|
CHRONOLOGY 13th CENTURY RUSSIA
|
|
|
MICHA JELISAVCIC
JOHN SLOAN
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1200's AD
|
The main struggle over Kyiv is
now three-sided, between the family (descendents) of Rostislav Mstislavich (Rostislavichi) of Smolensk, Oleg Svyatoslavich (Ol'govichi) of Chernigiv, and
Roman Mstislavich of Volynia and Galich. And the
Monomachichi clan of Yurii Dolgoruki at Suzdal are
involved as well. But Rurik Rostislavich rules in
Kyiv from 1207 - 1211.
|
|
|
1200-03 AD
|
Roman
Mstislavich, prince of Galich and Volynia, holds Kyiv also. He conducts
successful raid on Polovtsi.
|
|
|
1200 AD
|
Lithuanians invade Novgorod
lands.
|
|
|
1200 AD
|
Bishop Albert establishes the see
of Riga and Order of Sword-Brothers.
|
|
|
1200-09 AD
|
Bishop Albert, using crusaders,
conquers Livs and Letts.
|
|
|
1201 AD
|
Vladimir Svyatoslavich dies at Chernigiv and is
succeeded by his brother, Gleb.
|
|
|
1201 AD
|
Swedes invade Novgorod lands.
|
|
|
1201 AD
|
Foundation of Riga.
|
|
|
1201 AD
|
Volga Bolgar campaign against
Rus - Vladimir Suzdal.
|
|
|
1202 AD
|
Igor
Svyatoslavich, ruler of Chernigiv, (an Ol'govichi) dies. He is succeeded by
Rostislav Igor'yevich, who moves up from
Novgorod-seversk.
|
|
|
1202 AD
|
Bishop Albert of Buxtehude
concludes an alliance with the Semigallians ( a Latvian tribe) against the
Livs, (a Finnish tribe with family ties to the Est). He also creates the see of
Semigallia and invests the Abbot Bernard zu Lippe as vicar.
|
|
|
1202 AD
|
German Order of the Swordbearers
is established in Livonia
|
|
|
1202 AD
|
Some
references date these first events a few years earlier. Important
changes take place in South-western Rus'. Vladimir
Yaroslavich of Galich dies. Roman Mstislavich renews
his pretentions and with the aid of the Poles is able to take over Galich. This
has immediate repercussions on the political system of Southern Rus'. The
Ol'govichi seek a reprochment with Roman's enemy, Rurik Rostislavich. They plan a campaign, however Roman
attacks Kyiv first, whereupon the Kyivan population sides with Roman. They open
the lower city (Podol) gates and admit Roman. Rurik and the Ol'govichi are
confined to the upper city fortress. Roman is joined by Chernye Klobuki. Rurik
and the Ol'govichi surrender and are sent off. Roman puts his cousin,
Ingvar Yaroslavich, of Lutsk in Volynia on Kyiv
throne. Rurik is unpopular because he invited Polovtsi into Russia several
times, whereas Roman is the son of the popular Mstislav II Izyaslavich (who had ruled as grand prince
there 1167-1169. While Roman never ruled Kyiv as grand prince, he had ruled
Novgorod for his father and then became the most powerful prince in Galich
until his death. ) Vsyevolod III Yur'yevich, ruler
of Vladimir, sends his 12 year old son, Yaroslav,
to Periaslavl. He persuades Ol'govichi to break with Roman. Igor Svyatoslavich
is to rule Chernigiv.
|
|
|
1202-41 AD
|
Valdemar II, King of Denmark,
begins to lead crusades into Livonia and Estonia.
|
|
|
1203-04 AD
|
Isaac II, restored as emperor.
|
|
|
1203-04 AD
|
Alexius IV and V, emperors.
|
|
|
1203 AD
|
The end result in Kyiv is that in
January the Polovtsi counterattack sack Kyiv as allies of Rurik Rostislavich of
Smolensk to oust Roman Mstislavich of Galich. A large
part of the population is herded away to slave market. This is the second sack
of the city, following Andrei's assault in 1169. In Feb. Roman goes to Rurik at
Ovruchi to break alliance. Roman gets Vsyevolod III to give Rurik Kyiv
separately from Chernigiv. Roman keps Volynia and Galicia.
|
|
|
1204 AD
|
All the Rus princes except the
Ol'govichi ally for campaign against the Polovtsi. On the way back Roman
captures Rurik and has him and his family made monk and nuns. Roman takes
Rurik's sons, Rostislav and
Vladimir, as prisoner to Galicia. Vsyevolod III is
furious and sends agents to free Rostislav and Vladimir. After all, Rostislav
is Vsyevolod's son-in-law. He puts Rostislav on Kyivan throne.
|
|
|
1203 AD
|
The rulers of Polotsk are
concerned about the German actions against the Livs, who were tribute payers of
Polotsk. Polotsk troops campaign for the first time against Riga. At the same
time the Lithuanian prince Vissival'd calls for assistance against the
approaching Teutonic knights.
|
|
|
1204 AD
|
Fourth Crusade takes
Constantinople - establish Frankish empire - Venice by alliance receives major
share of spoils, merchants favored in Black Sea trade, Venice controls
Dardanelles and Adriatic and Crete.
|
|
|
1204 AD
|
At least from this time
Trebizond controls southern Crimea, receives annual tribute.
|
|
|
1204 AD
|
Revel founded.
|
|
|
1204-05 AD
|
Baldwin I, Latin emperor at
Byzantium.
|
|
|
1204-61 AD
|
Italian colonies increase role
in Black Sea trade - Roman Catholic church missionaries and bishops accompany
merchants.
|
|
|
1204 AD
|
Vsyevolod Svyatoslavich Chermniy (an Ol'govichi)
succeeds his brother, Gleb, at Chernigiv.
|
|
|
1205 AD
|
Vsyevolod III Yur'yevich of
Vladimir sends his son, Konstantin, to Novgorod to
replace the younger Svyatoslav.
|
|
|
1205 AD
|
Ryazan princes defeat Polovtsi -
Third campaign of Vsyevolod III against Bolgars, Mordvi and Cheremish.
|
|
|
1205 AD
|
Battle of Zavikhost on the banks
of the Vistula River. Prince Roman Mstislavich of
Volynia is killed while campaigning against the king of Lesser Poland, Leshka
the White of Krakow, (1202-1227) and his brother, Conrad of Mazovia. Daniil Romanovich, then 4 years old pushed out with his
mother from Galich. This opens Galicia to Poles and Hungarians and others and
renews the struggle between Rostislavichi and Ol'govichi.
|
|
|
1205 - 1212 AD
|
Practically every year there are
battles between Rostislavichi and Ol'govichi over Kyiv. The city is taken and
retaken over and over. Vsyevolod and Rurik in the main dislodge each other.
|
|
|
1205 AD
|
Battle of Andkhui, Muhammad Shah
of Khwarezm defeats Muhammad of Ghor and expands rule into Afghanistan.
|
|
|
1205 AD
|
Battle of Adrianople. The
Polovtsi come to the aid of the Bulgarian King Kaloyan and defeat the
crusaders.
|
|
|
1205-16 AD
|
Henry, Latin emperor at
Byzantium.
|
|
|
1205 AD
|
Vsyevolod III and Rurik ally to
invade Galicia but fail.
|
|
|
1206 AD
|
Rurik
II Rostislavich leads Polovtsi and Torki against Hungarians in Galicia and
defeats them on River Seret. Hungarians and Poles in major war and Poles and
Rostislavichi have the worst of it. The Ol'govichi clan (Igoryevichi) gain in
Galician war capturing Vladimir and Galich, Roman takes Zvenigorod and
Svyatoslav takes Vladimir in Volynia. They manage to hold the region for 5
years but are hanged in 1211. Meanwhile Vsyevolod
Svyatoslavich Chermnyy returns and takes Kyiv and demands that Yaroslav
Vsyevolodovich leave Periaslavl. Yaroslav complies and Vsyevolod Svyatoslavich
puts his son, Mikhail, on throne at Periaslavl.
