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CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS IN RUSSIA FROM 1AD - 900 AD
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MICHA JELISAVCIC
JOHN SLOAN
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8 BC - 38 AD
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Aspurgas (son of Asander) began
dynasty rulers to 341 AD.
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49-62 AD
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Cotys, King of Bospor
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100-106 AD
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Trajan's campaigns in Dacia
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165-180 AD
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Goths migrating into Ukraine
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241-267 AD
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Rhaescuporis V, Ruler of Bospor
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255 AD
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Goths seize Bospor ships to raid
Asia Minor and Aegean coasts
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256 AD
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Goths, Borani by sea from Azov -
Crimea raid Caucasian Black Sea coast
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257 AD
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Borani and Ostrogoths by sea
from Azov - Crimea sack Trebizond by using ships from Bospor
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258 AD
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Visigoths by sea from Crimea
raid Dardanelles and Bosporus, Goths in Crimea converted to Christianity
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262-64 AD
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Visigoths by sea raid Thrace and
Bithniya from Crimea
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267 AD
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Ostrogoths raid Athens and
Corinth by sea from Crimea
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268 AD
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Visigoths raid Salonika
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325 AD
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Council of Nicaea, Bishop
Kapitan from Chersonesus
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350-70 AD
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Ermenrich, King of Ostrogoths
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360 AD
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Alans in north Caucasus
conquered by Huns
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362 AD
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Goth Embassy from Bospor to
Emperor Julian, Chersonesus still independent of Goths
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363 AD
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Bospor under Gothic control
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363-78 AD
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Valens, Roman emperor in east
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364-70 AD
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First Hun Invasion crossing
Kerch strait from Taman - Huns take Bospor
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370 AD
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Huns defeat Ostrogoths
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370-75 AD
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Byzantine governor repairs
fortification of Chersonesus
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373-76 AD
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Alano-Gothic War
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375 AD
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Alans defeat Ostrogoths at Erak
battle
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379-95 AD
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Theodosius, Roman emperor in
east
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395-408 AD
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Arcadius, Roman emperor in east
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400 AD
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John Chrysostom ordains Bishop
Unila
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408-50 AD
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Theodosus II, Roman emperor in
east
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434-53 AD
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Attila, King of Huns
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450-57 AD
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Marcian, Roman emperor in east
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451 AD
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Council of Chalcedon
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457-74 AD
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Leo I, Roman emperor in east
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473 AD
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Attila dies - Huns start retreat
- cross through northern Crimea and back across Kerch strait - some Goths go
along - Utigurs and Kutrigurs
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473-74 AD
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Leo II, Roman emperor in east
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474-91 AD
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Zeno, Roman emperor in east,
(first Byzantine emperor)
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480 AD
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Possible earthquake damages city
- Join Goth, Byzantine alliance to defend against Huns
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488 AD
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Inscription at Chersonesus
mentions ballistarii - comes Diogenes sent by Zeno to defend city and restore
towers
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491-518 AD
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Anastasius I, Byzantine emperor
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518-527 AD
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Byzantine Emperor Justin -
effort to get Bosporus to join Byzantines fails
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527-65 AD
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Justinian the Great, Byzantine
emperor
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559-63 AD
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Avars migrate from Central Asia
to Ukraine, then to Hungary
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550-60 AD
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Emperor Justinian I - captures
Bospor, re-fortifies Chersonesus, builds forts at Aluston and Gorzuoitae and
long walls to protect Doros, Basilica of Church of St Constantine built on
Mangup.
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565-78 AD
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Justin II Byzantine emperor,
adds to fortification of Chersonesus
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575 AD
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Bospor and Chersonesus exempted
from Byzantine naval duty
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576 AD
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First Khazar capture of Bospor
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578-82 AD
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Tiberius II, Byzantine emperor
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581 AD
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Khazars appear near Chersonesus
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582-602 AD
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Maurice, Byzantine emperor
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592 -97 AD
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Byzantine campaigns against
Slavs
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602-10 AD
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Phocas I, Byzantine emperor
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610-41 AD
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Heraclius I, Byzantine emperor
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626 AD
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First Byzantine mention of
Khazars
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626 AD
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Avars raid Constantinople and
are defeated, Byzantine-Khazar alliance against Persia.
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641 AD
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Constantine III, Heracleon,
Constans II, Byzantine emperors, last until 668.
