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INNERMOSTASIA MAP INDEX

 
 

Sir Aurel Stein

 
   

In this list we provide links to each of the photographs we made of sections of the maps inInnermostasia. Some maps contain a small area of actual survey requiring only one photo while others are very full of detail making many photos necessary. For the list of maps go to innermostasiamaps

 
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Detail of maps in Innermostasia- Title of Index maps

 
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The general index map for the series in volume IV of Innermostasia - the map is too large to photograph in one picture and achieve sufficient detail to read names. But this gives a clear view of the vast extent of his three expeditions. The index is for the maps made from expedition 3 but the routes shown in red on this and each of the maps include his routes for all three expeditions. The numbers in circles give the identification number of each map. In contrast to the map set in Serindia, this set covers the entire area, but large parts of some maps are blank. Each map includes an area of 2 degrees of longitude and 2 of lattitude. In this general view we see the multiple treks he and his surveyors made south of Khotan searching for headwaters of the rivers flowing out of the Kun-lun. It shows his routes across the Taklamakan along the Keriya and Khotan rivers. In the center it shows his multiple routes around Lou-lan. On the southeast it shows his travels south of Su-chou and Kan-chou into the Nan-shan ranges. Two the far north-east is shows his route down the Etsin-gol to reach Khara-khoto. And along the northern edge it shows his several different routes as far north as Barkul and the two routes - from An-hsi to Hami and from Mao-mei to Barkul.

 
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Detail of maps for Innermostasia -the general symbols

 
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Map legend for the maps in Innermostasia - Chinese and Turki terms

 
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Legend for maps in Innermostasia - symbols for terrain features

 
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Map legend for maps in Innermostasia - symbols for camps, routes and buildings

 
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The western portion of the Map index forInnermostasia - this shows the region from the Pamirs and Hindu Kush about half way east across the Taklamakan and the Kun-lun mtns to the sosuth and Tien-shan mtns to the north. The red numbers in circles are the identification numbers for individual maps.

 
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A detail of the western part of the Index map for Innermostasia - this includes parts of maps 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - Stein's several routes from India to Kashgar are shown - He went over the Wakhjur Pass from Afghanistan on the second trip and the Ming-taka Pass on the third.

 
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Detail from the map index for Innermostasia showing the red numbers for each individual map sheet - maps 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23. This shows Khotan and Keria on the south side of the Taklamakan and Ansi and Korla on the north side - Stein crossed the desert south to north along the Khotan river and north to south along the Keriya river.

 
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Detail from Map index for Innermostasia showing the region of the Taklamakan east of the Keriya river to the area of the Lop desert around Lou-lan - for map sheets 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33

 
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Detail of the map index for Innermostasia - map sheets 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19 - this shows Stein's routes in the Kun-lun mountains south of Khotan and Keriya. He was blocked by glaciers when moving directly south from Khotan (west of Mur-thagh so later he traveled east to south of Keriya and then south to skirt the highest ranges then south to Lake Lighen and then west through the high plateau - The ruins in the desert at Mazar-tagh, Kara-dong, Rawak, Niya are marked.

 
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Detail of the map index for Innermostasia showing the region from the Lop desert eastward to Su-chou. map sheets 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 - Abdal is at the lower left - then the two routes east, one in the desert and the other in the foothills of the Nan-shan are shown. Stein's two routes north east - one from An-hsi and one from Mao-mei are shown. The routes Stein and Lal Singh took across the Lop sea from Lou lan to the caravan route between Miran and Tun-huang are shown. During the second expedition he stayed south of the eastern end of the Tien shan while on the third expedition he went north of the range to Barkul and Guchen.

 
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Detail of the map index for Innermostasia showing the area around Lou-lan in the Lop desert. - map sheets 25, 26 ,29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36 - At the south-west are the routes from Charchan to Charkhlik and then to Abdal and Miran. North of Abdal are the routes to Lou-lan and along the Tarim river. From Lou-lan east are the routes Stein and Lal Singh took across the salt sea (map 32) to rejoin the caravan route toward Tun-huang.

 
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Detail from the map index for Innermostasia - map sheets 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 - this shows the furtherest east area that Stein reached - at Kan-chou and Khara-kora - It shows the multiple routes east from Tun-huang and An-hsi along the Su-lo-Ho and through the Nan-shan mountains. The Mao-mei oasis is directly north of Kan-chou on the Etsin-gol. From Mao-mei Stein went directly across the Pin-shan mountains to Bai. (maps 42, 40, 37)

 
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Detail of the index map for Innermostasia - maps 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, - this shows the western side of the Taklamakan and Stein's route north, south, and across it. It shows his multiple efforts into the Kun-lun mountains on the south and is several routes from India to Kashgar - toward the center is the short red line eastward from Marl-bashi that indicates his aborted effort to cross directly to Mazar-tagh on the Khotan river.

 
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Detail of the western side of the index map for Innermostasia - maps 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 - this shows the Taklamakan between the Kun-lun range and the T'ien-shan range. The several routes around Kashgar, and those in the Kun-lun south of Khotan and Keriya are there. Stein's trek south from Shayhar to find and move along the Keriya river shows as does his trek north from Khotan to Ak-su along the Khotan river.

 
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Detail from the index map for Innermostasia - map sheets 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 - this shows Stein's routes from India to Kashgar from the Wakhjir and Ming-taka Passes through Tash-kurghan and around Muz-tagh-ata mountain. It shows his routes through Yarkand and Karghalik to Kok-yar and Guma toward Khotan. Also shown are the routes north east to Maral-bashi and toward Ak-su.

 
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Detail of the index map for Innermostasia - map sheets 8, 9, 10, 13, 14 ,15, 18, 19, 22, 23 - this shows Stein's several attempts to move south from Khotan that were blocked by glaciers near Mus-tagh and Yangi-dawan - then his later route east toward Keriay at Nura and then south through Baba-Hatim Pass up the Keriya river to Lake Lighten and then back west across the high plateau and passes - Finally, after suffering frost-bite he was carried over the Kara-korum pass back to Kashmir. The ruins at Mazar-tagh, Niya, Kara-dong, Endere and Dandan-uiliq are shown.

 
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Detail from the index map for Innermostasia - map sheets 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13 - this shows the western Taklamakan with the Yarkand- Kashgar rivers to the west, the Khotan river near the center and the Keriya river on the east, all flowing northto the Tarim river (except the Keriya River dies out in the sand. There is a short red line south-east from Karal-bashi showing Stein's aborted effort to move directly across the desert to Mazar-tagh fort on the Khotan river. He was forced back by high sand dunes and instead followed the Yarkand river north-east to the confluence of Khotan, Ak-su and Tarim Rivers before turning south to Mazar-tagh. From Tawakkel he crossed desert to Dandan-Uiliq.

 
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Detail from the index map for Innermostasia - map sheets 17, 21, 25 - this shows the northern side of the Taklamakan and oases south of the T'ien-shan. The Tarim River flows from west to east with its tributaries. The important oases of Kucha, Korla, and Bugur are here. At Kara-shahr was the ancient capital ruin that Stein excavated.

 
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Detail from the index map for Innermostasia - map sheets 12, 13 ,14, 17, 18, 19 - this shows Stein's two routes directly across the Taklamakan desert - from Shahyar south to find the Keriya river and continue to Kara-dong - and from Aksu south to Khotan and later north from Khotan back along the Khotan river to Ak-su passing Mazar-tagh both times. The ruins at Dandan-uiliq, Niya, and Endere also are indicated.

 
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Detail of the map index in Innermostasia - map sheets 9, 14, 19, 23 - this shows the area between Khotan and Charchan included in maps 14, 19 and 23 with ruins at Dandan-oiliq, Niya and Endere

 
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Detail of the map index in Innermostasia - this shows the northern area with maps 20,21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, and 35 From Yangi-hissar to Barkul and Hami

 
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Detail of the map index in Innermostasia - shows parts of maps 21, 25, 26, 29, 30,32, 33, 35, and 36 with the area from Charkhlik and Kara-kum east past Singer and Abdal to Bash-toghrak

 
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Detail of the map index in Innermostasia - shows parts of map sheets 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 the area from the foothills of the Kun-lun on the south to Barkol in the T'ien Shan on the north.

 
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Detail from the index map for Innermostasia - map sheets from 20 to 42 - this shows the eastern half of the full map except for the appendage to the northeast toward Khara-khoto . The red lines show Stein's and Lal Singh's multiple routes in the Nan-shan and around the Lop desert and around the Turfan depression.

 
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Detail from the index map for Innermostasia - map sheets 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 - this shows the area from the Nan-shan mountains north past An-hsi and Mao-mei to show by red lines Stein's two routes northeast - during the Second expedition from An-hsi and during the Third expedition from Mao-mei.