But in this Vsyevolod has over-reached. Rurik quickly takes Uruchi fortress and
sends son, Rostislav, to Vysegorod, and his nephew, Mstislav-Boris Romanovich Starii, to Belgorod fortress
with another nephew, Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloy to
Torchesk fortress. These fortresses control access to Kyiv. They then push
Vsyevolod out of Kyiv and his son out of Periaslavl. During winter 1206-7
Vsyevolod tries to retake Kyiv but fails after 3-week siege.
|
|
|
1206 AD
|
Quriltai in Mongolia proclaims
Temujin as Chingiz Khan, Mongols launch first campaign into Western Hsia.
|
|
|
1206 AD
|
Venetians quickly consolidate
their power in Constantinople and use it to gain control of Black Sea trade.
Trade agreement between Petr Ferragut and Zakhari Stagiorio mentions Sudak as
trading point.
|
|
|
1206-10 AD
|
The Polotsk druzhina
campaigns a second time coming to the aid of the Livs. But they are late,
meanwhile the Bishop of Riga's knights and landsknetcht defeat the Polotsk
troops laying siege to their outposts in Livonia at Koknes and Yersika, which
they capture in 1207.
|
|
|
1207 AD
|
Vsyevolod Chermnyy retakes Kyiv by bringing all troops
from Galicia, Turov and the Polovtsi. This time he first takes each fortress
one by one and has the city by August.. But he is ousted again at end of year.
Rurik flees again to Uruchi. But in August Vsyevolod III at Suzdal plans
counterattack on Chernigiv to help Rurik. He starts but is diverted to Ryazan
by threat of pro-Ol'govichi princes there. From assembly point at Moscow, his
army goes south-east to Ryazan where they arrest all the Ryazan princes and
bishop. At this Rurik is able to react again and push Vsyevolod Chermnyy out of
Kyiv. So Rurik regains the throne for the seventh
time and holds it for 3 years. Meanwhile, Konstantin
Vsyevolodovich is ordered to bring Novgorod - Pskov - Ladoga - Torzhok
troops on same campaign. He marches as far as Pronsk where he is wounded and
then he goes to Vladimir to recover. Svyatoslav
is sent back to Novgorod in early 1208.
|
|
|
1208 AD
|
Ol'govichi attack Kyiv again.
Vsyevolod Chermnyy used diplomacy. Rurik's nephew, Mstislav Mstislavich, is moved to Toropets in northern
part of Smolensk land and then, while Vsyevolod III is busy with Ryazan, he
takes Torzhok a key Novgorodian border fortress. There he arrests the agents of
Vsyevolod III and his son, Svyatoslav, in Novgorod. Mstislav marches on
Novgorod and ejects Svyatoslav Vsyevolodovich.
|
|
|
1208 AD
|
Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich is sent
by his father to rule Ryazan, but there is a city rebellion and the town is
burned.
|
|
|
1208-16 AD
|
Eric X Knutsson, King of Sweden .
|
|
|
1208 AD
|
Battle of Irtysh, Naiman Mongol's
leader, Kushluk, defeated and flees to Qara Khitai Tatars.
|
|
|
1209 AD
|
Mongols invade Hsi-Hsia.
|
|
|
1209 AD
|
First mention of Tver' in
chronicles in connection with unsuccessful campaign of Vsyevolod III against
Novgorod in which his son, Konstantin, leads the army. Konstantin gets his
brother, Svyatoslav, released. Mstislav strengthens the Novgorod border
defenses. Gradually Tver' becomes an important outpost of the Vladimir princes
on the west.
|
|
|
1209-16 AD
|
Kushluk overthrows Kara Khitai
Tatars with help of Mohammed Shah of Khwarezm.
|
|
|
1210 AD
|
Ol'govichi propose to Vsyevolod
III to let him back to Kyiv.
|
|
|
1210 AD
|
Last attack of Polovtsi against
Peryeyaslavl.
|
|
|
1210-39 AD
|
Hermann von Salza, first Great
grand master of the Teutonic Knights, shifts operations from Palestine into
Hungary.
|
|
|
1211 AD
|
The Poles and Hungarians support
the Guelfs against Pope Innocent III. The Galich Rus pay dearly at Hungarian
hands. They invite the Chernigovtsi (Ol'govichi) to rule. The boyars fight the
Ol'govichi who seek aid from Hungarians. The boyars win and execute the
Ol'govichi, but Galich is divided between Hungarians and Poles in 1214.
|
|
|
1211 AD
|
Vsyevolod Chermnyy's daughter,
Agafia, marries Yurii II Vsyevolodovich of Suzdal.
|
|
|
1211-15 AD
|
Mongols begin invasion of Chin
empire, north China.
|
|
|
1212 AD
|
On death of Vsyevolod III
Yur'yevich in April, Tver is joined into the domain of Periaslavl-Zaleski
prince Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich.
|
|
|
1212 AD
|
Daniil
Romanovich regains throne as appanage prince of Galich.
|
|
|
1212 AD
|
Early in the year
Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi at the head of a
combined Novgorod-Pskov-Polotsk-Toropets army of 15,000 campaigns successfully
against the Chud and Livonian knights as far as Baltic at Tallinin. (First of
at least 5 campaigns against Chud). He raids the support bases of the Knights
of the Cross in Livonia. He levies tribute. But the Germans manage to break up
the alliance, first forcing Polotsk to come to terms and then by a second
treaty compel Novgorod to come to terms with Treiden. Mstislav prepares for
southern campaign.
|
|
|
1212-16, 1219-38 AD
|
Yurii II
Vsyevolodovich, Grand Prince of Vladimir. Struggle between six remaining sons
of Vsyevolod III: Konstantin, Yurii, Yaroslav, Vladimir, Svyatoslav and Ivan;
Boris had died in 1188 and Gleb in 1189. He grants amnesty to the Ryazan
princes. Immediately Konstantin and Svyatoslav allied and raised an army
against Yurii and Yaroslav who marched on Rostov. Brothers make truce.
|
|
|
1212 AD
|
Vsyevolod Chermnyy is removed
from Kyiv. During the summer the Rostislavichi - Mstislav Mstislavich -brings whole Novgorodian and
Northwestern Rus army to Smolensk where they join the senior prince,
Mstislav-Boris Romanovich Starii (Smolensk house),
and two of Rurik's sons, and two of David's sons and others. Exceptionally the
Novgorod troops agree to march outside their lands. The army marches down the
Dniper into Chernigiv and Kyiv. Vsyevolod Chermnyy flees from Kyiv to Chernigiv
where he is besieged. Then Mstislav Romanovich Starii takes Kyivian throne.
