under his son, Mahmet Girei. They attack Tula, Riazan, and Kashira, but are
blocked from Moscow - Vishevetsky again raids Perekop.
|
|
| |
1558 AD
|
Ivan begins Livonian War in
northwest.
|
|
|
1559 AD
|
Devlet Girei starts large
offensive with Great Nogai allies, Russians block central route while
Vishevetsky shifts his attack east to Donetz toward Kerch and blocks Crimean
advance toward Kazan and Nogai move westward. At same time Adashev sails down
Dniper to raid Ochakov and then sails to Crimea where he captures Turkish ships
and frees many Russian prisoners.
|
|
|
1560 AD
|
Tatar raids and Russian counter
attacks through much of the year, while main Russian army is at war in Livonia.
|
|
| |
1561 AD
|
Partition of Livonia.
|
|
|
1561 AD
|
Devlet Gerei warns Ivan that
Ottoman Sultan Suleiman plans to dig canal between Don and Volga and fortify it
to unite all Tatars as far as Kazan into Muslim war against Russia. Devlet
secretly does not like this idea as it would put Crimea further under Ottoman
control.
|
|
|
1562 AD
|
Crimean-Polish coordinated
offensive plans fall through, but each attacks Muscovy independently. Devlet
Gerei attacks Mtsensk.
|
|
| |
1563 AD
|
Muscovites capture Polotsk.
|
|
|
1564 AD
|
With main Muscovite forces
engaged in west, Devlet Gerei attacks and burns Riazan.
|
|
|
1566-74 AD
|
Selim II, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1566-70 AD
|
Complex campaigns and shifts of
sides between Crimean Tatars, Muscovites and Poles.
|
|
|
1569 AD
|
Ottoman Sultan Selim mounts his
planned offensive to Volga River via Kaffa in Crimea and then Azov fortress on
Don. He begins dig of canal between Don and Volga supported by 50,000 Crimean
Tatars hot weather forces curtailment of the dig. Turks fail to reach and take
Astrakhan.
|
|
| |
1569 AD
|
Ivan IV campaign against
Novgorod, also burns Tver and Torshk and Beshetskovo Verkh.
|
|
|
1571 AD
|
Devlet Girei finally penetrates
Oka 'shore' defense line with 120,000 Tatars. Tatars burn Moscow and take
150,000 prisoners. Nogai support this and also attack Kazan.
|
|
|
1572 AD
|
Devlet Girei repeats huge
campaign against Moscow but this time is decisively defeated in great battle of
Molodi near Moscow. Revolt in Kazan requires large Russian army to suppress.
|
|
|
1573-84 AD
|
Yearly campaigns by and against
Crimean Tatars versus Moscow.
|
|
|
1574-95 AD
|
Murad III, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
| |
1575 AD
|
War between Muscovy and Sweden
begins in Estonia.
|
|
| |
1575-86 AD
|
Stephan Batory elected King of
Poland, prepares for war with Moscow.
|
|
|
1577-84 AD
|
Mukhammed Girei II, Khan of
Crimea.
|
|
| |
1578 AD
|
Russians defeated by Swedes at
Wenden.
|
|
| |
1579 AD
|
Russians loose Polotsk and
Velikie Luki.
|
|
|
1581 AD
|
Nogai conduct large scale
attacks on right bank of Volga and into Russia proper - Stephan Batory besieges
Pskov.
|
|
|
1584-98 AD
|
Feodor I Ivanovich, Tsar of all
Russias.
|
|
|
1584-88 AD
|
Islam Girei I, Khan of Crimea,
second time.
|
|
|
1586 AD
|
Islam Girei leads 30,000 Crimean
Tatars plus others against Moscow.
|
|
|
1588-1608 AD
|
Gazi (Kazi) Girei II, Khan of
Crimea, He is most concerned about power of Nogai so stops campaigns against
Moscow to conduct war against Nogais. In most important battle on Don in 1588
the Nogai are defeated.
|
|
|
1591 AD
|
Gazi Girei attacks Moscow region
in summer 1590 - during winter 90-91 plans major new offensive campaign.
Deceives Russians into believing he will attack Lithuania. By June Russian
scout patrols report huge Tatar invasion. Boris Gudunov (in name of Tsar
Feodor) orders mobilization and deployment of the Gulai gorod at Kolomenskoye.