 
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Detail of the index map for Innermostasia- map sheets 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39 - showing the area around Tun-huang and An-hsi. At An-hsi the red line northward is Stein's route to Hami and the modern highway. The two red lines at the left edge are Stein's and Lal Singh's routes across the Lop salt sea to the caravan route near Kum-toghrak. Sections of the Han wall show along the south bank of the Su-lo Ho west of An-hsi.

 
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Detail of index map for Innermostasia - map sheets 31 to 47- this shows the entire eastern half of the region from the Lop desert and Tien-shan south of Guchen eastward to the Nan-shan mountains and Kan-chou river. The location of Kara-khoto can be seen in relation to the rest of the areas visited by Stein and Lal Singh. Tun-huang with its 'cave of the thousand Buddhas' is in the center. Sections of the Han wall are shown from slightly northwest of Tun-huang eastward to Mao-mei. It is located along the left (south) bank of the Su-lo-Ho as far as An-hsi and then along the right (north) bank and further east across desert.

 
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Detail from the index map for Innermostasia - map sheets 40, 42, 45, 47 - this shows the Etsin-gol flowing northeast from Mao-mei past Khara-khoto to terminal lakes near the border with Mongolia. It shows sections of the Han wall west of Mao-mei and north of Yu-men-hsien. Stein was unable to visit the area between these sections. It shows ruined forts at Mao-mei, Chin-t'a and Yu-men-hsien and Stein's routes between these locations.

 
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Detail of index map for Innermostasia - map sheets 40 , 41, 42, 43, 46 - shows the easternmost area surveyed by Stein and Lal Singh - This includes the four successive high ranges of the eastern Nan-shan - Richthoven - To-lai-shan - Alexander III and Suess - all of course renamed by Chinese now. We see the headwaters of the Su-lo-Ho flowing northwest to near Yum-en-hsien where it turns to flow west into the Lop desert; and the Kan-chou flowing southeast before turning outside the mountains 180 degrees back northwest to where it joins the Pei-ta to form the Etsin-gol at Mao-mai and flow north into the desert. Kan-chou and Su-chou also appear. Stein's routes show as red lines. Sections of the Han wall show as red with small points.

 
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Detail of map 1 in Innermostasia- shows the southeast corner of the map sheet. the rectangle from 75 to 78 E longitude and from 40 to 40-50' north latitude south

 
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Detail of map 1 in Innermostasia- shows rectangle from 75 to 78 E longitude and south from 40 to 40-50' north latitude - two of Stein's routes through Sarikol toward Kashmir

 
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Detail of map 1 in Innermostasia - shows rectangle from 75 to 78 E longitude aned from 40 to 40-50' north latitude

 
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Detail of map 1 in Innermostasia - this shows the northwestern area Lal Singh surveyed between Kashgar and the Russian border in the Pamirs to the Turug-art dawan

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - part west of Kashgar - shows Kashgar and its cultivated oasis and the two routes Stein took from the west when approaching - shows section of route north. - Task-makik is town jus south west of Kashgar

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - shows the south-east corner of the map with the area east of Muztagh-ata to Chilib-gumbaz - shows Stein's route on first epedition in which he tried to climb Muztagh-ata on northwest slope and his route in 2nd and 3rd expeditions north on east side of the mountain

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - Kashgar- Muztagh-ata - part west of Kashgar - shows Kashgar and its cultivated oasis and the two routes Stein took from the west when approaching - shows section of route north. - Task-makik is town just south west of Kashgar

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - a close up of Muztagh-ata mountain - shows Stein's route up the northwest slope as he tried to reach the summit - he made it to 20,000 feet.

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia- shows the far south-east corner of the map sheet - the area around Chihil-gumbaz with Stein's routes north and east.

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - showing Muztagh -ata mountain and region around it -with Stein's routes west and east of the mountain range - His route when he attempted to reach the summit shows in the north-west side.

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - shows Stein's routes through Sarikol

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - shows the north-east corner of the map sheet with Kashgar and Stein's routes to it and Lal Singh's survey into the Pamirs north of the city.

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - shows detail of the western side of the Kashgar oasis and Tash-malik with fort

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - shows a larger section of the south-east quadrant including Chihil-gumbaz and Muztagh-ata

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - shows the area from Kashgar west into the Pamirs

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - shows the Kashgar oasis west and south to Tash-malik

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - shows the survey routes Lal Singh made west of Kashgar

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia- shows most of the eastern edge of the map sheet with Kashgar oasis and the routes leading north and south

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - shows Lal Singh's surveys west of Kashgar into the Pamirs

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia- shows Kashgar oasis and Lal Singh's survey routes west

 
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Detail of map 2 in Innermostasia - shows the southern part of the eastern map sheet edge from Kashgar south

 
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Detail of Map 2 showing Muztagh-ata with Stein's routes around it - his attempt to climb is on the north-west face. Little Kara-kol lake at which he camped and made photos is north of the mountain.

 
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A section of Map 2 - from 74 to 76 E longitude and from 38 to 39 10' north latitude - It shows Muztagh-ata mountain and Stein's routes during his three expeditions

 
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Detail of map 2 showing area west of Kashgar and south-west of Tash-malik with Stein's several routes to the city. Note thezig-zag nature of his route along the Yurunsgar river where he had to leave the river due to the steep walls either side and hike over various ranges through passes east of the river, while always trying to return to it. Note the similar situation to the far west where he had to go up and down ridges by the Ulugh-art dawan (pass).

 
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A larger detail of Map 2 showing the entire region from south-east of Muztagh-ata to Tash-malik with Stein's routes on the three expeditions.

 
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A detail of Map 2 showing the regionfrom south-east of Muztagh-ata to Tash-malik with Stein's routes

 
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Detail of Innermostasia map 3 - Shows Sarikol from Daidar in the south to Tash-kurgan (the capital) in the north and then the bend of the Tash-kurgan river east past Baldir into the Tarim. Shows Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes - shows several ruined forts

 
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Detail of map 3 of Innermostasia - the northeast corner of the map sheet - shows the northern part of Sarikol between Tash-kurgan and the exit of the Tash-kurgan river from the mountains - shows Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes

 
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Detail of map 3 of Innermostasia - shows the southern part of Sarikol with the Tash-kurgan river flowing first east, then north - shows the Ming-taka and Wakhjur Passes over which Stein traveled in two expeditions. Shows the ruined fort at Kiz-kurghan.

 
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Detail of map 3 of Innermostasia - shows the entire Sarikol

 
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Detail of map 3 for Innermostasia - shows the Tagh-dumbash range and Sarikol valley of the Tash-kurghan River -shows Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes

 
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More detailed view of a section of map 3 for Innermostasia - shows the bend in the Tash-Kurgan river near the Kiz-kurghan fort ruin - shows Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes

 
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Greater detail of a section of map 3 for Innermostasia - this shows the section of the Tash-kurgan River flowing east out of the Sarikol into the Tarim basin with Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes.

 
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Detail of map 4 for Innermostasia- shows the area around Chong-kara-jol and Ai-dobe along the northern edge of the Tarim with Lal Singh's survey routes

 
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More detail of map 4 for Innermostasia- shows Lal Singh's survey north-east into the mountains from Yai-dobe

 
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Detail of map 4 in Innermostasia - shows the eastern edge of the map with Stein's route to the Taushkan River

 
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More detail of map 4 for Innermostasia - shows the oasis between Chong-kara-jol and Yai-dobe in the foothills of the Tien-shan mountains.

 
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Detail from map 5 for Innermostasia - shows the oasis area around Yarkand and the Yarkand and Tiznaf Rivers flowing north into the desert - shows Lal Singh's survey route from the west through Yaka-arik and Stein's routes south on both sides of the rivers - shows Yangi-shahr fort next to Yarkand.

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia - this shows the most of the western half of the map sheet - south of Kashgar to Yarkand

 
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Detail of map 5 from Innermostasia - the eastern edge of the map sheet - this shows the Yarkand river flowing north from Yarkand town along the western edge of the Taklamakan almost to its confluence with the Ak-su and Kashgar rivers. It shows Stein's multiple routes through this area.

 
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Detail of the north-west corner of map 5 for Innermostasia - shows the area north of Kashgar into the T'ien-shan mostly surveyed by Lal Singh.

 
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Detail of map 5 of Innermostasia - shows the area east from Yangh-hissar fort into the desert with Stein's route from Kashgar through Ordam-Padshah-mazar to Kizil-bazar and his return routes through Yanagi-hissar.

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia -shows Kizil-bazar and the series of oases along the main route northwest of it toward Kashgar.