When Vsyevolod dies that year (or is it 1215?) the Ol'govichi are out and
Rostislavichi in at Kyiv which they hold for 13 years.
|
|
|
1213-17-19 AD
|
Mstislav III Romanovich three times sends Polovtsi
against Hungarians who were disturbing Russians on the Dniester.
|
|
|
1213 AD
|
Vladimir and Svyatoslav
Vsyevolodich change sides in second clash against their brother, Konstantin, at
Kostroma, but no battle.
|
|
|
1213-15 AD
|
Vladimir Vsyevolodovich rules
Periaslavl.
|
|
|
1214 AD
|
By Treaty of Spisz the Hungarians
and Poles attempt to divide Galicia and Volynia and put Hungarian king's son,
Karloman, on Galich throne.
|
|
|
1214 AD
|
Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich marries as his second wife,
Mstislav Mstislavich's daughter,
Rostislava-Feodosia. Her mother, Mstislav's wife, is Maria, daughter of
Polovtsi Khan Kotyan. She is future mother of Alexander Nevski and his brothers.
|
|
|
1215 AD
|
Rurik dies as a prisoner in
Chernigiv. But Mstislav Mstislavich (Rostoslavichi)
holds on to Novgorod. But over winter 1214-1215 he makes recon trip to Galicia
via Kyiv where he visits Mstislav Romanovich.While
Mstislav is in Galicia, Yaroslav goes to take Novgorod from his father-in-law,
but when Mstislav returns in Feb 1215, Yaroslav retreats to Torzhok and starts
blockade of Novgorod grain supply. Conflict between Yurii and Yaroslav
Vsyevolodovichi intensifies. Polovtsi raid Periaslavl and capture Vladimir
Vsyevolodovich. He is released in 1217 and given Starodub to rule.
|
|
|
1215 AD
|
Hungarians capture western
Galicia area given to Leszek at Spisz.
|
|
|
1215 AD
|
Pope Innocent III consecrates
Christian bishop of the Prussians.
|
|
|
1216 AD
|
Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich captures Novii Torg and
organizes a blocade of grain delivery to Novgorod. In answer the Novgorodians
call in prince Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi, who
currently is based at Toropetsk. In this campaign is first mention of Rzhev
under Mstislav's control and of Zubtsov taken by the Periaslavl -Zaleski
troops. Mstislav gains victory over the Vladimirian troops but only briefly, it
does not change overall situation. In face of German threat Novgorod has to
return the throne to prince of Vladimir.
|
|
|
1216 AD
|
In third clash of the
Vsyevolodichi for control of Vladimir. Konstantin has Rostislavichi and
Novgorod allies. Yurii and Yaroslav and Svyatoslav have troops from Murom and
the Brodniki. Battle of Lipitsa River near Yur'yev-Pol'ski on 21 April. In this
bloody battle regiments from Novgorod fight those from Suzdal. One contains 13
styagi and the other 17. (A styag was a banner, signifying a company under the
command of a junior boyar or prince) A "kop'ya" or lance was the
smallest unit composed of a commander and a small number of retainers. (Both
these nomenclatures are similar to corresponding west European organizations).
The Novgorodian contingent is commanded by Mstislav
Mstislavich Udaloi. Konstantin and the Rostoslavichi win full victory. Yurii
flees to Vladimir. Yaroslav flees to Periaslavl
Zaleski. Yurii surrenders when Rostoslavichi (Smolensk) troops reach Vladimir.
Mstislav sends him to Gorodets. Yaroslav surrenders but looses wife (Mstislav's
daughter). Following the battle Konstantin Vsyevolodovich unites Rostov and
Vladimir principalities under his rule as Grand prince of Vladimir.
Konstantin's sons - Vasil'ko to Rostov and Vsyevolod to Yaroslavl. Then Yurii
gets Suzdal back.
|
|
|
1216 AD
|
The same year Mstislav Mstislavich leads Novgorod troops into
Livonia as far as Riga.
|
|
|
1216-22 AD
|
John Sverkersson, King of Sweden
|
|
|
1216-17 AD
|
Peter of Courtenay, Latin
emperor at Byzantium
|
|
|
1216-17 AD
|
Mstislav Mstislavich visits Kyiv to see Mstislav-Boris Romanovich Stari, then grand prince at
Kyiv.
|
|
|
1217 AD
|
The Knights of the Cross build a
fortress at Odenpa in eastern Estonia. They attack Russian villages on the
Feast of Epiphany, 16 January.
|
|
|
1217 AD
|
The combined armies of Novgorod
(led by Mstislav Mstislavich) and Estonia campaign
successfully in southern Estonia. Heinrick the Lithuanian in the
"Chronicle of Livonia" writes "In 1217 the Novgorodians gathered
a force headed by the Pskov king Vladimir and his subjects. They gathered
strength throughout Estonia, leading the Est in siege against the Knights of
the Cross."
|
|
|
1217 AD
|
Svyatoslav Vsyevolodovich rules Yur'ev-Pol'ski
(1212-13 - 1237). Gleb Vladimirovich and
Konstantin Vladimirovich , princes of Ryazan, are
murdered. Ingvar and Yurii Igor'yevich survive in Ryazan.
|
|
|
1217 AD
|
Chepe leads two Mongol toumans to
conquer Qara Khitai.
|
|
|
1217-19 AD
|
Yolande, Latin ruler at
Byzantium.
|
|
|
1218 AD
|
Chingiz Khan conquers Qara-Khitan
Empire, He begins campaign against Mohammed Shah (Ala-al-Din Mohammed).
|
|
|
1218 or 19? AD
|
Volga Bolgars raid Sukhoma River,
capture Ustyug fortress and are defeated at the Unzha river..
|
|
|
1218 AD
|
Mstislav
Mstislavich campaigns into Galicia. He has his cousin,
Vladimir Rurikovich, and the Polotsk army. Kaloman
is arrested.
|
|
|
1218 AD
|
Konstantin Vsyevolodovich, grand prince of Vladimir,
dies and Yurii II Vsyevolodich becomes Grand prince. Yaroslav remains at Periaslavl-Zaleski.
|
|
|
1218 AD
|
The Novgorodian-Pskov army
reaches and besieges Venden, the citadel of the Livonian Order.
|
|
|
1218-19 AD
|
Another daughter of Mstislav
Mstislavich Udaloi, Anna, weds Daniil Romanovich,
prince (later king) of Galicia. She is the mother of Roman, Lev, Msitslav and
Shvarin (kings of Galicia). This makes Mstislav and Maria the ancestors of the
two main houses in Russia.
Bishop Albert makes his brother, Engelbert, prior of Saint Mary's and marries
his brother, Theodoric, to a daughter of the Prince of Pskov, Vladimir
Mstislavich. This last does not meet the approval of the Pskov veche, so they
chase Vladimir out of town.
|
|
|
1219 AD
|
Volga Bolgar campaign against
Vladimir- Suzdal.
|
|
|
1219 AD
|
Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi, the politically adept one,
attempts to expel the Hungarian heir, Koloman, from Galich with Polovtsi aid.