4 July major battle and Russian artillery drives Tatars off.
|
|
|
1592 AD
|
Another large Tatar campaign, to
Riazan, Tula and Kashir. Boris orders expansion of the frontier fortified lines
and fortresses.
|
|
|
1593 AD
|
Ottoman Sultan, Mahomet III,
begins major offensive in Balkans along line from Adriatic to Black Seas, Tatar
Khan sends 70,000 troops into Poland, Hungary and Moldava. Campaigns continue
in following years.
|
|
|
1593 AD
|
First Cossack attack on Azov
fortress, Lesser Nogai and Kaziev Tatars mobilized against Cossacks - Sultan
warns Boris about Russian fort on Terek and expanding influence in Georgia and
Caucasus, also demands return of Kazan and Astrakhan.
|
|
|
1595-1603 AD
|
Mohammed III, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1596-1606 AD
|
Feti Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1596-1606 AD
|
Feti Girei leading 15,000 or
more Tatars in continual raids in Poland - booty and prisoners so lucrative
attacks on Muscovy not worth while.
|
|
|
1596 AD
|
Dosmahmet leads Azov Tatar raid
on Riazan.
|
|
|
1598 - 1605 AD
|
Boris Feodorovich Gudunov, Tsar
of Russia.
|
|
|
1598 AD
|
Tatar campaign to Oka. Boris
leads army in person, but assigns command of major units to his Tatar
Tsarevichi - Arslan Kaybulich, Uraz-Mahmet, and Mahmet Kul. - Boris starts new
fortified line south of Oka, through Mtsensk, Novosil and Orel plus Belgorod,
Oskol and Tsarev-Borisov.
|
|
|
1603-17 AD
|
Ahmed I, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1605 AD
|
Lzhyedimitrii I, proclaimed
Tsar.
|
|
|
1605-13 AD
|
Time of Troubles - Muscovy.
|
|
|
1605 AD
|
Vasilii Shuiski proclaimed Tsar.
|
|
|
1606-10 AD
|
Seldmet Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1607 AD
|
Crimean Tatars renew campaigns
against Moscow now that Ottoman war in Poland has ended. Poland signs treaty
with Great Nogai and Crimean Tatars against Moscow from south as he invades
western Russia - Tsar Vasilii Shuiski busy with Bolotnikov rebellion.
|
|
| |
1609 AD
|
Battle on Zhabni river near
Kalyhazin. Polish detachment defeats troops of M. Skopin-Shuiskii.
|
|
|
1609 AD
|
Crimean Tatar campaign to Orlov
in coordination with Polish army offensive. In June 40- 80,000 Tatars cross Oka
at Serpukhov.
|
|
|
1610 AD
|
Vasilii Shuiski deposed, Tatar
attacks coincide with Polish siege of Kremlin, but they also oppose the 2nd
False Dmitri's forces - Nogai attack Riazan.
|
|
|
1610-23 AD
|
Dzhantsbek Girei, Khan of
Crimea.
|
|
|
1611 AD
|
Crimean and Nogai Tatars
continue to take advantage of Russian preoccupation with war against Poles at
Moscow - They collect every moveable valuable they can out of south central
Russia.
|
|
|
1612-15 AD
|
Ottoman Sultan changes policy
and renews war against Poland, this diverts Crimean Tatars from Russia and back
into Poland, But Nogai continue to raid Muscovy on into following years as
well.
|
|
|
1613-45 AD
|
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Tsar
of all the Russias.
|
|
|
1615 AD
|
Crimean Tatars return from
Poland and renew campaigns against Moscow.
|
|
|
1617-18 AD
|
Mustafa I, Ottoman Sultan (1st
time).
|
|
|
1617 AD
|
Ottoman Sultan orders Crimean
Khan to support war with Persia. Khan reluctant due to danger from Nogai but
goes via Sinope to campaign.
|
|
|
1618-22 AD
|
Osman II, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1620 AD
|
Ottoman Sultan leads army
personally into Moldavia and Poland, Belgorod Tatars participate but Khan
Dzhantsibek Girei stays home.