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia -shows the Kashgar oasis area

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia - shows the mountains south of Yarkand - on the left is the main route south to the Karakorum pass - coming from the right (east) is Stein's route during the second expedition through the Kun-lun

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia showing Stein's route from Kashgar to Kizil-bazar through Ordan-Padshah-mazar and Achchik-bazar

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia - centered on the triangle between Yangi-hissar, Kizil-bazar and Ordam-Padshah-mazar

 
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Detail of the southern part of map 5 for Innermostasia showing Lal Singh's survey route

 
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Detail of the north-west corner of map 5 for Innermostasia- shows the area north of Kashgar into the T'ien-shan mostly surveyed by Lal Singh.

 
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Detail of map 5 of Innermostasia - shows the area east from Yangh-hissar fort into the desert with Stein's route from Kashgar through Ordam-Padshah-mazar to Kizil-bazar and his return routes through Yanagi-hissar.

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia -shows Kizil-bazar and the series of oases along the main route northwest of it toward Kashgar.

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia -shows the Kashgar oasis area

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia - shows the mountains south of Yarkand - on the left is the main route south to the Karakorum pass - coming from the right (east) is Stein's route during the second expedition through the Kun-lun

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasiashowing Stein's route from Kashgar to Kizil-bazar through Ordan-Padshah-mazar and Achchik-bazar

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia - centered on the triangle between Yangi-hissar, Kizil-bazar and Ordam-Padshah-mazar

 
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Detail of the southern part of map 5 for Innermostasia showing Lal Singh's survey route east through the Kun lun

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia- showing the mountains south of Yarkand with Lal Singh's survey routes

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia showing routes east from Kashgar in the northern part of the Taklamakan and foothills of the T'ien-shan - note the many ruined watch towers along the main caravan route

 
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Detail of map 5 of Innermostasia - shows the Yarkand river flowing north-east along the edge of the desert -two of Stein's routes followed the river one to the north and the other to the south.

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia - shows the Yarkand River flowing north pastAbad along the desert east of Kashgar with the dying Tiznaf River parallel to the east -several of Stein's routes crossed this area

 
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Detail of map 5 for Innermostasia -shows the eastern part of the Yarkand oasis with the Zarafshan (Yarkand) river and the Tiznaf River flowing north

 
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Detail of map 6 for Innermostasia - shows an area south of Karghalik and north of Kok-yar with Stein's route between those towns.

 
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Detail of map 6 for Innermostasia - shows the area around the Karghalik oasis

 
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Detail of map 6 for Innermostasia-shows Kok-yar and the routes south toward the Karakorum pass

 
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Detail of map 6 for Innermostasia - shows Kok-yar (where Stein spent a month editing) and the routes east toward Khotan

 
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Detail of map 6 for Innermostasia - this is a very small area in the north-west corner - a kind of spill over from the adjacent map sheet but it shows the Tash-kurgan River flowing out of Sarikol

 
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Detail of map 6 for Innermostasia - shows Kok-yar and the area to the south with caravan route toward the Karakorum pass. -shows upper reach of the Tiznaf-darya

 
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Detail of part of map 6 for Innermostasia- shows the area south of Kok-yar and the Tiznaf-River flowing north - Shows part of the caravan route to the Karakorum Pass.

 
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Detail of part of map 6 for Innermostasia - on the left - west - is the caravan route to the Karakorum pass -on the right part of the Kun-lun explored by Stein - note the small piece of his route in the extreme south-east corner as well as the route across the center. Typically the center is blank because neither Stein nor Lal Singh personally surveyed that area.

 
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Detail of map 6 for Innermostasia - this continues the caravan route south to the Karakorum Pass - note that it crosses the Yarkand river high in the mountains where the river is still flowing west

 
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Detail of map 6 for Innermostasia - shows the route to the Karakorum where it crosses the Yarkand River

 
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Detail of map 6 for Innermostasia - shows both the caravan route crossing the Yarkand river and to the east part of the Kun-lun where Stein was exploring.

 
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Detail of map 7 for Innermostasia - the southern edge of the map sheet - The south-west corner of the map shows the routes to Kelpin valley and the route from Marl-bashi toward Ak-su. Part of the course of the Yarkand River is in the south-east corner.

 
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Detail of map 7 for Innermostasia -shows the Kelpin oasis in its narrow valley

 
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Detail of map 7 for Innermostasia-shows the entire northern region from Kelpin to the Turfan area and Ak-su - The Tushkan river flows east along the base of the T'ien-shan to meet the Ak-su river flowing south into the Tarim river.

 
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Detail of map 7 for Innermostasia -shows Ak-su and the area south along the Ak-su river

 
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Detail of map 7 for Innermostasia - shows the Turfan oasis area

 
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Detail of map 7 for Innermostasia- shows sthe Tushkan river through the Turfan oasis and on east to confluence with the Ak-su River at Ak-su town - old and new Ak-su are shown

 
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Detail of mpap 7 for Innermostasia -shows theTurfan oasis and Ak-su oasis and area between them. A few watchtowers are shown.

 
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Detail of map 7 for Innermostasia - shows in great detail the Turfan oasis and rivers with a few watch towers also.

 
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Detail of map 7 for Innermostasia - shows in detail the Ak-su oasis and its extension southward along the Ak-su River

 
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Detail of map 8 for Innermostasia - shows the north west quarter of the map with the area around Marl-bashi and eastward - northeast along the Kashgar and Yarkand rivers and southeast showing Stein's aborted effort to strike directly across the desert to Mazar-tagh - he had to turn back due to the huge sand ridges.

 
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Detail of map 8 for Innermostasia- this shows in more detail the Maral-bashi oasis and surrounding cultivated areas along the Yarkand and Kashgar Rivers. Note a few watch towers along the caravan routes.

 
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Detail of map 8 for Innermostasia - shows Stein's route into the desert south east of the Yarkand River from which he was forced to return due to high sand dunes.

 
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Detail of map 8 for Innermostasia - great detail of the Marl-bashi oasis. The town has walls and there are watch towers along the caravan route to Char-bagh-bazar

 
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Detail of map 9 for Innermostasia - shows the western half of the map - the area from the Kun-lun on the south to the caravan route along the south side of the Taklamakan on the north.

 
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Detail of map 9 for Innermostasia - shows the eastern half of the map sheet from the Kun-lun mountains to the edge of the Taklamakan with the Khotan oasis

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - the eastern side of this map sheet - Shows the Khotan oasis and Stein's route south into the Kun-Lun

 
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Detail of map 9 for Innermostasia - shows part of the western side of the map sheet - the Guma-bazar oasis and caravan route along the Taklamakan plus the foothills of the Kun-lun mountains.

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasis - shows the western side of the map sheet with area south of Guma bazar and the caravan route along the desert far into the Kun-lun with Stein's routes through the mountains

 
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Detail of map 9 for Innermostasia- shows the Kun-lun mountains south of Guma-bazar with Stein's routes - The crossroad at Shadula-bazar is in southwest corner.

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows the western side of the Khotan oasis

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows the south-east quarter of the map sheet in the Kun-lun mounains- shows Stein's initial two efforts to penetrate into the Kun-lun - both unsuccessful - and his return to Khotan via Nissa

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows Shahidulia -mazar and Stein's routes to it on his way back to India during his second expedition.

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows Stein's routes south east of Shahidulia mazar - note southeast corner -

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows Stein's routes in the Kun-lun along the Kilian river and elsewhere

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows Guma-bazar on the edge of the Taklamakan and the caravan routes from Kashgar on the west and to Khotan to the east and Stein's route south along the Kilian River.

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows Stein's two attempts to penetrate the Kun-lun blocked just south east of Kushtash-langar - Karanghu-tagh, south of Omsha and his return route through Nissa to Khotan. The red lines are established routes (tracks) Stein's personal routes are the black x's

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows Stein's route through Nissa and over Brinjak-dawan back to Khotan. His camp C 53 was close below the summit of the pass.

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows western part of Khotan oasis with caravan route that Stein followed - The Kum-rabat-Padshahim-mazar (Pidgeon shrine) is where travelers including Stein left a donation to support the 'holy' pidgeons.

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows area south-west of Khotan and Stein's routes south toward the Kun-lun and back. Note the height of the Ulugh-art- dawan (pass) at 9891 feet and the ridges over 7,000 feet so close to Khotan. The strip of land between the mountains and desert is very narrow.

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows the northeast section of the Khotan oasis and areas along the Yurung-kash and Kara-kash Rivers and Kara-sai-bazar are shown. This last has a small irrigated area where the small stream ends in the desert.