Mstislav's father-in-law is Khan Kotyan, but even the Polovtsi with other
princes can not dislodge the Hungarians. Mstislav is driven out by Poles and
Hungarians and Kaloman is back.
|
|
|
1219 AD
|
Valdemar II, King of Denmark,
conquers Estonia. The Danish army captures the Est village, Lindanis; and
founds a "Danish" city, Tallinn - Revel. The bishop of Riga issues an
edict establishing a bishopric for the Danish lands.
|
|
|
1219 AD
|
|
|
|
1219 AD
|
Chingiz Khan invades Khwarazm
Empire of 'Ala' al-Din Mohammad II, Battle of Jand, one of the four Mongol
armies draws Mohammed's forces into a drawn battle in Ferghana Valley
|
|
|
1219-28 AD
|
Robert of Courtnay, Latin
emperor at Byzantium
|
|
|
1219-1263 AD
|
Mindaugas, ruler of Lithuania,
king from 1253
|
|
|
1220 AD
|
Mstislav Mstislavich returns to
Galicia with larger army of Mstislav Romanovich Starii, Grand Prince of Kyiv.
Campaign is indecisive.
|
|
|
1220 AD
|
Eastern campaign of Prince
Yurii II Vsyevolodovich. He sends druzhina of
four princes (Svyatoslav Vsyevolodovich of
Suzdal, Vasil'ko Konstantinovich of Rostov, and
two Murom princes, Svyatoslav Davidovich and Oleg
Yur'yevich (son if Yurii Igoryevich, prince of
Ryazan) against Volga Bolgar. They sail down the Volga to Oshel (Ashla) and
capture it after siege. Three Bolgar embassies sue for peace.
|
|
|
1220 AD
|
Yurii II Vsyevolodovich replaces
the Rostislavichi prince in Novgorod with his own son.
|
|
|
1220 AD
|
The Teutonic Knights capture much
of the western Polotsk lands.
|
|
|
1220 AD
|
Four Mongol armies advance from
different directions to overwhelm Khwarezm, Mohammed flees. Mongols conplete
conquest of Central Asia.
|
|
|
1221-22 AD
|
Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi decides to go make a career
in Galicia and so informs the people of Novgorod. (was this in 1218?) He takes
large army to Galicia including units of Mstislav-Boris Romanovich of Kyiv and
other Rostislavichi and Ol'govichi from Turov, Lutsk and Yaroslav
Vsyevolodovich of Suzdal and Peryeyaslavl Zaleski. Polovtsi troops also
included. They fight two battles, one on Seret river east of Galich and the
other nearer to the city. The Hungarians and Poles are defeated. Galich is
taken after 17-day siege. Kaloman again a prisoner. In 1218 Mstislav
Mstislavich is replaced at Novgorod by Mstislav-Boris Romanovich's second son,
Vsyevolod, but Novgorodians tell Vsyevolod to leave in 1221. One result is that
Daniil Romanovich now gains throne of Volynia.
|
|
|
1221-22 AD
|
Troops from Smolensk capture
Polotsk.
|
|
|
1221 AD
|
Rus-Bulgar 6 year truce sign at
Gorodetz-na-Oka near Kasimov by Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal,
Yurii II Vsyevolodovich, and a Bulgar ambassador- this
is the border of two principalities - they agree to exchange prisoners. Yurii
establishes frontier fortress town at Nizhni-Novgorod at confluence of Oka and
Volga.
|
|
|
1221 AD
|
The Seljuk sultan, ala ad-Din
Keikebad, acting in response to a complaint from a merchant who had been
ambushed in the "Khazar Pass", sends an army (and navy?) to Crimea
where it defeats a Rus-Polovtsi force. The Seljuks want to divert Crimean trade
from Trebizond to their port at Sinope. When Mstislav Mstislavich brings
reenforcements, he is prevented from attacking because the Seljuks hold
hostages.
|
|
|
1221 AD
|
Battle of Pirvan: Mohammed's son,
Jellaluddin, attempts to stem Mongol advance and defeats their advance guard in
Hindu Kush; Battle of Indus: Chingis Khan leads major forces to drive
Jellaluddin across the Indus and ravage parts of Punjab. Conquest of Ghazni
consolidated to 1224. Chepe and Subodai lead Mongol detachment into Caucasus.
|
|
|
1222-54 AD
|
John III, Byzantine emperor at
Nicea.
|
|
|
1222 AD
|
The Ests aid the
Novgorodian-Pskovite army to wipe out Livonian knight garrisons at Ezel, Fellin
and Odenp. The Novgorodian prince, Yaroslav II
Vsyevolodovich brings 20,000 troops to grab all Livonia up to Revel. Yaroslav
sends Prince Vyachko with a Rus druzhina to Yur'yev.
|
|
|
1222 AD
|
In support of
Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi, the combined forces of
Kyivan Prince Mstislav III Romanovich the Old (who
died in 1223), Vladimir Rurikovich ( of Smolensk,
who succeeded to Kyiv in 1223), Rostislav Davydovich ??, Rostislav Mstislavich (the son of Mstislav the Old), and
the Polovtsi of Khan Khotyan succeed in defeating the Hungarians and Poles at
Galich.
|
|
|
1222 AD
|
First Mongol attack, they attack
Georgia, cross Caucasus, attack Alans and Kypchak( Polovtsi).
|
|
|
1223 AD
|
The Rostislavichi now hold most
of southern Rus and Smolensk.
|
|
|
1223 AD
|
Vladimir III Rurikovich Grand Prince of Kyiv:
Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich elected prince of Novgorod.
Yaroslav unsuccessfully besieges Revel fortress.
|
|
|
1223 or 4? AD
|
Mongols continue and destroy
Russian-Kypchak army on Kalka River. The Rus army is commanded by the three
Mstislavs: Mstislav Mstislavich (The Galician)
Udaloi, who is son-in-law of Polovtsi Khan Khotyan, Mstislav Svyatoslavich Chormnyi of Chernigiv and
Mstislav-Boris Romanovich the Old of Kyiv. But no
Ryazantsi princes participate. They decide to move east into steppe to confront
the unknown Tatar menace. They move down the Dniper and meet two Mongol
delegations along the way but dismiss them. At Periaslavl they are reenforced
from Smolensk, Chernigiv and Galicia and continue to Protolochi. Mstislav's
lack of forsight in assessing the Mongols and his tenuous ties with the leader
of the "Brodniki" who populated the Don region and replenished the
Mongols, results in Mstislav surrendering to the Mongols. About half the Rus
princes including Mstislav Romanovich of Kyiv, Svyatoslav of Konev, Mstislav
Svyatoslavich of Chernigiv, Dmitri Mstislavich of
Chernigiv (Kozel) , Izyaslav Ingvar'yevich (of Lutsk) , Syyatoslav of Shumsk,
Alexandr Dubrovtsa, Yuri Nesvezh and Andrei, son in law of Mstislavich are
killed. Mstislav Mstislavich Udaloi escapes. The sack of Sudak, is described by
Ibn- al-Athir.
|
|
|
1223 AD
|
Tribute ship from Chersonesus to
Trebizond captured at Sinope by Seljuk Turks, recovered by campaign from
Trebizond.