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650 AD
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Bolgars split in north Azov
steppe area, move to middle Volga and into lower Danube regions
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651 AD
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First Arab raid across Caucasus
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654 AD
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Pope Martin I exiled to
Chersonesus
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668-85 AD
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Constantine IV, Byzantine
emperor
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680's- 90's
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Khazars capture Bospor again
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683 AD
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Khazars raid Armenia
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685-95 AD
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Justinian II, Byzantine emperor
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692 AD
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Council of Constantinople -
Bishop of Doros attends
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690 - 710 AD
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Chersonesus belongs to Byzantine
empire but Doros independent - Khazars hold northern part of Crimea
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695 AD
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Revolt in Constantinople -
Justinian II dethroned, exiled to Chersonesus
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695-98 AD
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Leontius, Byzantine emperor
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698 AD
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Another revolt - Justinian flees
to Doros and then to Khazars, marries khagan's sister.
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698-705 AD
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Tiberius II, Byzantine emperor.
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700 AD
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Justinian flees Khazars by ship
via Chembolon.
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705-11 AD
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Justinian II regains Byzantine
throne with Bolgar assistance, launches revenge on Crimea.
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706 AD
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Justinian sends army and fleet
to capture Chersonesus - then city revolts - second Byzantine expedition
besieges city, Khazars relieve city.
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710 AD
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Khazars control Chersonesus with
appointed governor.
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711 AD
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Justinian assassinated,
Philippicus travels from Khazars to become new emperor 711- 713.
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711 AD
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Khazars support revolt in
Chersonesus.
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713-15 AD
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Anastasius II, Byzantine
emperor.
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715-17 AD
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Theodosius III, Byzantine
emperor.
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714 -17 AD
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Arab-Khazar war in Caucasus.
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717-41 AD
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Leo III, Byzantine emperor.
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726-32 AD
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Arab-Khazar war in Caucasus.
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732 AD
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Khazar - Byzantine alliance
against Arabs - Emperor Leo III marries Khazar Khagan's daughter, Irene, Crimea
split 3 ways.
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735 AD
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Norse defeat Magyars in Don
river region. By mid 8th century there is extensive trade along the Volga
between Baltic and Caspian seas and beyond, into Central Asia.
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737-63 AD
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Khazar's convert to Judaism.
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737 AD
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Arab army crosses Caucasus and
campaigns through Khazaria clear to lower Volga. Disrupts trade between Asia
and Baltic.
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741-75 AD
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Constantine V, Byzantine
emperor.
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749-62AD
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Abbasids overthrow Ommayad's move
capital from Damascus to Baghdad and introduce new policy of encouraging
international trade, expands trade to Baltic.
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750 AD
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Staria Ladoga now Scandinavian
trade outpost. Silver coins passing from Arab and Central Asian lands to Baltic
and beyond. Norse reach Azov sea and establish trading post under Khazar
overlords.
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755 AD
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John of Gothia Bishop at Doros.
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764 AD
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Khazars capture Tiflis, raid
Armenia.
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775-80 AD
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Leo IV, Byzantine emperor.
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780 AD
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Emperor Leo IV (the Khazar)
dies, Constantine VI and Irene rule to 797 and 802 respectively.
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786-87 AD
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Khazars capture Doros and make
it vassal, John of Gothia leads revolt to drive Khazars out temporarily,
Khazars return same year and imprison John at Phullae, he escapes to Amastris
in Asia Minor.
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787 AD
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List of Crimea bishops - Doros,
Tamatrakha, Sugdaia, Chersonesus, Bospor
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737-763 AD
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Khazar convert to Judaism.
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790's AD
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Toparch of Gothia at Doros
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800-825 AD
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Bravlin, Varangian from
Novgorod? attacks Crimea from Chersonesus to Kerch, captures Sudak, attacks
Gothia also.
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802-11 AD
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Nicephorus I, Byzantine emperor
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810 AD
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Bolgar-Byzantine war.
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811 AD
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Nicephorus I takes Crimea.
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811 AD
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Stauracius, Byzantine emperor.
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811-13 AD
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Michael I, Byzantine emperor.
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813-20 AD
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Leo V, Byzantine emperor.
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817 AD
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Khazar empire boundaries:
Derbent on south, Yaik river on east, North Crimea on west, Kama Bolgars on
north - trade colonies spread from China to Spain.
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819 AD
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End of Iconoclastic movement.
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820-29 AD
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Michael II, Byzantine emperor.
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822 AD
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Khazar-Magyar war along Black
sea northern coast.
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829-42 AD
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Theophilus I, Byzantine emperor.