|
|
|
1620 AD
|
Don Cossacks begin series of
naval attacks on Crimea as well as Azov and Kaziev Tatars.
|
|
|
1621 AD
|
Sultan Osman orders decisive
offensive against Poland, Crimean and Nogai Tatars supply 100,000 troops. Poles
and Cossacks win great victory at Khotin for which Osman blames the Tatars.
|
|
|
1622 AD
|
Crimean Tatars take out their
disappointment over Khotin on Moscow with border raids.
|
|
|
1622-23 AD
|
Mustafa I, Ottoman Sultan 2nd
time.
|
|
|
1623-27 AD
|
Mukhammed Girei III ,Khan of
Crimea.
|
|
|
1623-40 AD
|
Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1623 AD
|
Mukhammed immediately launches
largest Tatar campaign of the decade against Moscow, Cossacks countering with
attacks on Azov.
|
|
|
1625 AD
|
Mukhammed switches into campaign
against Poland with 60,000 troops in December but they lose too many horses to
winter weather.
|
|
|
1625 AD
|
Cossacks naval campaigns reach
Trebizond on Turkish coast, then they attack Azov again.
|
|
|
1627-35 AD
|
Dzhantsbek Girei, Khan of
Crimea, second time with Ottoman support in civil war against Shagin and Mahmet
Girei.
|
|
|
1627-29 AD
|
Multi- sided campaigns among
Crimeans, Cossacks, Turks, Nogai, Muscovites. Civil war in Crimea in which Khan
besieged in Bakhchisarai by 30,000 Tatars. Zaporozhie Cossacks aiding Khan in
battle on Alma River, they drive opposing Tatars into Kaffa and besiege it.
|
|
|
1632 AD
|
Crimean Tatars renew lucrative
attacks into Muscovy.
|
|
|
1632 AD
|
Kalmyk Mongols arrive on lower
Volga and begin constant war against Nogai - Muscovy, after initial concerns,
soon pleased with new ally.
|
|
|
1633 AD
|
Poles offer subsidy to Crimean
Tatars for attacks on Moscow, Khan only too glad to agree, despite Ottoman
objections. Russians attempt pre-emptive attacks from Astrakhan into Kuban and
Taman regions.
|
|
|
1634 AD
|
Don and Zaporozhie Cossacks
conduct naval attacks on Black Sea and capture Azov. They ambush Nogai who are
themselves attacking Russian territories.But Kalmyks drive Nogai west across
Volga and occupy all steppe east of river. This puts more Nogai into action in
central and western Ukraine.
|
|
|
1635-37 AD
|
Dzahtsibek Girei dies and is
replaced by Imaiet Girei who refuses to support Ottoman sultan's war to capture
Georgia and keeps troops home also from attacking Moscow.
|
|
|
1636 AD
|
Imaiet Girei besieges Ottoman
garrison at Kaffa and Sultan sends army to depose him and replace with
Bekhddehr Girei. Meanwhile there is continual warfare between Nogai and
Cossacks.
|
|
|
1637-41 AD
|
Bekhddehr Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1637 AD
|
With Turks busy against Venice
and Persia (Georgia too) the Don Cossacks capture Azov after siege. This time
they want to keep it or give it to Moscow. Sultan orders Crimeans to attack
Moscow in retaliation, which they do gladly.
|
|
|
1640-48 AD
|
Ibrahim I, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1640 AD
|
Cossacks continue to hold Azov
and prepare for Tatar attacks, but Crimeans send 80,000 troops into Poland.
|
|
|
1641 AD
|
In January 40,000 Tatars
suddenly appear at Azov but are reluctant to engage in formal sieges. Sultan
Ibraham brings large Ottoman army of 40- 50000 men and 100 siege guns plus
large navy - total of 250,000. Cossacks number 5000 but hold out until
September when Ottomans raise the siege. Cossacks lost 3000 out of 5000.
Ottomans lost 15,000 troops, 7000 Tatars and 3000 sailors.
|
|
|
1641 AD
|
Bekhddehr Girei refuses to stay
at Azov and returns to defend Crimea from Cossack attacks at Perekop - then
dies and is succeeded by his nephew, Mahmet Girei.
|
|
|
1642 AD
|
Russian Duma and Zemski Sobor
decide against incurring expense of defending Azov with war against Poland
coming - they order Cossacks to leave city after destroying fortifications.