|
|
|
1224 AD
|
The Battle on the river Imer. The
year following Yaroslav's siege of Revel, after the Tatar victory over the
Russians, the Teutonic knights defeated the army of Est on the river Imer. The
Est had rebelled, and Yaroslav sent to Yur'yev, prince Vyachko with a Russian
druzhina. The capture by the Danes of Yur'yev in 1224 led to a peace
with boundaries of the Lake Chud' and along the river Narov. Northern Estonia
in German hands. The Livonian knights capture Yur'yev. The Talavy area, south
east Lithuania around Yur'yev, is divided between the Bishop of Riga and the
Teutonic Order. An independent bishopric is founded at Derpt- Yur'yev. The Est
are nearly wiped out and the Russians chased out of Estonia.
|
|
|
1224 AD
|
Vladimir III Ryurikovich assumes the throne of Kyiv.
|
|
|
1225 AD
|
Battle of Torzhok. Following a
period of political infighting among the Novgorod boyars on the one hand and
the Vsyevolodovich brothers on the other, the Novgorod boyars gain enough
political clout to bring in their own prince, Svytoslav
Mstislavich of Smolensk, and then his brother, Vsyevolod Mstislavich.
|
|
|
1225 AD
|
Possible naval landing or land
campaign via Caucasus by Seljuk Turks from Sinope commanded by Husam-al-Din
Chupan to capture Sudak and divert trade from Trebizond. They establish a
protectorate.
|
|
|
1225 AD
|
Khan Khotyan, who also escaped
death at Kalka river, helps his son-in-law, Mstislav Mstislavich, campaign in
Galicia.
|
|
|
1226 AD
|
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II
issues new bull of Rimini that raises status of the Teutonic Knights in the HRE
and grants them Prussia.
|
|
|
1226 AD
|
Battle of the Yellow River,
Mongols invade Hsia in winter along frozen rivers. Tanguts attempt defense but
are overthrown.
|
|
|
1226-28 AD
|
Yaroslav
Vsyevolodovich again elected prince of Novgorod.
|
|
|
1226 AD
|
Yelena Mstislavna, daughter of
Novgorod (then Galicia) Prince Mstislav Udaloi, marries the Hungarian heir and
future king Andrew III. This is the third house into which Mstislav's daughters
have married.
|
|
|
1226 AD
|
The campaign against the
neighbors of the Korelians, the "En or Yen" leads to a revanche in
1228 in which the inhabitants around Lake Ladoga led by their posadnik defeat
the attackers.
|
|
|
1226 AD
|
Battle of Toropets. The
Lithuanians are defeated by the Novgorodian druzhina of Prince Yaroslav
Vsyevolodovich and the city's prince, David
Mstislavich, brother of Mstislav Udaloi.
|
|
|
1227 AD
|
The Knights of the Sword besiege
the Est citadel at Muhu.
|
|
|
1227 AD
|
Yuri II Vsyevolodich sends
Vsyevolod Konstantinovich to rule Periaslavl.
|
|
|
1227 AD
|
Mongols defeat Hsia and Chin:
Chingiz Khan dies.
|
|
|
1227-79 AD
|
Boleslav V, King of Poland
|
|
|
1228-61 AD
|
Baldwin II, Latin emperor at
Byzantium
|
|
|
1228 AD
|
Death of Mstislav Mstislavich
Udaloi.
|
|
|
1228 AD
|
Rostislav Mikhailovich is prince
at Novgorod for a year. He then moves to Galich
|
|
|
1228 AD
|
Conflict begins between
Vladimir Ryurikovich, grand prince of Kyiv, and
Daniil Romanovich, now prince of Galich and Volinya,
because Vladimir's brother, Rostislav was upset that Daniil had taken the
appanage of Chertoryisk and that Vladimir's father, Ryurik, had been forced to
become a monk by Daniil's father, Roman. The opponents are the grandsons of the
brothers, Izyaslav and Rostislav. Vladimir joins into the fight against Daniil.
The new prince of Chernigiv, Mikhail
Vsyevolodovich, and Khotyan with all the Polovtsi warriors and those of the
Turov and Pinsk princes campaign against Daniil's appanages. This coalition
poses a real threat to the Hungarian heir and the Hungarian presence in Galich
and thus is a real political threat to Daniil. He turns for help to the Poles
and simultaneously enters into talks with Khotyan to sway him over to his side.
Instead of joining Vladimir, Khotyan's Polovtsi troops raid the countryside.
The military actions of the allies begin with an assault on Kamenets on the
Sluch River, which are beaten off, so they return home. Meanwhile the Polish
forces reach Daniil and he advances against Kyiv. Vladimir and Mikhail do not
expect this turn of affairs. They conclude a peace with Daniil.
|
|
|
1229 AD
|
Daniil
Romanovich of Galich uses his Polovtsi allies against Hungary that was
threatening his new kingdom of Galicia.
|
|
|
1229 AD
|
Peace treaty of 6 years between
Vladimir-Suzdal and Bolgars at border - Karenev on Volga - Grand prince of
Vladimir-Suzdal, Yurii II Vsyevolodovich and Bulgar
ambassadors - agree to free prisoners and open free trade and fishing rights
|
|
|
1229 AD
|
Conrad of Masovia, Duke of
Poland, calls for aid and Teutonic Knights are sent into Prussia to crusade
against pagans in Baltic region.
|
|
|
1229 -41 AD
|
Ogodei, Great Khan of Mongol
empire.
|
|
|
1230 AD
|
Pope Gregory IX authorises the
Teutonic Order to conquer the Prussians.
|
|
|
1230 AD
|
King Henry III of England grants
special privileges to Gotland merchants and pension to the Teutonic knights to
encourage trade between Baltic and England.
|
|
|
1230 AD
|
By now the various Rus princes
have realigned their forces. Vladimir joins Daniil because his relations with
the Ol'govich turn sour. The new Chernigiv Prince, Mikhail Vsyevolodovich ( the former prince having
died at the Kalka) grabs the throne from his uncle the prince of Kursk, Oleg
Igorevich ( ?? ). Vladimir sides with Mikhail and sends the metropolitan,
Kiril, to restore peace between the opponents.
|
|
|
1230-36 AD
|
Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich again elected prince of
Novgorod.
|
|
|
1230-39 AD
|
Hermann Balk, Provincial Master
of Teutonic Knights in Prussia. Knights begin conquest of western Prussians -
to 1240.
|
|
|
1230-53 AD
|
Wenceslas I, King of Bohemia.
|
|
|
1231 AD
|
Mozhaisk founded.
|
|
|
1231-34 AD
|
Mongols ally with Sung to
complete destruction of Chin state. Kaifeng falls after siege by Subotai.
|
|
|
1231-36
|
Mongols complete conquest of
Persia, Georgia, Armenia et cetera.
|
|
|
1234 AD
|
Last battle between Rus princes
and Polovtsi, Polovtsi capture Grand Prince Vladimir III Rurikovich who is then
ransomed.
|
|
|
1234 AD
|
Battle of Yemaiyigi (Embakh)
River. Prince Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich and his fourteen year old son, Aleksandr (later Nevski), force the Order knights
onto the ice of the Omovzha River where many are drowned and others manage to
reach Yur'yev. The Grossmeister of the Teutonic knights, Volquin von
Vingershtein, concluds a peace with Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich which is
observed for four years.
|
|
|
1234 AD
|
Battle of Derpt, Yur'yev.
Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich receives the appanage of the cities of Pereyaslavl
Zaleski, Dmitrov, and Tver. The Novgorodians invited prince Yaroslav to rule in
1215 and in 1226 and 1230. In this battle he mets the knights outside Yur'yev.
Many knights of the Sword are drowned. The same year the Lithuanians attacked
the knights of the Sword and drove east to Torshok, near Tver, where they are
repulsed by Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich's druzhina and chased clear to
Toropets.
|
|
|
1235 AD
|
Mongol leaders under Khan Ogodei
hold kuriltay to plan conquest of the world. They decide on four simultaneous
campaigns: against Korea, against Sung south China, against Iraq (Abbasid
Caliph), Syria and Transcaucasia, and against Europe.
|
|
|
1235 AD
|
Oblivious to the coming storm
from the East, Prince Michael Chernigovskii, (that
is Mikhail Vsyevolodovich) under the banner of Izyaslav Vladimirovich, prince of Putlivl, the grandson
of the famous Prince Igor, captures and sacks Kyiv. Both he and his opponent,
Daniil Romanovich Volynskii rely on Polovtsi weapons
and troops. Their loyalties are swayed by intermarriages of Russian princes and
Polovetsian beauties. Izyaslav sits on the throne in Kyiv. Michael chases
Daniil out of Galich into Hungary. Izyaslav is grand prince at Kyiv (1234-
1236)
|
|
|
1235 AD
|
The battle at Mogil'no. The
western princes unite against the main Lithuanian force led by Prince Ringol'd.
The battle taks place where the Ditva river falls into the Neiman in modern
Belarus. The Rus are led by the prince of Drutsk, Dmitrii, the druzhina
of the prince of Volynsk, Prince Lev Daniilovich (10
yrs old?) and the brother of the great prince, Yuri II Vsyevolodovich,
Svyatoslav of Starodub (or Yur'yev). The Rus
suffer a humiliating defeat at the hands of the Lithuanians
|
|
|
1236 AD
|
Battle of the Shaulya (Saule)
River on 21 September. Also known as the battle of Kamenka, a small village on
the boundary between Latvia and Lithuania. The site is disputed. Under the
leadership of Mindovg the Lithuanians unite their lands. At the Shaulya Prince
Ringol'd defeats the Teutonic knights led by the Grossmeister, with Count
Dannenberg and Count Hazel'dorf of the German knights of the Cross. Also
participating are princes of Volynia; with their companies of Galicians. The
heavily armed knights are annihilatred. The Grossmeister of the Teutonic
knights, Volquin von Vingerstein, Dannenberg and Hazel'dorf are killed. Also
killed are 48 company commanders and the entire command of the knights of the
Cross. Pope Gregory calls for days of grieving. Ringold changes allegiance to
Latvia.
|
|
|
1236 AD
|
Mikhail Vsyevolodovich takes over as Grand Prince of
Kyiv. (some say 1238 -1240)
|
|
|
1236-7 AD
|
Batu and Subudei lead Mongol army
against Volga Bolgars, Mongka leads another army against the Polovtsi
(Kypchaks).
|
|
|
1236-40 AD
|
Aleksandr Yaroslavich (Nevski) elected prince of
Novgorod.
|
|
|
1237 AD
|
The battle of Dorogichin. The
druzhina of Prince Daniil Romanovich of Galicia,
grandson of Kyivan Grand Prince Mstislav
Izyaslavich and son of Roman Mstislavich who had
crearted the powerful Volyni-Galicia principality, defeats the Livonian knights
lead by Magistrate Bruno.
|
|
|
1237 AD
|
Battle of the River Memel'. The
river is a tributary of the Neiman on its lower course near where it empties
into Konigsberg bay. A powerful Teutonic fortress was located here. In a bloody
battle the Lithuanians defeated the combined forces of the Teutonic and
Livonian knights plus units from western Europe and Pskov.
|
|
|
1237 AD
|
Hermann Balk now provincial
master in Livonia also after the Teutonic Knights unite with the Livonian
Brothers: They capture Courland and spread control along entire south Baltic
coast.
|
|
|
1237-8 AD
|
Batu leads second Mongol
invasion to conquer Rus, Cumans (Polovtsi, or Kypchaks) and Crimea -Yurii II Vsyevolodovich , Grand Prince of Vladimir, killed
in battle with Mongols as are his two sons. Ryazan captured on 12 Dec 1237,
then Moscow, then Vladimir on 8 Feb. 1238 after week-long siege. Yuri II killed
on 4 March on Siti River. One Mongol detachment takes Rostov, Yaroslavl,
Kostroma, and Vologda. Another Mongol detachment attacks Peryeyaslavl, Tver,
Uglich, Kashin and Torshok. At Tver the son of prince of Novgorod and
Peryeyaslavl is killed. Torshok is heavily fortified city and holds out for 2
weeks until 5 March, disrupting the Mongol time table. Kashin is first
mentioned in chronicles in this campaign. Mongols spend rest of 1238 regrouping
and obtaining more horses in steppe region.
|
|
|
1238-46 AD
|
Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich, prince of Peryeyaslavl,
and sometime elected prince of Novgorod, who luckily was in Lithuania when the
Mongols arrived, elected Grand Prince of Vladimir after death of his brother,
Yuri II, at Siti River, in Sonkovski rayon. He dies in Mongolia in 1246.
|
|
|
1238-42, and 1244-6 AD
|
Dietrich v Gruningen, provincial
master of Teutonic Knights for Livonia
|
|
|
1239-44 AD
|
Heinrich v Weide, provincial
master of Teutonic Knights for Prussia
|
|
|
1239 AD
|
Monka leads Mongol detachment to
conquer Alans and Circassians in north Caucasus region. Batu completes
subjugation of Kypchaks except for 40,000 who flee to Hungary. Mongols conquer
Tibet. Mongols plunder Sudak, also devastate Theodoro (capital at Mangup-kale)
and impose tribute, Tatar capital at Solkhat (Eski-krim), Mongols sack
Chernigiv and Pereiaslavl. Chernigiv is defended by Mstislav Glebovich.
|
|
|
1239 AD
|
The Lithuanians capture Smolensk
but are then chased out by Yaroslav.
|
|
|
1239 AD
|
Yaroslav Ingvarevich, who in 1229 had received from
Daniil the appanages of Mezhibozh'e and Peremil',
campaigns to Kamenets, captures the city and many people including Michael's
wife. Daniil Romanovich steps in and frees the princess.
|
|
|
1239 AD
|
Aleksandr Yaroslavich (later Nevski) builds wooden
palisade fortress on the Shelon' river near Novgorod. Following his marriage to
Aleksandra Praskov'ya, daughter of the Polotsk prince Bryachislav at Toropets,
Aleksandr returns to Novgorod. He then founds the city, Porkhov on the Shelon'
and builds more palisaded fortresses in the region. But Mindovg chases
Bryachislav out of Polotsk and places his own son-in-law, Tovtivila, on the
throne, thereby taking control of the entire Polotsk region.
