THIRD DIADOCH WAR

This is an extract from the Wikipedia entry

Third War of the Diadochi, 314–311
Though his authority had seemed secure with his victory over Eumenes, the eastern dynasts were unwilling to see Antigonus rule all of Asia. In 314 they demanded from Antigonus that he cede Lycia and Cappadocia to Cassander, Hellepontine Phrygia to Lysimachus, all of Syria to Ptolemy, and Babylonia to Seleucus, and that he share the treasures he had captured. Antigonus only answer was to advise them to be ready, then, for war.
In this war, Antigonus faced an alliance of Ptolemy (with Seleucus serving him), Lysimachus, and Cassander. At the start of the campaigning season of 314 Antigonus invaded Syria and Phoenica, which were under Ptolemy's control, and besieged Tyre. Cassander and Ptolemy started supporting Asander (satrap of Caria) against Antigonus who ruled the neighbouring provinces of Lycia, Lydia and Greater Phrygia. Antigonus then sent Aristodemus with 1,000 talents to the Peloponnese to raise a mercenary army to fight Cassander, he allied himself to Polyperchon, who still controlled parts of the Peloponnese, and he proclaimed freedom for the Greeks to get them on their side. He also sent his nephew Ptolemaios with an army through Cappadocia to the Hellespont to cut Asander off from Lysimachus and Cassander. Polemaios was successful, securing the northwest of Asia Minor for Antigonus, even invading Ionia/Lydia and bottling up Asander in Caria, but he was unable to drive his opponent from his satrapy. Eventually Antigonus decided to campaign against Asander himself, leaving his oldest son Demetrius to protect Syria and Phoenica against Ptolemy.
Ptolemy and Seleucus invaded from Egypt and defeated Demetrius in the Battle of Gaza. After the battle, Seleucus went east and secured control of Babylon (his old satrapy), and then went on to secure the eastern satrapies of Alexander's empire. Antigonus, having defeated Asander, sent his nephews Telesphorus and Polemaios to Greece to fight Cassander, he himself returned to Syria/Phoenica, drove off Ptolemy, and sent Demetrius east to take care of Seleucus. Although Antigonus now concluded a compromise peace with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander, he continued the war with Seleucus, attempting to recover control of the eastern reaches of the empire. Although he went east himself in 310, he was unable to defeat Seleucus (he even lost a battle to Seleucus) and had to give up the eastern satrapies.
At about the same time, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead dynasty, which had ruled Macedon for several centuries. For the moment, all of the various generals continued to recognize the dead Alexander as king, since Cassander did not publicly announce the deaths, but it seemed clear that at some point, one or all of them would claim the kingship. At the end of the war there were five Diadochi left: Cassander ruling Macedon and Thessaly, Lysimachus ruling Thrace, Antigonus ruling Asia Minor, Syria and Phoenicia, Seleucus ruling the eastern provinces and Ptolemy ruling Egypt and Cyprus. Each of them ruled as kings (in all but name).

THIRD DIADOCH WAR

How to cite this article: Rickard, J (5 July 2007), Third Diadoch War, 315-311 BC, http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_diadoch_3rd.html

The Third Diadoch War saw the struggle between the successors of Alexander the Great become a struggle to prevent Antigonus Monophthalmus from reuniting Alexander’s empire. At the end of the Second Diadoch War Antigonus had defeated Eumenes of Cardia in a campaign that had started in Asia Minor, passed through Syria and ended in Iran. As a result, Antigonus had found himself in charge of a vast portion of Alexander’s empire, and wasted no time in establishing his control over this area. A number of existing satraps were replaced by supporters of Antigonus, while he took 25,000 talents from the treasuries of Ecbatana, Persepolis and Susa. This combined with the money he had seized from Eumenes and a tribute from Iran made his the wealthiest of the successors, allowing him to maintain a large mercenary army. In 315 he turned his attention towards Seleucus, the satrap of Babylon. Alarmed, Seleucus fled to Ptolemy in Egypt, and warned him of Antigonus’s ambitions. This can hardly have come as a surprise to Ptolemy, or to the remaining successors, for in the same year Ptolemy, Cassander and Lysimachus issued an ultimatum to Antigonus. In it they demanded that he return Syria to Ptolemy, allowed Seleucus to return to Babylon, give Hellespontine Phrygia to Lysimachus and possibly give Cappadocia and Lycia to Cassander. He was also ordered to split Eumenes’s treasury between them all. This would have left Antigonus with part of Asia Minor. Unsurprisingly he refused.
Antigonus first concentrated on Phoenicia, besieging Tyre, then advancing south to capture Joppa and Gaza. The siege of Tyre would last until 314, but while he was at Tyre Antigonus issued a declaration that would play a major role in the events of the next fifteen years. After condemning Cassander, he declared his support for the freedom of the Greek cities. They were to be autonomous, and un-garrisoned (but not untaxed). This was partly aimed against Cassander, who held many of the cities of mainland Greece, but also covered the widespread Greek cities to be found in Asia Minor. It would play an important role in the Fourth Diadoch War. Antigonus did make an effort to establish himself in Greece during this war. He made peace with Polyperchon, and sent troops and men to Greece, under the command of his nephew Polemaeus. He also probably helped found the League of the Nesiotes, which would become a significant force in the Aegean. Antigonus himself took command of the war in Asia Minor, leaving his son Demetrius in charge in Syria.
Ptolemy took his time to act, but when he did, in 312, he won a major victory over Demetrius at Gaza. After this victory Seleucus was able to return to Babylon, where he quickly seized power. Antigonus was faced by the potential collapse of his position in the east. He had already been involved in negotiations with Cassander and Lysimachus, and in 312 they came to an agreement that effectively reflected the situation at the start of the war. Ptolemy was now faced with the prospect of being isolated against Antigonus, and quickly joined the negotiations. The peace was formally agreed in 311. The peace treaty effectively restored the pre-war position. Cassander retained Macedonia, Lysimachus Thrace, Ptolemy Egypt and Antigonus Asia. Seleucus was not included in the peace, and would have to fight on against Antigonus until 308 (Babylonian War). One final casualty of the war was Alexander IV, Alexander the Great’s thirteen year old son. Cassander had been recognised as “general of Europe” until Alexander came of age. In order to prevent that, in 310 he had Alexander and his mother murdered. The successors were now free to claim the throne for themselves, although they would not begin to do so until 306.