Ottomans return with large army and rebuild even stronger fortifications from
which to attack Cossacks along Don.
|
|
|
1642 AD
|
Fighting between Nogai and
Kalmyks around Astrakhan.
|
|
|
1644-54 AD
|
Islam Girei III, Khan of Crimea,
He immediately launches attacks against both Muscovy and Poland.
|
|
|
1644 AD
|
Kalmyks push west of Volga to
Terek River.
|
|
|
1645-76 AD
|
Alexis Mikhailovich, Tsar of all
the Russias
|
|
|
1645 AD
|
After suffering major naval loss
against Venice, Ottoman sultan orders Tatars to round up thousands of slaves
for new galleys - As Tatars mobilize Russians learn of this and prepare
stronger defense against winter campaigns (best time for Tatars to capture
people). The raid nets only 6300 prisoners, however, due to extreme cold.
|
|
|
1648-87 AD
|
Mohammed IV, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1648 AD
|
Boghdan Khmelnitski begins
Cossack uprising against Poland. Tatars join as allies and together they defeat
Polish army at Zolte Wode and Korsun, Potocki is captured. Then at Pylavo
another Polish army is destroyed. With Tatars taking prisoners and loot at will
in Poland, Moscow is spared for several years.
|
|
|
1654-66 AD
|
Mukhammed Girei IV, Khan of
Crimea.
|
|
|
1653 AD
|
Cossacks now allied with Moscow
in war with Poland over Smolensk, so Crimeans also switch and begin campaigns
against Moscow again in Ukraine.
|
|
|
1644-76 AD
|
Ddil' Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1657-62 AD
|
War in Transylvania Turks and
Tatars drive Rakoczy out.
|
|
|
1657 AD
|
Tatars defeat George Rakoczy II
at Tombovia in Transylvania, capture commander Janos Kemeny.
|
|
|
1657 AD
|
Kalmyks sign new treaty with
Moscow to attack both Crimean and Nogai Tatars.
|
|
|
1660 AD
|
During long Polish-Russian war,
General V Sheremetev with combined Muscovite- Cossack army is surrounded by
Polish - Tatar army at Liubar in Volhynia. Hetman Khmelnitski is defeated at
Slobodyszcze while trying to bring relief. Sheremetev surrenders and is held
prisoner in Crimea for 20 years. (At Chufut-kale and Mangup). - The Ottoman
government sends a powerful fleet and army supported by 40,000 Tatars to
fortify the mouth of the Don and Donetz with towers and chains. - Needing
Kalmyk aid all the more after these disasters the Russians establish special
relations. From 1661 under the new treaty the Kalmyks send from 1 to 10
thousand warriors each year against the Tatars.
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1661 AD
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Crimean Tatars again ordered to
support Ottomans in war in Hungary. They send 30,000 and left Ukraine and
Muscovy alone. Tatars forming more and more important part of Ottoman army. But
Kalmyks attack Tatar rear areas several times into 1663.
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1662 AD
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Battle of Nagyszollos in
Hungary, Ottoman - Tatar victory under Mehmed Kucuk, recently released from
Tatar prison, Janos Kemeny killed
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1666 AD
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Crimean Nuriadin, Devlet Girei
leads 60,000 Tatars deep into Poland as ally of Cossack Doroshenko. Tatars
return with 100,000 prisoners for slave markets.
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1671-78 AD
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Selim Girei I, Khan of Crimea.
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1672 AD
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Polish leader Jan Sobieski
defeats Cossack-Tatar army bringing Ottoman Sultan Mohammed IV with 300,000 man
army to aid Tatars to capture Kamenets-Podolsky. Cossack war between right
(Doroshenko) and left (Ivan Samoilovich) bank groups.
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1675 AD
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Jan Sobieski leads Polish army
to defeat of Turks and Tatars at battle of Lvov but can not recapture Kaminetz.
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1676-82 AD
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Feodor III, Alexievich, Tsar of
all the Russias.
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1676-81 AD
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Ottoman-Muscovite war for
Ukraine, Tatars provide cavalry for Turks.