|
|
|
1240 AD
|
Batu's cousin, Mengu, who had
already secretly entered the city on reconaissance, sends emissaries to
Mikhail Vsyevolodovich who is ruling Kyiv,
offering terms. Instead Mikhail has the ambassadors killed, then he and Daniil
Romanovich flee the city. Mongol campaign sacks Kyiv in the fall. The Mongol
army is spread thin over winter from Caucasus and Crimea to Carpathians. Many
Kypchak flee to Hungary where they settle.
|
|
|
1240 AD
|
Aleksandr Yaroslavich defeats Swedish force led by
Earl Birger, who is attempting to block Novgorod's access to the sea, on Neva
River, receives name "Nevski". Livonian Knights move to capture Pskov
but their allies in the Teutonic Order are diverted by the call from the Duke
of Silesia to aid Poland against the Mongols.
|
|
|
1240 AD
|
The knights of the Order with
detachments from the Dutch king and Bishop of Derpt defeat the Pskovian army
led by the voyevode Gavrilya Gorislavich and capture the fortress at Izborsk,
killing all the local inhabitants. On 16 Sept the German knights aided by
Germanophile Pskovian boyars capture the city. Aleksandr Yaroslavich's army is
too weak for him to assist. Aleksandr flees Novgorod to Peryeyaslavl. The
Novgorodians receive help from Andrei, another son of
Yaroslav Vsyevolodovich, but he is unable to stop the German advance.
|
|
|
1240 AD
|
Document mentions Alans live
near Chersonesus and Theodoro. There is a Bishop of Alania.
|
|
|
1240 AD
|
Mindovg, Lithuanian chieftan,
converts to Christianity and is given crown by Innocent IV.
|
|
|
1241 AD
|
Mongols resume offensive. Mongol
detachment wins battle at Liegnitz (April 9th) over Germans lead by Henrick the
Good, where many Teutonic Knights are killed, and main army of Batu and Subudai
destroy Hungarians led by King Bela IV at confluence of Tisa and Sajo Rivers on
11 April. Northern detachment turns south from Silesia to move rapidly throught
Bohemia and Moravia. Bohemian king Vaclav wins minor skirmish over one Mongol
band near Kladsko, but the Mongols are in a hurry to reach Hungary and don't
take time to bother with Bohemians. Hungarian king Bela rallies support in
Croatia. Emperor Frederick II, Pope Gregory IX, and various western rulers all
issue appeals to each other to move against the Mongols, but no one makes a
move.
|
|
|
1241 AD
|
Livonian Knights with support
from remaining Teutonic Order begin campaign against Novgorod and capture
Pskov. With support of mercenary Lithuanians, Ests and the
always-ready-for-a-fight, Livs, they take Kopor'ye and Tesov on the Oredezh
River and approach Novgorod. Aleksandr moves around this force and retakes
Kopor'ye, hanging traitors amongst the Chud and Vod clans.
|
|
|
1241 AD
|
In December Mongols cross frozen
Danube and invade Croatia to capture Zagreb and overrun Dalmatian coast.
Another Mongol detachment reaches Klosterneuburg near Vienna. Batu prepares
campaign into Austria and Central Europe.
|
|
|
1241 AD
|
Death of Ogodei on 11 December.
|
|
|
1241-55 AD
|
Aleksandr Nevski returns to
Novgorod in March and is again elected prince.
|
|
|
1242 AD
|
Batu receives word of Ogodei's
death and starts back toward Mongolia in order to influence next election.
Tatar-Mongols again sack Crimea.
|
|
|
1242 AD
|
Batu establishes khanate of Ulus
of Jochi (Great or Kypchak khanate) at Sarai on Volga.
|
|
|
1242 AD
|
Livonian and Teutonic Knights
march against Novgorod. Andrei Yaroslavich is sent by
the new grand prince, of Vladimir, Yaroslav II
Vsyevolodovich to assist Aleksandr at Novgorod. After liberating Pskov, they
meet the Germans at the "Uzmen" at the Vorontei stone and defeat them
on 5 April at frozen Lake Peipus (lake Chud). 500 knights are killed and 50
taken prisoner. (estimates vary greatly) At this Prussians revolt.
|
|
|
1243 AD
|
Batu confirms Yaroslav II
Vsyevolodovich as Grand Prince of Vladimir and the yarlik for Kyiv.
Yaroslav sends his son, Konstantin, to Sarai where he
remained 2 years. Yaroslav is then summoned to the Mongol capital for the
election of the new great Khan.
|
|
|
1243-44 AD
|
Rostislav Mikhailovich of Chernigiv, who had married
Anna, the daughter of Bela IV of Hungary, brings the Little Poland king
Boleslav the Shameful into the fight for Galich. Daniil
Romanovich combines forces with Conrad of Mazovia and the Lithuanian prince
Mindovg and wins victory over Rostislav.
|
|
|
1244-46 AD
|
Poppo v Osternach, provincial
master of Teutonic Knights in Prussia.
|
|
|
1244 AD
|
Egyptian sultan encourages
Khorezmians (Turcomans), defeated by Mongols, to move to Iraq and Syria and in
July they capture Jerusalem.
|
|
|
1245 AD
|
Princes Daniil of Galicia and
Vasilko of Volynia defeat Prince Rostislav of Chernigiv (despite his support by
Poles and Hungarians).
|
|
|
1245 AD
|
John of Plano Carpini begins
journey as Papal envoy to Mongol khan at Qaraqorum - Daniil of Galicia goes to
Sarai to obtain yarlik and avoid a Mongol governor going to Galicia.
Batu confirms Daniil Romanovich as Prince of Galicia and Volynia.
|
|
|
1245 AD
|
Pope Innocent IV preaches Seventh
Crusade at Council of Lyon, King Louis IX of France takes leadership of this
crusade.
|
|
|
1246 AD
|
Daniil aquieses to Khan's demand
for tribute. Mikhail Vsyevolodovich, Grand Prince
of Kyiv and Prince of Chernigiv, also goes to see Batu but refuses to kowtow
and is executed. This strengthens Daniil's position.
|
|
|
1246-48 AD
|
Kuriltay electes Guyuk, Great
Khan of Mongols; Yaroslav II, Grand prince of Vladimir: Kilij-Arslan IV, Seljuk
sultan: David V, King of Georgia, are among the attendees along with the envoy
of Pope Innocent. Guyuk decides to concentrate Mongol effort against Egypt in
cooperation with Christians in Palestine. Yaroslav II Vsyevolodovich dies in
Mongolia (poisoned?).
|
|
|
1246-48 AD
|
Svyatoslav III, Vsyevolodovich, prince of Suzdal,
becomes Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
|
1246 AD
|
Daniil reorganizes Galician army
along Mongol lines and equips it with Mongol arms and armor.
|
|
|
1246-59 AD
|
Dietrich v Gruningen, provincial
master of Teutonic Knights for Prussia.
|
|
|
1246 AD
|
John de Plano Carpini passes
through Ukraine but not Crimea on way to Sarai.