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows most of the Khotan oasis with the rivers flowing through

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows the main part of Khotan oasis - also to the south the ruins at Gosringa and Chalma-Kazan and relic field at Tati - note the mazars (shrines of Moslem saints).

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia -shows western side of Khotan oasis

 
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - shows the caravan route between Moji and Pialma to Khotan along the southern edge of the Taklamakan and the foothill of the Kun-lun directly south - shows the narrow strip of cultivated area between these in the few oasis fed by underground springs and drying rivers.

 
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Detail of map 9 inInnermostasia - shows the area in the center of the map sheet south of Pialma into the Kun-lun around Duwa-bazar

 
  {short description of image} Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia -this is detailed look at the Khotan oasis and areas west to Pialma and north along theYangi darya and Yurung-kash  
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Detail of map 9 in Innermostasia - this shows the area west of Khotan around Guma bazar and the foothills of the Kun-lun

 
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Detail of map 10 in Innermostasia - this shows the northern half of the map sheet - but the southern half is blank - this is the southernmost parts of Stein's explorations during the second trip - on the far west is a segment of the caravan route to the Karakorum pass over which he was carried to Kashmir. On the eastern side is part of his route west through the mountains and plateaus -this sheet is an extension of map 9.

 
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Detail of map 10 in Innermostasia - this shows the caravan route to the Karakorum Pass over which Stein returned to Kashmir on his second expedition

 
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Detail of map 10 in Innermostasia - shows the eastern part of the map sheet with Stein's routes moving westward through the Kun-lun during his second expedition.

 
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Detail of map 10 in Innermostasia - shows two of the main ridges of the Kun-lun with Stein's route west south of them

 
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Detail of map 10 in Innermostasia - shows detail of the caravan route to the Karakorum Pass

 
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Detail of map 10 in Innermostasia- this is the route to the Karakorum Pass that Lal Singh surveyed while leading the caravan loaded with artifacts back to India

 
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Detail of map 10 in Innermostasia - this is the eastern side of the map - an area of the Kun-lun through which Stein and Lal Singh surveyed during the second expedition.

 
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Detail of map 11 inInnermostasia - this shows the far northern part of Stein's and Lal Singh's explorations with the latter's survey up the Muz-art River into the T'ien Shan as far as he could go before being blocked by deep snow. The remainder of this map sheet to the north is blank. To the south is extends the survey in map 12.

 
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Detail of map 12 for Innermostasia - shows the western side of the map - this is directly south of map sheet 11 which extends the survey in the upper center of this map

 
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Detail of map 12 for Innermostasia - shows the northern edge of the map sheet along the oases south of the T'ien Shan mtns.

 
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Detail of map 12 for Innermostasia - shows the Karghan oasis

 
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Detail of map 12 for Innermostasia - shows the north-east corner of the map sheet

 
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Detail of map 12 for Innermostasia - shows the north-east corner of the map sheet with Urf-bash-bazar and Bai, The Muz-art River flows south east out of the T'ien shan and then east.

 
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Detail of map 12 for Innermostasia - shows Tumen oasis and Kara-yulghum in foothill of T'ien Shan mtns.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia- shows the Khotan and Yarkand rivers confluence north-west of the Taklamakan desert and then flowing east as the Tarim river.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia - shows the Yarkand and Ak-su Rivers confluence into Tarim river and then the Khotan river joining.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia- shows the Tarim River flowing east between the Taklamakan and the T'ien Shan.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia - shows the Tumen oasis and Kara-yulghum in the foothills of the T'ien Shan mtns

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia- shows the Bai oasis and the ruin of Buddhist cave temples at Ming-oi in cliffs south of Muz-art river.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia - shows Kara Bagh oasis area and Kok-yar next to the Muz-art river and Kurghan ruin fort in foothills of T'ien Shan mtns. The oasis is sustained by the small flow from streams out of the hills.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia - shows the northern edge of the map sheet in the T'ien Shan with oases in the foothills - from longitude 80 to 82 E.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia -this shows the Khotan river as it reaches the Yarkand river and Tarim river north of the Taklamakan

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia -this shows the Khotan river joining the Yarkand and Ak-su rivers to become the Tarim River that flows east along the north edge of the Taklamkan.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia -this shows the Tumen oasis and small rivers flowing south out of the T'ien Shan

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia - this shows the area northeast of Tumen to Kolyar and Tupluk oasis with the Muz-art river flowing south from the mountains.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia - this shows most of the northern part of the map sheet from Kokyar to Bai with sections of the Muz-art River that Stein or Lal Singh surveyed.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia -shows the entire western edge of the map from latitude 40 to 42 N.

 
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Detail of map 12 in Innermostasia - shows the north-west corner of the map

 
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Detail of map 13 in Innermostasia - shows the entire map sheet with the Keriya and Khotan rivers flowing north across the Taklamakan - this is a sample of how large each map sheet is, which makes the resolution too small to read. Here I am trying to show the relationship between the two rivers and place the more detailed section maps into context.

 
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Detail of map 13 in Innermostasia -shows the Keriya River flowing north through desert - Stein surveyed only the area of his routes along the river - areas east and west were desolate sand dunes. This section includes the ruin at Kara-dong

 
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Detail of map 13 in Innermostasia - this shows the Khotan River north of the confluence of Kara-kash and Yurung-kash rivers north of Khotan to the ruin Tibettan fort at Mazar-tagh hill.

 
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Detail of map 13 in Innermostasia - shows the Khotan River flowing north near its end at the Tarim river - this is the extension north of the previous map detail

 
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Detail of map 13 inInnermostasia - this is the northwest corner of the map - north of the Yarkand river to the foothills of the T'ien Shan

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - shows the south-western side of the map sheet from the Kun-lun mountains north through Khotan into the Taklamakan desert.

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - shows the eastern side of the map sheet from the Kun-lun mtns into the desert with the Keryia river

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasis - shows the southern edge of the map sheet in the Kun-lun mountains with Stein's routes and the few valley oases in the higher elevations.

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - shows the central section -west to east -of the map sheet with the belt of oases from Khotan to Keriya and many of Stein's excavation sites in between such as Khadalik and Old Domoko.

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - shows the area north east of Keriya with the many sites Stein excavated around Khadalik and Old Domoko

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia-shows the area between Khotan and Chira and from the foothills of Kun-lun into the Taklamakan with some of Stein's major excavations including Rawak Stupa, and Old Domoko

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia showing area between the Kara-kash and Yurung-kash rivers flowing north and the desert eastward to Dandan-oilik ruin with Stein's route between them. The color turned out too red

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia showing Dandan-oilik ruin and Stein's route east to the Keriya River

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasiashowing the area around Gulakhma-bazar, Khadalik and Old Domoko with many ruins that Stein excavated. - The color is too red.

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - showing the area north of Rawak Stupa along the Kara-kash and Yurung-kash rivers

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - showing the area north west of Khotan (Sampula-bazar) to Rawak Stupa and then the Yurung-kash River with many of the smaller ruins that Stein found.

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia shows the area between Yurung-kash bazar and Rawak Stupa - in more detail with many smaller ruins Stein found.

 
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Detail from map 14 in Innermostasia- shows a part of the Khan-ilese range and the oases around Pisha and Buya with Stein's routes through the mountains.

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - shows the Kun-lun range south of Sampula bazar to Buya.

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - very detailed view of the area around Gulakhma bazar - Domoko-bazar, Chira bazar and north to Khadalik and Old Domoko with many of the ruins Stein found. He spent much time in this area not only looking for ancient sites but also studying the irrigation procedures needed to cope with the ever changing shifts of the river chanels.

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - Shows a part of the Keriya river flowing north through the Taklamakan and Stein's route south.

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - shows the Keriya river flowing just north of Keriya oasis

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - this is very detailed view of the Keriya oasis and adjacent area

 
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Detail of map 14 in Innermostasia - a shows part of the Kun-lun mountains south of Polur and Stein's routes

 
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Detail of map 15 in Innermostasia- shows the northern edge of the map sheet - the area to the south is blank - it shows Stein's routes during his second expedition around and the behind the main ridges of the Kun-lun - past Lake Lighten and across the high plateau

 
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Detail of map 15 in Innermostasia - shows Stein's route south around the highest part of the Kun-lun during the second expedition when he was searching for the headwater of the Kurung-kash river and also the Keriya River. He found that the Keriya river sources were relatively due south of the river's route into the Taklamakan but the sources of the Kurung-kash were surprisingly far east of its exit from the mountains south of Khotan.

 
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Detail of map 15 in Innermostasia - this is very detailed view of the mountains around Lake Lighten and Stein's route going west past the lake.