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1676 AD
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Ottoman-Tatar invasion of Poland
with 200,000 under Ibrahim Pasha, Sobieski wins battle of Zorawno on Dniester.
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1677 AD
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Ottoman and Tatar army defeated
by Russian- Cossack forces at siege of Chigirin. The following year a larger
Tatar- Turkish army captures the city (held by Patrick Gordon) after an even
larger battle. Russia loses right bank Ukraine.
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1678-83 AD
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Murad Girei, Khan of Crimea.
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1681 AD
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Peace treaty of Bakhchisarai,
among prisoners returned was V Sheremetev, prisoner since 1660.
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1682-89 AD
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Ivan V, Alexeivich, joint Tsar
with Peter I.
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1682-89 AD
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Sophia Alexievna, regent of
Russia.
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1683 AD
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Ottoman siege of Vienna, Tatars
support, Jan Sobieski leads allied army to victory.
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1683-84 AD
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Khadzhi Girei, Khan of Crimea.
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1684-91 AD
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Selim Girei I, Khan of Crimea,
second time.
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1687-91 AD
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Suleiman II, Ottoman Sultan.
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1687 AD
|
First campaign by V. Golitsyn
(Sophia's lover) against Crimea fails disastrously.
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1688 AD
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Tatar attacks in Volhynia force
Russians and Poles onto defensive.
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1689 AD
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Second Golitsyn campaign toward
Crimea fails.
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1689-1725 AD
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Peter I Alexeivich, Tsar of all
the Russias - Emperor.
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1691-95 AD
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Ahmed II, Ottoman Sultan.
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1691 AD
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Saadat Girei, Khan of Crimea.
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1692 AD
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Safa Girei, Khan of Crimea
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1692-99 AD
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Selim Girei I, Khan of Crimea,
third time.
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1695-1703 AD
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Mustapha II, Ottoman Sultan.
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1695-1700 AD
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Russo-Turkish war for Azov,
Tatars aid Ottoman army.
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1695 AD
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Peter I, 1st Azov campaign,
failure.
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1696 AD
|
Peter I, 2nd Azov campaign with
new navy, captures fortress.
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1697 AD
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Austrian major victory over
Ottoman -Tatars at Zenta.
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1698-1702 AD
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Devlet Girei II, Khan of Crimea.
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1703-30 AD
|
Ahmen III, Ottoman Sultan.
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1704-07 AD
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Gazi Girei, Khan of Crimea.
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1707-09 AD
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Kaplan Girei I, Khan of Crimea.
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1709-12 AD
|
Devlet Girei II, Khan of Crimea,
second time.
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1711 AD
|
Ottoman - Tatar army surrounds
and defeats Peter I on Pruth River in Moldavia, Peter surrenders Azov.
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1713-16 AD
|
Kaplan Girei I, Khan of Crimea,
second time.
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1716-17 AD
|
Ka-devlytar Girei, Khan of
Crimea.
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1717 AD
|
Ottoman campaign to Belgrade
with Tatar aid.
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1717-24 AD
|
Saadat Girei, Khan of Crimea.
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1724-30 AD
|
Mengli Girei II, Khan of Crimea.
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1725-27 AD
|
Catherine I, Empress of Russia.
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1727-30 AD
|
Perter II Alexeivich, Emperor of
Russia.
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1730-54 AD
|
Mahmud I, Ottoman Sultan.
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1730-36 AD
|
Kaplan Girei I, Khan of Crimea,
second time.
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1730-40 AD
|
Anna Ivanovna, Empress of
Russia.
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1730-36 AD
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Ottoman-Persian war - Crimean
Tatars ordered to support by attack on Persia via Caucasus.
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1731-33 AD
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New defense lines, planned by
Peter I, finally built across Ukraine from Dneper to Donetz with 15 major forts
for defense against Tatars.
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1732-34 AD
|
Mengli Girei II, Khan of Crimea,
second time, continues Tatar raids on Russia.
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1732 AD
|
Russian troops (4000) under
Prince of Hesse Homburg defeat (25,000) Crimean Tatars led by Terti-Girei in
Daghestan area Peter I took from Persia. This was result of Nadir Shah's (of
Persia) war on Ottomans at Baghdad. Ottoman Sultan ordered Crimean Khan to
attack Persia via Caucasian pass at Derbent so he had to cross this Russian
territory. Expecting this, Nadir Shah had made agreement with Russians to cover
his rear.