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830-50 AD
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Varangian traders arrive via Don
to Azov Sea at Tmutorakhan, Rus reported also on Caspian Sea.
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833-36 AD
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Mjmir, founder of Moravian state.
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835 AD
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Emperor Theophulus sends
Petronas Kamateros the engineer to build fortress on Don at Sarkel for Khazars,
Kamateros then appointed strategos at Chersonesus to organize thema - apparent
external danger from north to both Byzantines and Khazars (Varangians and/or
Slavs?).
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836 AD
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Chersoneses united to Byzantium
- Bulgar war .
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837 AD
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Magyars now on Danube.
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839 AD
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Rus campaign to Crimea and
Constantinople.
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839 AD
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Embassy from "kagan of
Rus" at Ingel'heim going to Swedes.
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840 AD
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Rus attack Amastrid, and Sudak
but by agreement return prisoners.
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840-42 AD
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Rus campaign to Byzantine
territory at Chersonnesus.
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842-67 AD
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Michael III, Byzantine emperor .
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842 AD
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Title - Strategos of climata -
in 10th century title was Strategos of Chersonesus.
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846-69 AD
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Rastislav, Prince of Moravia ally
of Michael III of Byzantium.
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854 AD
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Transcaucasian princes ask for
help from Byzantium, Khazars, and Slavs.
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858-9AD
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Division of spheres of influence
- Varangians collect tribute from Chud, Slavyan, Meri, Krivichei - and Khazars
from Polyane, Severyan, and Vyatichye.
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860 AD
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Rus attack on Constantinople via
Crimea on 18 June - Result is first peace treaty - Magyars at war with Khazars.
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860-61 AD
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St Cyril mission to Khazars via
Chersonesus, learns Slavic language from Rus resident there.
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860 - 1015 AD
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One traditional date for
founding of Kyiv - Relations between Novgorod - Kyiv and Let, Chud, Est,
Livonian trives mostly regular and peaceful
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860 - 900 AD
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Patzinak (Pechenegs) settle in
steppe and penetrate Crimea.
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862-79 AD
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Rurik, ruler at Novgorod.
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862 AD
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Polotsk, Rostov, Murom,
Bellozero, Ladoga all founded - according to chronicles, but villages existed
in these places long before
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863 AD
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Smolensk founded
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863 AD
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Conversion of Moravians to
Christianity.
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865 AD
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Askol'd campaign against
Polyanians.
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865 AD
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First Latin mention of Khazars
convert to Judaism, Rus at Tmutorakan convert to Christianity
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866? AD
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Second Rus campaign against
Constantinople, (Askold and Dir?) result is new peace treaty the following
year.
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867-86 AD
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Basil I, Byzantine emperor.
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867-68 AD
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Rus campaign to Constantinople
and Crimea.
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870 AD
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Traditional date for death of
Rurik, He bequeaths realm to Oleg and makes Oleg regent for his son, Igor.
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870 AD
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Askol'd war against Krivichiye.
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870-94 AD
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Prince Sviatopulk of Moravia adds
Bohemia and Slovakia.
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878-912 AD
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Oleg, ruler at Kyiv. He leads
combined army of Varangians, Chuds, Slavs and others from Novgorod down Dniper
to capture Smolensk and then Lyubech and establishes garrisons, then continues
to capture Kyiv after killing Askold and Dir.
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880-2 AD
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Oleg frees Polyanians from Khazar
control and controls himself.
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883 AD
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Oleg frees Drevlyane from
Khazars and controls himself, imposes tribute of marten skins.
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884 AD
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Oleg frees Sevryane from Khazars
and controls himself.
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885 AD
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Oleg frees Radimichi from Khazars
and controls himself. His tribute set as silver coin (money trade in region?).
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886-913 AD
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Leo VI, Byzantine emperor. He
asks his brother, Alexander, to rule with him.
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889-893 AD
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Pecheneg cross between Don and
Dnepr and then occupy region between Dnepr and Dnestr pushing Magyars out of
that region. Magyars recorced passing Kyiv headed west. They war against Vlach
and Slaves to control Hungary. Khazars hold Sarkel but lose other steppe forts
to Pecheneg.
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895 AD
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First reconnaissance raid by
Pechenegs against Rus brings first contact
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898 AD
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Magyar army headed by Almosh
campaign into Rus lands and besiege Kyiv - "peace treaty" payment of
10,000 marks and more goods.
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899 AD
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Emperor Leo urges Magyars to
fight Bulgarians.
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