 
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Detail of map 15 in Innermostasia - this shows a detail of the Kun-lun mountains and Stein's route blocked by an impassable gorge, which he bypassed over a 16,000 foot pass. In the Zalik gorge, surprisingly, there were gold miners scratching out meager results from ancient gold fields.

 
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Detail of map 15 in Innermostasia- this is more detail of Stein's route past Lake Lighten

 
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Detail of map 16 in Innermostasia - this shows the southern edge of the map sheet - the rest if blank - this is the area around the Kere-bazar in the foothills of the T'ien Shan on the northern limits of Stein's and Lal Singh's surveys. This is the northern extension of map sheet 17.

 
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Detail of map 17 in Innermostasia - this shows the northern edge of the map sheet - in it is the Kucha oasis in the foothills of the T'ien Shan mtns, and routes east, west and south - the color came out too red - Map sheet 16 contains an extension of the mountain in the center of this northern edge.

 
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Detail of map 17 in Innermostasia - shows the Kucha oasis beside the Muz-art River and area south to Shahyar, Stein's departure point for crossing the Taklamakan. His many survey routes around the oasis are indicated. Note Kucha is shown as a walled town and there are watch towers and small forts shown along the caravan routes.

 
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Detail on map 17 in Innermostasia -shows the several rivers that comprise the Tarim river system flowing east (Inchike-darya - Ockan-darya - Ugen-darya) and Shahyar oasis on the Shahyar river. Several small walled villages or forts are indicated.

 
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Detail of map 17 in Innermostasia - this shows the south-west corner of the map sheet. Here is Stein's start south into the Taklamakan from the Tarim River in search of the end of the Keriya river - a very precarious undertaking.

 
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Detail of map 17 in Innermostasia - this shows the area between Kucha and Shahyar and the Tarim river flowing east. Toward the bottom edge is the beginning of Stein's route into the Taklamakan.

 
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Detail of map 17 in Innermostasia - this shows the area north-west of Kucha and the Muz-art River flowing south out of the T'ien Shan.

 
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Detail of map 17 in Innermostasia - this shows the area east of Kucha and Stein's many survey routes through it.

 
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Detail of map 17 in Innermostasia - this shows detail of the area south-east of Kucha and east of Shahyar village with the Muz-art and Shahyar rivers flowing south-east. Several watch towers and small forts are shown. Shahyar was the last village for Stein before entering the Taklamakan and the place he hired very reluctant locals to work for this phase of his travel.

 
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Detail of map 18 in Innermostasia - this is a small extension north from the next sheet south and shows a portion of the Niya ruined village.

 
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Detail of map 18 in Innermostasia- this is along the western border of the map sheet. It shows part of the Keriya River flowing north through the Taklamakan

 
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Detail of map 18 in Innermostasia - this shows another section of the Keriya River flowing north. This view overlaps the previous one.

 
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Detail of map 18 inInnermostasia - this shows Stein's route south searching for the end of the Keriya River between Shahyar and the river's end.

 
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Detail from map 18 in Innermostasia - here Stein has about reached the end of the Keriya river - The trek was in winter, so the first sight of the river was the reflection off the ice in the distance.

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - this is the Kun lun mountains around Surghak with Stein's route east to west

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - this shows the Endere River and the ancient ruins Stein excavated there and his route across the desert.

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - this shows Stein's route across the desert south of Yar-tungaz-tarim toward Endere.

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - this shows the area between Niya-bazar - Niya ruin and Endere with Stein's route across the desert between these.

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - this shows the route north from Niya to Iman-Jafar-sadak-mazar and on to the Ruin of ancient Niya - one of Stein's most famous early excavations. The northern part of the Niya ruin is on map 18.

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - this shows the entire area between Niya ancient site and Endere ruin with Stein's routes between them. The three rivers flow north from the Kun-lun and then disappear into the desert.

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - shows Las Singh's route through the Kun-lun south of Niya

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia- this shows part of Lal Singh's survey eastward in the foothills of the Kun lun. Note the many small rivers that are flowing north from the mountains into the desert - none of them goes very far

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - this shows the end of the river and canal north of Niya-bazar

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - this shows the area between Iman-Jafar-Sadak- mazar and the Niya ruin that Stein excavated during two expeditions. The northern part of the ruin is on map 18.

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - this shows the various sites Stein found around Endere

 
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Detail of map 19 in Innermostasia - shows the Endere ruin location

 
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Detail of map 20 in Innermostasia - this is the southern edge of the map sheet and shows the limit of Stein's and Lal Singh's survey north into the T'ien Shan - the Kars-sharh River is presumed to flow in the nearby valley. The remainder of the map sheet is blank.

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia- this is south of map 20. It shows the Yangi-hissar oasis in the foothill of the T'ien Shan and the caravan route east to west, plus the Kizil River flowing south into the desert. The photo color turned out too red.

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - this shows the Yangi-hissar oasis and Bugur oasis and area around them.

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - a detail of the caravan route east of Yangi-hissar

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - this is the northeast corner of the map sheet - It shows the Korla oasis and small cultivated areas near it with the caravan route from the west at Yanghi-hissar

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - this shows the Korla oasis in greater detail

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - this shows the Tarim and other related rivers flowing eastward in the northern edge of the Taklamakan

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - this shows the area north east of the Inchike-darya and south west of Korla and Stein's routes

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - this shows the larger area of the north half of the map sheet from the rivers to the T'ien Shan foothills and from Korla west to Yanghi -hissar

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - this shows the northern half of the map from west of Yangi-hissar to Korla along the foothills of the T'ien-Shan

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - this shows the Korla oasis

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia -this shows the Yangi-hissar and Bugur-bazar oases and the Kizil River

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - this shows the Yarkand River and several smaller streams with swamps south of Yangi-hissar on the northern edge of the Taklamakan

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia- this shows part of the Kichike darya and Konche darya flowing east - south of Korla

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia - this shows the Korla oasis and walled town with the Konche-darya flowing south out of the T'ien Shan

 
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Detail of map 21 in Innermostasia-this is the northern half of the map sheet with the caravan route along the foothills of the T'ien Shan through Korla and Yangi-hissar

 
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Detail of map 22 in Innermostasia -this shows the area north-east of Charchan-bazar along the Charchan River

 
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Detail of map 22 in Innermostasia - this is detailed view of the Charchan-bazar oasis

 
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Detail of map 22 in Innermostasia - this is the south-east corner of the map sheet with Charchan, and the Charchan river. The remainder of this map sheet is blank in unexplored desert

 
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Detail of map 23 in Innermostasia - this is the northern side of this map sheet - this shows a large area between the foothill of the Kun lun and the Taklamakan - on the south is Lal Singh's survey route through Bostan and east toward Charchan and Tun-huang - on the north is Stein's route along the edge of the desert from Endere toward Charchan - Only the Charchan river manages to reach the desert and then turn east

 
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Detail of map 23 in Innermostasia - this shows a part of the Kun-lun with Lal Singh's survey through Bostan and Konche-bulak. This map is south of map 22.

 
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Detail of map 23 inInnermostasia - this is in foothills of the Kun lun - Kapa was famous gold mining area.

 
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Detail of map 23 inInnermostasia - this is in foothill of Kun lun with Lal Singh's survey past Bostan and Konche-bulak

 
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Detail of map 23 inInnermostasia - shows the mountain chain around Achang and Kapa

 
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Detail of map 23 in Innermostasia - shows Lal Singh's survey route from Konche-bulak east and north east toward Charchan - the numerous rivers all die out as they reach the desert or before.

 
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Detail of map 23 in Innermostasia - this is more detail of Stein's route along the edge of the desert toward Charchan on map 22.

 
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Detail of map 23 in Innermostasia - this is the south-east corner of the sheet showing the Charchan river flowing out of the Kun-lun mtns.

 
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Detail of map 24 in Innermostasia - shows the Kara-shahr ruin and Kara-shahr river that provided irrigation flowing through the T'ien Shan

 
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Detail of map 24 inInnermostasia - this is the southern edge of the map sheet but all the northern part is blank - It shows the northern limit of Stein's routes along the eastern end of the T'ien Shan east of Kara-shahr ruin - The town was the capital of early medieval nomad kingdom due to its loction on the river and in a relatively low break in the mountain range enabling easier passages south.

 
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Detail of map 24 in Innermostasia - this is a detailed view of the Kara-shahr oasis and ruined ancient palace area

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - this shows the mountains north west of Shindi and west of Singer (on the adjacent map) - note the watch towers along the caravan route

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - this detail is of the mountains around the Elisen-dawan west of Singer.

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - this detail is of the routes that converge at Shindi - west of Singer.

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - shows part of Stein's route with watch towers along the foothill of the Karak-tagh.