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1734-40 AD
|
Feti Girei, Khan of Crimea,
continues Tatar raids on Russia.
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1733 AD
|
Russians begin operations
against Crimean Tatars who are busy fighting Persians in Daghestan. General
Leontiev enters Ukraine and defeats Nogai but is then defeated by sickness and
November snow.
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1736-39 AD
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Russo-Turkish war mostly
conducted by Russia against Crimean Tatars.
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1736 AD
|
Marshal Munich organizes Russian
attack on Crimea and siege of Azov. He opens siege successfully in March and
then goes to Dnieper to lead main attack on Crimea. He reaches Perekop on 22
May and storms the defensive lines and captures the Turkish garrison. He
proceeds to take Koszov (Evpatoria) and burn Bachtsch- Serai. He departs Crimea
on 28 Aug. Meanwhile Marshal Lacy takes Azov. The Russians lost only about 2000
to enemy action but half the army to sickness and heat.. Unable to defeat the
Russian army the Tatars nevertheless continue to raid throughout Ukraine.
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1736 AD
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To expand pressure into Kuban,
in the spring the Russians send 20,000 Kalmyks against Tatars there. They force
considerable numbers of Tatars to surrender. They repeat their campaign again
in November. The Kalmyks made several ten's of thousands of Tatars slaves.
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1736-37 AD
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Tatars mount extensive winter
raids throughout Russia and Ukraine. Despite all Munich's precautions including
trying to break river ice, the Tatars carry off thousands of prisoners.
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1737 AD
|
Munich conducts another
campaign. Russian army marches along the Dnieper and Bug. By an incredible
stroke of luck the Russians are able to capture Ochakov fortress when the
magazines explode and start a conflagration that forces the Turkish commander
to surrender. Munich withdraws into Ukraine by October. Russians repair
fortifications and the combined 4000 man garrison and 100 ship fleet
successfully withstand Turkish- Tatar (20,000 each) siege in the fall.
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1737 AD
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In June Marshal Lacy marches
into Crimea with regular troops, Cossacks and Kalmyk warriors, bypassing the
refortified Tatar line at Perekop. He burns and ravages Tatar villages and
defeats Tatar and Turkish troops in several battles. Admiral Brenal wins
Russian naval victory over Turks in Sea of Azov. Lacy withdraws into winter
quarters in Ukraine by October.
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1737 AD
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Simultaneously with Russian
operations, the Kalmyks again lay waste to the Kuban region destroying Nogai
villages and enslaving prisoners.
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1737-38 AD
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Despite extensive Russian
efforts to strengthen frontier fortification lines the Tatars continue small-
scale raids throughout Ukraine. In Feb 1738, however, the Khan, himself, brings
40,000 Tatars against the lines, but with such a large force he can not avoid
detection or get through.
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1738 AD
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Marshal Munich conducts his
third campaign, this time deep into Moldavia, assembling 50,000 troops
including Cossacks and Kalmyks on the Dnieper beginning in May. By early
August, after several successful battles, he reaches the Dniester. In September
he returns into winter quarters around Kyiv.
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1738 AD
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Marshal Count Lacy again leads
about 35,000 troops including Cossacks again bypasses the Perekop
fortifications held by the Khan with 40,000 Tatars. Taking advantage of sudden
low water he simply marches across the Sivasch. He then attacked the Perekop
fortress from the Crimean side and captured the Turkish Janissary garrison. He
spends July and August ravaging Crimea and returns to the frontier lines for
the winter. In the fall the Russians abandon Kinburn and Ochakov destroying the
fortifications.
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1738-39 AD
|
The Tatars counter all winter
with border raids. Finding the Russian frontier too well guarded they take
their compensation by shifting to capture prisoners from Polish villages,
despite their treaty with Poland.