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - shows Tikenlik oasis and part of the Yarkand-darya and the Ying-p'an ruin site

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - shows detail of the Ying-p'an ruin site

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - shows Stein's route near the Yarkand-darya and Konche-darya from Yangki-su to Tikenlik with fort at Doral

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - shows Stein's route along the Tarim and Yarkand-darya through Yangi-su and Tikenlik

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - shows Stein's routtes along Yarkand-darya and Konche-darya through Kara-kum (Yangi-shahr) and along the foothills of the Karak-tagh

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - shows part of the Konche-darya north of the Kuruk - tagh and Stein's routes

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia -shows part of the Konche-darya and Inchike-darya around Kara-kum (Yangi-shahr) - shows that Stein omits areas not surveyed, such as part of the Konche-darya here.

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - shows a large part of the map sheet from Tikenlik north and west along the Yarkand-darya and Konche-darya to Kara-kum and into the Kuruk-tagh mountains

 
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Detail of map 25 inInnermostasia - shows the northern edge of the map sheet with the Kuruk-tagh mountains and the Konche-darya and Yarkand-darya rivers

 
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Detail of map 25 in Innermostasia - shows the northern edge of the map - north of the Kuruk-tagh - shows the Ming-oi site north of Shorchuk and Kara-kum.

 
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Detail of map 26 in Innermostasia - shows the southern edge of the map sheet with foothills of Kun-lun - the Charchan river and the ruin Stein found at Vash-shahri

 
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Detail of map 26 in Innermostasia- shows the foothills of the Kun-lun and area around Vash-sharhi with many streams from the mountains disappearing into the desert.

 
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Detail of map 26 in Innermostasia - shows the Charchan river flowing north-east and Stein's route beside it.The locations of three camp sites gives an idea of the length of his trek.

 
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Detail of map 26 in Innermostasia - shows the Charchan river flowing north-east

 
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Detail of map 26 in Innermostasia - this shows the Charchan river flowing northeast between Charchan and Charkhlik - Lal Singh's survey route is across the southern edge

 
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Detail of map 26 in Innermostasia - shows Stein's route toward Charchan.

 
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Detail from map 26 in Innermostasia - shows part of the Charchan river above Lashkar-satmi

 
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Detail of map 26 in Innermostasia - shows the south-east corner of the map - The Charchan river flows north east - the foothills of the eastern end of the Kun-lun stretch north-east as well with Lal Singh's survey route through them

 
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Detail of map 27 in Innermostasia - shows the north west corner with the area around Khadalik in the mountains through which Lal Singh continued his survey. The remainder of the map sheet to the south is blank.

 
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Detail of map 28 in Innermostasia -shows the north-east corner of the map with area around Turfan and into the T'ien Shan mountains to Guchen with Stein's route over the pass between these.

 
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Detail of map 28 in Innermostasia - shows the detail of area at Guchen (Ku-ch'eng-tzu and the T'ien Shan range to the south with Stein's route over it through the pass at 12000 feet - the photo came out too red

 
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Detail of map 28 in Innermostasia - detail of the Turfan depression and oasis - Kara-khoja oasis and ruin - Lukchun oasis and many ruins such as the fort at Chong-hassar. Note many watch towers along the caravan routes. Stein measured the depression to -940 feet below sea level

 
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Detail of map 28 in Innermostasia - shows detail of the Ku-ch'eng-tzu (Guchen) oasis as fortified town - also Pei-ti'ng ruined walled town - and beginning of the road south over the T'ien Shan

 
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Detail of map 28 in Innermostasia - shows greater detail of Guchen and Pei-ti'ng and caravan route over the T'ien Shan

 
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Detail of map 28 in Innermostasia - shows the eastern part of the Turfan depression from Turfan to Kara-khoja and Lukchun walled towns and several watch towers. The numerous numbered locations for Stein's camps indicates the extent of his exploration, surveying and excavation of ruins.

 
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Detail of map 28 in Innermostasia- shows the western part of the Turfan depression between Turfan and Kona-shar and Toksun with several walled towns or forts and watch towers.

 
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Detail of map 28 in Innermostasia - shows the south-west corner of the map from the Turfan depression into the hills bordering the Taklamakan with Stein's routes.

 
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Detail of map 28 in Innermostasia - shows the southern edge of the map sheet in the hills south of the Turfan depression

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia - shows the northern edge of the map sheet - which adjoins the southern edge of map 28. This is the Kuruk Tagh hill ranges around Singer, a very small and isolated oasis in a valley. Stein's, Lal Singh's and Afraz Gul's survey routes appear. vIn the south east corner is Altmish-bulak, the spring near Lou Lan where Stein rested his camels.

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia - shows more detail of the area around Singer

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia- shows the eastern edge of the map with the routes from Singer eastward to Altmish-bulak spring. This is the spring to which Stein sent his camels while working at Lou-lan and to which he went to prepare for his epic crossing of the Lop salt sea.

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia -shows the area west of Singer in the dry Kuruk Tagh hills

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia - this important map shows the area at Lou-lan and to the north and west - note Altmish-bulak and Astin-bulak springs are nearby to the north. Stein maps the dry bed of the Kuruk-darya which he believed passed north of Lou-lan during the early centuries in which it was a Chinese post. The route north-west from Altmish-bulak leads to Singer.

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia - this shows the route between Altmish-bulak spring and Besh-bulak on the way to Singer. Stein was greatly assisted in his exploration by life-time experienced desert hunters from Singer.

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia- a detailed map of the northern part of the Lou-lan area showing many locations for ruins and relics. The area was occupied long before the Chinese established their frontier supply post here.

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia - this shows the southern part of the extensive Lou-lan site with may relics found on the surface as well as ruined buildings and fortifications. Stein's route to Lou Lan from Abdal is in the south-west corner.

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia - this shows greater detail of the central part of the Lou-lan site. It is an example of Stein's meticulous record keeping and detailed descriptions of the exact locations for each of his 'finds'.

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia- part of the southern edge of this map sheet - this shows detail of the area around the Merdek ruin next to the Tarim River which Stein found during his return trip from Lou-lan to Miran. Parts of his route are seen.

 
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Detail of map 29 in Innermostasia - this shows the entire southern part of the important map. It shows Merdek ruin on the Tarim river in the south-west and the route to Lou-lan across the middle and the entire Lou-lan site along the eastern edge. Singer is at the northwest corner.

 
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Detail of map 30 in Innermostasia - This shows most of the central portion of the map, which is the area south of map 29 - This is from Charkhlik in the SW to Miran in the center to Abdal on the Tarim river in the north.

 
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Detail of map 30 in Innermostasia - this shows the area between Miran and Abdal. The Tibetan fort at Miran occupied Stein for weeks during which he found not only the fort but (as shown 'mounds') much earlier Buddhist stupas. Abdal was a tiny fishing village but with a building substantial for Stein to use as a storage shed.

 
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Detail of map 30 in Innermostasia- this shows the area between Charkhlik and Miran. Stein decided that Charkhlik was the location of the ancient Chinese regional headquarters.

 
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Detail of map 30 in Innermostasia - shows the area between Charkhlik - Miran - Abdan with the Tarim river flowing east along the northern side

 
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Detail of map 30 in Innermostasia - shows a wide area across the entire map sheet from Charkhlik past Abdal to the Lop Nor salt sea.

 
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Detail of map 30 in Innermostasia - shows the entire northern edge that meets the southern edge of map 29 - This includes from Charkhlik into the Lop Nor salt flat and the Tarim river flowing south along the western edge and then turning sharply east into the salty swamp east of Abdal.

 
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Detail of map 31 in Innermostasia-shows the Pichan and Chik-tam oases with their walled towns.

 
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Detail of map 31 in Innermostasia - shows in detail the oases at Pichan and Chik-tam with route between

 
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Detail of map 31 in Innermostasia - shows the western edge of the map from south of Pichan to well north - latitude 42 to 43 50' North

 
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Detail of map 31 in Innermostasia - shows the northern edge of the map at latitude 44 N and longitude 90 E to 92 E. The range of hills crossed by caravan routes with occasional watch towers.

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia - shows the area east of Lou lan into the Lop dry salt lake bed with numerous 'finds' and the several mesas with small forts northeast of Lou lan that Stein recognized as being on the Chinese caravan route across the salt flats.

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia - shows the area further east of Lou lan with Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes into the salt flats

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia - shows the northwest corner of the map sheet - an area east and north east of Lou-lan with the beginnning of Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes across the salt flats.

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia - this shows the entire map sheet with the area close to Lou lan on the west edge - the routes across the Lop sea across the map to the caravan route from Abdal toward Tun-huang in the southeast corner. The crossing of the Lop sea was a dangerous undertaking in mid-winter, but Stein was successful in finding the ancient Chinese caravan route. While Stein went across the northeast corner of the Lop Nor salt bed, Lal Singh went further north and east around the boundary of the salt flat. .

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia - shows the eastern side of Lou lan and several mesas with small forts and cemeteries along the Chinese caravan route. Some graves, Stein determined, were those of pre-Chinese inhabitants.The more northern route was Lal Singh's.

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia -shows in greater detail the area immediately east of Lou lan with the mesas Stein found there.

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia - shows the south east corner - the caravan route along the southern edge of the Lop nor salt flat through Achchik-bulak and Kum-kudak with Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes exiting from the salt sea. Being very experienced surveyors as well as caravan leaders, they had no difficulty meeting after several weeks of travel across uncharted terrain exactly where they planned.

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia - this map is a special one showing the eastern edge of Lou-lan and the Lop salt flat with Stein's and Lal-Singh's survey trips across it in winter. This past shows the routes northeast out of Lou land past several mesas on which Stein found small forts and cemetaries. From there he turned south-east and found Han coins on the surface

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia - this shows Stein's (on the left) and Lal Singh's (on the right) survey routes along the eastern edge of the Lop sea as they headed south to meet at its southern edge

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia - this shows the western edge of the map with Stein's and Lal Singh's routes.

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia -this shows the eastern edge of the Lou lan site with several small forts and watch towers on mesas along the Chinese supply caravan route.

 
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Detail of map 32 in Innermostasia - this is the southeast corner of the map - it shows Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes meeting at the edge of the Lop sea and proceeding to Kum-kuduk well on the caravan route to Tun-huang.

 
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Detail of map 33 in Innermostasia - directly south of map 32 - shows along the southern edge Lal Singh's survey route through the foothills toward Tun huang and in the northwest corner the caravan route along the edge of the Lop Nor salt flat

 
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Detail of map 34 in Innermostasia - shows detail of Lapchuk and Taranchi oases

 
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Detail of map 34 in Innermostasia - shows the area between Chang-liu-shui and the important Hami town and the eastern end of the T'ien Shan hills

 
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Detail of map 34 in Innermostasia - this shows in detail the Barkul oasis and walled town with ruin of Manchu town next door - and Stein's route along the northern slope of the T'ien Shan.

 
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Detail of map 34 in Innermostasia- shows the eastern extension of the T'ien Shan with Barkul to the north and the caravan route from Hami to the south

 
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Detail of map 35 in Innermostasia - this shows the terminal of the Su-lo Ho with the caravan routes through Toghrak-bulak and Besh-toghrak and especially the western watch towers and end of the Han line. Stein numbered the towers more or less in the order he studied them - Towers I and II are detached watch towers he came to first on north bank of the Su-lo Ho - Towers III and IV are immediately to the south - Then towers V and VI are detached far to the southwest to cover the end of the line. Stein came across the wall and towers rather unexpectedly during his second expedition on his rush to Tun-huang. He visited a few, then continued to the town where he recruited a team of reluctant opium smokers to dig, returned to the wall and excavated many towers mostly northwest of town. Then, after returning again to Tun-huang and purchasing hundreds of manuscripts at the "cave of the thousand Buddhas" he returned again to the wall to continue to the northeast. He returned again to the wall during his third expedition.

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Detail of map 35 in Innermostasia - shows the western end of the Han wall with watch towers around Toghrak-bulak south of the end of the Su-lo Ho.

 
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Detail of map 35 in Innermostasia - shows the entire southern edge of the map - This shows the caravan routes from Abdal to the west on toward Tun-huang on the east. In the center is the terminal lake of the Su-lo Ho and the end of the Han wall.

 
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Detail of map 35 in Innermostasia - the eastern side of this map sheet - shows a section of the Han wall on the south side of the Su-lo Ho

 
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Detail of map 36 in Innermostasia - shows the northern edge of the map sheet with Lal Singh's survey route through the foothills west of Tun-huang. The remainder of the map is blank further south than was included in surveys.

 
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Detail of map 37 in Innermostasia - on the northern edge of the survey area - shows the eastern end of the T'ien Shan with routes to Bai on the north and Tash-bulak on the south

 
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Detail of map 37 in Innermostasia - the southern part of the map sheet -shows Stein's routes from southeast to northwest - the western route is from Abdal to Hami during the second expedition and the eastern one is from Mao mei to Bai during the third expedition.

 
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Detail of map 37 in Innermostasia - this shows detail of the northern slope of the eastern T'ien Shan with Stein's route from Bai to Barkul

 
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Detail of map 38 in Innermostasia - shows part of Stein's route from An-hsi to Hami across desert hills.

 
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Detail of map 38 in Innermostasia - shows part of Stein's route northwest from An-hsi to Hami and part of the Su-lo Ho with the Han wall and towers along it.

 
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Detail of map 38 in Innermostasia - shows the An-hsi town and oasis and a section of the Han wall and towers along the south bank of the Su-lo Ho plus several ruins of old walled villages or forts.

 
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Detail of map 38 in Innermostasia- shows the area close to north side of An-hsi with the Su-lo Ho and part of the Han wall and towers.

 
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Detail of map 38 in Innermostasia -shows area directly north west of An-hsi along the Su-lo Ho with the Han wall towers.

 
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Detail of map 38 in Innermostasia - shows area west of An-hsi with Han towers and several ruins of small forts

 
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Detail of map 38 in Innermostasia - shows detail of the Tun-huang oasis and walled town with Ch'ien-fo-tung (Cave of Thousand Buddhas) nearby.

 
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Detail of map 38 in Innermostasia - shows the entire southern edge of the map from 94 to 96 degrees E longitude at 40 degrees north latitude - showsTun-huang on southern edge and Su-lo Ho flowing west across the center from An-hsi with the Han wall beside it.

 
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Detail of map 39 in Innermostasia - shows northern edge of Nan-hu map sheet south of map 38 - with Nan-hu oasis town in northwest corner and foothills across the center - southern map area is blank. Lal Singh attempted to survey further south but only reached the point shown here.

 
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Detail of map 40 in Innermostasia - shows part of Stein's route through desert toward Bai

 
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Detail of map 40 in Innermostasia - this shows Stein's route toward Bai from Mao mei with the intermediate oasis at Ming-shui

 
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Detail of map 40 in Innermostasia - this is in the lower left corner -it shows the Su-lo Ho flowing westward with the Han wall shifting to the northern bank - it shows Ch'iao-tzu walled town and the ruin of the old town south of it. Also T'a-shin walls and Ru-lung-chi walled - The Su-lo Ho flows north out of the mountains at the eastern edge.

 
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Detail of map 40 in Innermostasia - this focuses on the Han wall and towers along the Su-lo Ho east and west of Shuang-t'a-pao

 
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Detail of map 40 in Innermostasia - this shows the area around T'a-shin and Ch'iao-tzu oases and walled towns.

 
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Detail of map 40 in Innermostasia - this shows the area between Yu-men-hsien and Ying-p'an-p'u-fzu and the Han wall north of them.

 
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Detail of map 40 in Innermostasia - this shows the Han wall and towers north of Yu-men-hsien and Ying-p'an-p'u-fzu and several walled towns or small forts

 
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Detail of map 40 in Innermostasia -this shows the entire southern border of the map sheet with the Han wall and towers across the center. The Su-lo Ho flows north out of the Nan Shan at the bottom center and then turns 90 degrees to the west at the top of this map detail

 
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Detail of map 41 in Innermostasia - this shows the east side of the map with the Nan-shan mtns north of the Suess Range where the Su-lo Ho is flowing northwest through a high valley

 
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Detail of map 41 in Innermostasia - this shows the north-east corner of the map with the Nan shan mtns abruptly rising next to the Gansu corridor where the Po-yang - Ho flows out of the mountains.

 
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Detail of map 41 in Innermostasia - this shows the northern edge of the map - area north of the Nan-shan mtns - with Ch'ang-ma-pao-tzu - the fortress in Chang-ma oasis beside the Sulo Ho were it debouches from the mountains flowing north.

 
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Detail of map 41 in Innermostasia- this shows the entire northern edge of the map from 96 to 98 degrees east Longitude - the southwest part of the map sheet is blank. Ch'ang-ma-pao-tzu - is next to the Su-lo Ho as it enters the final gorge before leaving the mountains.