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1739 AD
|
Marshal Munich launches his
fourth campaign with about 65,000 troops including Cossacks and Georgians from
Kyiv. They cut the march distance into Wallachia by crossing Poland, despite
heated complaints. They cross the Bug in early July and then by means of a
feignt and ruse cross the Dniester near Khotin in August. Sultan Islam Gerei
with 12,000 Tatars and 6000 mounted Janissaries attack the vanguard on 3 August
and are defeated. The Russians reach the upper Pruth and turn south on 17 Aug
.but are soon surrounded in camp. Munich storms the Turkish camp in turn, gains
a great victory and then captures Khotin. Munich then marches further south,
crosses the Pruth on 10 Aug and on the 14th takes Jassy, which he begins to
fortify. But Russia gave all this area back to Turkey in the peace treaty.
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1740-41 AD
|
Ivan VI, Emperor of Russia.
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1740-43 AD
|
Seldmet Girei, Khan of Crimea.
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1741-62 AD
|
Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress of
Russia.
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1743-48 AD
|
Selim Girei II, Khan of Crimea.
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1748-56 AD
|
Kishyan Girei, Khan of Crimea.
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1754-57 AD
|
Osman III, Ottoman Sultan.
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1756-58 AD
|
Khalim Girei, Khan of Crimea.
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1757-74 AD
|
Mustapha III, Ottoman Sultan.
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1758-64 AD
|
Krim Girei, Khan of Crimea.
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1762 AD
|
Peter III, Emperor of Russia.
|
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|
1762-96 AD
|
Catherine II, Empress of Russia.
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1764-68 AD
|
Selim Girei III, Khan of Crimea.
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|
1767-68 AD
|
Mgaksud Girei, Khan of Crimea .
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1768-74 AD
|
First Russo-Turkish war of
Catherine II, Ottomans declare war after Russian invasion.
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1769-70 AD
|
Devlet Girei III, Khan of
Crimea.
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|
1769 AD
|
Ottomans lose Kabardia in
Caucasus - Russians invade Balkans - Peter Rumiantsev wins battle on Dniester -
takes Jassy and all Moldavia.
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1770 AD
|
Battle of Karkel - Ottoman-
Tatar army attempts to drive Russians out of Moldavia, Rumiantsev in big win.
Turks lose fortresses on Danube and Pruth - cut from Tatars - Turks facing war
also in Egypt and Greece.
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1770 AD
|
Kaplan Girei, Khan of Crimea.
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1771-75 AD
|
Sakhib Girei II, Khan of Crimea.
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|
|
1771 AD
|
Vasili Dolgoruki invades Crimea,
storms Perekop.
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|
|
1773 AD
|
Rumiantsev on Danube again.
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|
|
1773 AD
|
Beginning of Pugachev revolt on
Volga basin.
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|
|
1774-89 AD
|
Abdul Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1774 AD
|
Suvorov wins at Shumla.
|
|
|
1774 AD
|
Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji -
Crimea declared independent of Turks - Russians regain Azov, part of Kuban,
Kabardia, Kerch Penn in Crimea to fortify, area between Bug and Dnieper Rivers.
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1777-83 AD
|
Shakhin Girei, Khan of Crimea.
|
|
|
1778 AD
|
Crimean Christians deported to
Russia to Ekaterinoslav.
|
|
|
1783 AD
|
Russia annexes Crimea.
|
|
|
1786 AD
|
Eparchy of Gothia abolished.
|
|
|
1787 AD
|
War - Ottomans try to get
Crimean Tatars to revolt.
|
|
|
1788 AD
|
Austrian-Russian war with
Turkey.
|
|
|
1788 AD
|
Suvorov wins at Kinburn as Turks
move to regain Crimea - Rumyantsev invades Moldavia again at Chocim and Jassy,
Potemkin takes Ochakov - John Paul Jones wins naval victories at Dnieper mouth,
17and 27 June.
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|
|
1789-1807 AD
|
Selim III, Ottoman Sultan.
|
|
|
1789 AD
|
Austrians capture Belgrade -
repulse Turks in Bosnia - Russians invade Moldavia again, Suvorov and Saxe
Colburg win at Focsani and Rimnik.
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|
|
1790 AD
|
Suvorov storms Izmail.
|
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|
1792 AD
|
Treaty of Jassy - Russians
return Moldavia and Besarabia to Turkey but keep all rest of Dniester region .
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|
|
1796-1801 AD
|
Paul, Emperor of Russia.
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