 
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Detail of map 42 in Innermostasia - this shows the southern edge of the map where the Pei-ta-Ho flows northeast through Chin-t'a-ch-eng and Mao mai oasis - some sections of the Han wall appear in the desert

 
  {short description of image} Detail of map 42 in Innermostasia - this shows a length of the Han wall in the desert west of Mao mai. The wall was lost on either side of this section.  
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Detail of map 42 in Innermostasia - this shows the oasis at Chin-t'a-ch'eng along the Pei-ta Ho with a section of the Han wall and towers near were it crosses the river

 
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Detail of map 42 in Innermostasia - this shows the south-east corner of the map where the Kan-chou and Pei-ta-Ho flow northward and join at Mao-mei forming then the Etsin-gol that continues to the Mongolian border - The Han wall and towers are in the desert along the north bank of the Pei-ta-Ho until reaching Mao-mei - the map color is too red

 
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Detail of map 42 Innermostasia this shows the Mao-mei oasis and town at the confluence of the Pei-ta Ho and Kan-chou rivers - the Han wall is along the bank of the Pei-ta Ho and then again north of the town and along the joined rivers which become the Etsin-gol

 
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Detail of map 42 in Innermostasia - detailed view of the Pei-ta-Ho and the Han wall north of it.

 
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Detail of map 42 in Innermostasia- shows detail of the Han wall and towers north of the Pei-ta-Ho

 
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Detail of map 42 in Innermostasia - this shows the first stage of Stein's route north west from Mao Mai toward Bai across the desert hills

 
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Detail of map 42 in Innermostasia -this shows the southern edge of the map with Mao-mei in the southeast corner.

 
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Detail of map 42 in Innermostasia -this is the southwest corner of the map with a route Stein took into the desert to find a section of the Han wall west of Mao-mei (which is just east of this detail) - and at the top is part of his route from Mao-mei across the desert hills to Barkul

 
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Detail of map 43 in Innermostasia - this shows a part of the Nan shan with Stein's route

 
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Detail of map 43 in Innermostasia -this shows the steep Nan-Shan and the flat corridor to its north with a series of small oases and walled villages

 
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Detail of map 43 in Innermostasia - this shows part of the northern edge of the map with the Kan-chou River flowing north past Ho-chuan walled town - note the many watch towers along the river and also along the caravan going west. But these are not part of the Han wall system

 
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Detail of map 43 in Innermostasia - this shows the Kan-chou river flowing north between Ho-chuan and Cheng-i with numerous watch towers along the river.

 
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Detail of map 43 in Innermostasia - this shows the Su-chou walled city and oasis on the Pei-ta-Ho with the route west past the great Ming fortress at Chia-yu-kuan (Now much illustrated in books and a major tourist attraction) - Stein examined the many towers and sections of wall here and determined they were NOT part of the Han wall. He was welcomed by the Chinese commander. Note how the wall blocks the narrow passage between the Pei-ta-Ho and the hills north of the river. Stein stayed in Su-chou during both the second and third expeditions.

 
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Detail of map 43 in Innermostasia - this shows the entire northern edge of the map and as far south as past Su-chou into the Nan-Shan - The Kan-chou river flows north along the eastern edge and the Pei-ta-Ho flows north near the western edge - they join on the next map sheet north - 42.

 
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Detail of map 43 in Innermostasia - this shows part of the Nan-shan - the Alexander III, To-lai shan and Richthofen ranges and Stein's routes through them. Note the ineresting fact of the Pei-ta Ho flowing northwest while in the adjacent valley the Kan-chou flows south east yet they eventually meet far to the north..

 
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Detail from map 43 in Innermostasia- the south border of the map sheet and southern extent of the survey in this area - this shows part of the Nan Shan - Alexander III, range and Stein's survey routes.

 
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Detail of map 44 in Innermostasia - This shows the delta of the Etsin-gol river in two salt lakes near the Mongolian border. And the route toward the east is Mohammed Khan's trek with Stein's camels for summer rest in a hill area on that border.

 
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Detail of map 45 in Innermostasia - this shows most of the Etsin-gol River near Mao Mai flowing north toward Mongolia with Stein's route along it.

 
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Detail of map 45 in Innermostasia - this shows further flow of the Etsin-gol north and the medieval fortress city Khara-khoto east of the river.To the west is a section of the Etsin-gol double river bed that Stein visited.

 
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Detail of map 45 in Innermostasia - this shows the area around Khara-khoto next to the Etsin-gol river.

 
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Detail of map 45 in Innermostasia - This shows Khara-khoto and watch towers along the Estin-gol dry bed - note Stein surveyed only a part of the then flowing river to the west.

 
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Detail of map 46 inInnermostasia - this is the Kan-chou oasis with steep scarp of the Nan-shan to the west - The city is now called Zhangue - note the symbols for walled villages and towns.

 
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Detail of map 46 in Innermostasia - this shows the furtherest south-east extent of Stein's travel - Kan-chou and the Nan-shan mtns to its west

 
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Detail of map 46 in Innermostasia - this shows Kan-chou and the Nan-shan mountains with the Kan-chou river bend from south-east to north before exiting the mountains.

 
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Detail of map 46 in Innermostasia - this is the north-west corner of the map sheet - it shows Kan-chou and the river flowing north

 
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Detail of map 47 in Innermostasia - this is the furthermost north-east area in Stein's mapping - along the Mongolian border - but Stein did not visit this area - it is where he sent his camels for summer rest while he explored the Nan-shan - it is north east of Khara-khoto.

 
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Detail of map A in Innermostasia - shows the area along the Indus river gorge in Chilas and Stein's roundabout route into Darel and Tangir - Gilgit, where there was already a British outpost is on north- east corner above where the Gilgit river flows into the Indus - Note Stein went by skin raft down the Indus west of Chilas because the walls of the gorge are too steep.

 
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Detail of map A in Innermostasia -shows in detail Tangir and Darel with Stein's route from Chilas - at the time this was unexplored territory from the British point of view and Stein needed special permission to enter.

 
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Detail of map C in Innermostasia - this is of south east Iran - Sistan where Stein found ancient cities and forts near the Afghan and Indian border - He noted the similarities in artistic style with some places he excavated in Chinese Turkestan.

 
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Detail of map D in Innermostasia - this is of Sistan - southeastern corner of Iran in which Stein found ancient ruins

 
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In the map set of Innermostasia map B is a special large sheet in which Stein's and Lal Singh's several survey routes across the Lop salt sea are shown in an effort to give the reader an overall view of this huge area. Stein clearly thought his daring efforts were highlights of his expeditions. But the map is so large that showing the entire map on one computer screen makes it so small that the detail is lost. Here we have made more detailed photos of sections of the map. Of course this defeats Stein's purpose but does enable one to see the remarkable amout of detailed descriptions he was able to record each day while attending to the rigors of a desert crossing in mid-winter over unknown and difficult terrain. - This photo shows part of the western edge of the Lop sea where the Chinese frontier fort - Lou lan was located.

 
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A more detailed view of part of Map B in Innermostasia - it shows part of the area around Lou lan.

 
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From Innermostasia map B - This is a detailed view of the center of the Lou lan area that Stein surveyed and excavated extensively. The Lop salt sea is east.

 
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Part of map B in Innermostasia - shows Lou lan and area to the north east - the direction that Stein determined was the Chinese caravan route to Tun huang. The notations of L.E - L.F - L.I and L.J are small mesas on which Stein found outposts and cemetery.

 
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The south east corner of map B in Innermostasia - this shows the end location for Stein's (on the left) and Lal Singh's (on the right) traverse survey across the Lop salt sea where they met just short of the caravan route to Tun-huang

 
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This section of map B in Innermostasia shows the area north of Lou lan - as far as the small oasis at Altmish-bulak and at Astin-bulak

 
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This section of map B in Innermostasia shows the mid part of Stein's dangerous trek across the Lop sea in mid-winter.

 
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This section of map B in Innermostasia shows the northern edge of the Lop salt sea with Lal Singh's survey routes through it.

 
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This section of map B in Innermostasiashows the area north and northwest of Lou lan around Altmish-bulak, the small spring where Stein kept his camels during extended excavation work and where he returned to prepare for the hazardous trip across the salt sea.

 
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This section of map B in Innermostasia shows detail of Lou lan - unfortunately I was unable to flated the map sufficiently to remove the results of the folding

 
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This section of map B in Innermostasia shows the northeast part of the Lop salt sea and Stein's circular route to avoid the worst part of the barren sea. He determined that this was the route of ancient Chinese caravans.

 
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This part of map B in Innermostasia shows Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes around the north eastern edge of the Lop salt sea between Lou lan and Tung huang

 
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This section of map B in Innermostasia shows Stein's and Lal Singh's survey routes where they met on the south east edge of the Lop salt sea near Kum-kuduk - the red line along the southern edge shows their previous route along the caravan road to Tun huang

 
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This section of map B in Innermostasia shows the area south west of Lou lan and Stein's routes from Abdal to Lou lan

 
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