|
|
|
1247-1485 AD
|
Tver independent principality,
how and why not clear. As of 1245 it still had a namestnik of Yaroslav, but
with his death the area was again divided. The first prince of Tver was
Yaroslav III Yaroslavich. Tver principality was
formed from parts of the Vladimir Grand Principality, part of Novgorod land and
part of Smolensk principality. The chronicles mention Tver, Kashin, Zubtsov,
Staritsa, Klin, Kholm, Mikulin, Ksnyatin, Khorvach, and Belii Gorodok. The town
soon had a strong kremlin surrounded by a high earthen rampart and water filled
ditch and topped by strong wooden stockade wall.
|
|
|
1248-53 AD
|
Andreas v Stierland, provincial
master of Teutonic Knights for Livonia.
|
|
|
1248 AD
|
Mikhail Yaroslavich Khrabri, briefly Grand prince of
Vladimir after chasing Svyatoslav III Vsyevolodovich out of Vladimir, but he
dies the following year.
|
|
|
1248-52 AD
|
Guyuk gives yarlik to
Andrei II Yaroslavich, as Grand Prince of Vladimir
and appoints his brother, Aleksandr (Nevski), as Prince of Kyiv. Khan Guyuk
dies in 1248, Mongol campaign to Palestine put on hold. In 1249 Andrei returns
to Vladimir and Aleksandr goes to Novgorod instead of Kyiv.
|
|
|
1249 AD
|
Swedish leader, Birger Jarl,
conquers central Finland - Treaty of Christburg.
|
|
|
1249 AD
|
Mikhail Yaroslavich is killed
during battle of Protva River against Lithuanians.
|
|
|
1249 AD
|
Sudak
celebrates "liberation" from Mongol-Tatars, but they pay tribute for
the privilege of local self-government. Tatar capital in Crimea is at Solkhat,
a one-day trip across the mountains from Sudak, on the caravan route to
Perekop. Arab author Ibn-abd-az-Zakhir mentions that at Solkhat there are
Alans, Russians, and Kypchaks among the diverse population.
|
|
|
1250s AD
|
Lithuanian tribes under strong
leadership of princes such as Mendovg with their druzhina begin
offensive movement to south and east into Ukraine and Russia. They gain control
of Grodno, Volkovysk, Slonim, Polotsk and Vitebsk. In the process the
Lithuanians absorb Russian military skills and culture.
|
|
|
1250-52 AD
|
Abel, King of Denmark.
|
|
|
1250-75 AD
|
Valdemar, King of Sweden.
|
|
|
1250 AD
|
Aleksandr Nevski's second son,
Dmitrii I Aleksandrovich is born.
|
|
|
1250 AD
|
Mamluks seize power in Egypt.
|
|
|
1251-59 AD
|
Mongke, Great Khan of the
Mongols, as result of alliance between himself and Batu and over wishes of
descendents of Jagatay and Ogodei. Batu's son, Sartak, becomes Christian and is
placed in charge of Russian affairs.
|
|
|
1251 AD
|
Daniil of Galicia marries
daughter of Mendovg of Lithuania as one of a series of dynastic marriages and
attempts to acquire an ally against the Mongols.
|
|
|
1251 AD
|
On death of Svyatoslav in 1248
AndreiII Yaroslavich of Suzdal is appointed Grand
Prince. Aleksandr goes again to Sarai for confirmation by Batu, but Andrei
refuses to go. Sartak leads Mongol army to Vladimir in 1252 and defeats Andrei
near Peryeyaslavl-in-Suzdalia then devastates region. Andrei flees to Novgorod
and then to Sweden to evade Mongol pursuit. Sartak gives yarlik for
Vladimir to Aleksandr.
|
|
|
1252-59 AD
|
Christopher I, King of Denmark.
|
|
|
1252-63 AD
|
Aleksandr Yaroslavich, Nevski, Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
|
1252 AD
|
Tatar army led by Burundai
campaigns against Lithuanian principalities of Aukahtaitiya and Zhemaitiya.
Lithuanians harrass Tatars but avoid major battles, thereby maintaining their
independence.
|
|
|
1252 AD
|
Mongka orders new census and
conscription throughout empire in support of campaign in China. This increases
Mongol pressure in Russia. Mongols begin conquest of Sung empire, south China.
|
|
|
1253, 21 May
|
Friar William de Rubriquis
passes through Sudak on his way from Acre to Sarai and Mongolia. He describes
it as major trade center, and discusses Crimea in general. He notes that he met
there some of the same merchants he had met in Constantinople. (Did these
include Venetians?)
|
|
|
1253-6 AD
|
Anno v Sangershausen, provincial
master in Livonia.
|
|
|
1253-78 AD
|
Ottokar II, expands territories
of Bohemia, opens silver mines.
|
|
|
1253-99 AD
|
War between Genoa and Venice
breaks out at Acre, spreads throughout Med. and Black Seas.
|
|
|
1253 AD
|
Abulfeda mentions Kerker
(Qurq-ier - Chufut Kale).
|
|
|
1253 AD
|
Daniil Romanovich of
Volynia-Galicia seeks aid from western states (Hungary and Germany) and the
Pope to start a crusade against the Mongols, without success. Tatar army of
Nevruya attacks Peryeyaslav'-Zaleskii and another of Kurems attacks south
Russia. These are driven back by Daniil. Daniil then wages war against Mindovg
in Lithuania. Daniil attempts dynastic alliances. He marries sister of Tovtivil
of Lithuania while his son, Roman, marries Gertrud, daughter of the Austrian
prince Fredrick. Daniil receives title of King of Galicia from Pope in 1254.
|
|
|
1253 AD
|
Mongol army of Hulagu, Mongka's
brother, prepares for campaign against Persia and Iraq: Another brother,
Kubilay, begins campaign in China.
|
|
|
1255AD
|
Ottokar II of Bohemia allies with
Teutonic Knights against Prussians.
|
|
|
1255 AD
|
Batu Khan dies, succeeded by
Sartak: Hulagu reaches Samarkand in September.
|
|
|
1255 AD
|
Aleksandr Nevski and his brother, Andrei in battle for throne of Vladimir,
Yaroslav III Yaroslavich of Tver supports Andrei.
The Tatars interveen and defeat Andrei on Klyazma river. Yaroslav flees, his
wife is killed and his son taken prisoner.
|
|
|
1256 AD
|
Sartaq, Khan of the Kipchak
Khanate, dies shortly after accession. (maybe poisoned) He is succeeded by his
brother, Ulagchi, who calls all Russian princes to Sarai and confirms their
yarliks and orders a new census and further conscription.
|
|
|
1256 AD
|
Daniil of Galicia begins to defy
Mongols by driving their troops out of Podolia and Volynia. Mongols are busy in
northern Russia and conductd only small, local punitive raids before
withdrawing into steppe. Andrei II returns from Sweden and is given
yarlik for Gorodetz and Nizhni Novgorod.
|
|
|
1256 AD
|
Hulagu crosses Amu Daria River in
January and reinforcements from Kypchak Khanate strengthen his army further.
|
|
|
1256-7 AD
|
Mongol armies destroy many
Assassin castles in Persia.
|
|
|
1257 AD
|
Mongol officials arrive in
Riazan, Murom and Vladimir to conduct census. New Mongol administrative
apparatus is established to control Russian princes. Vladimir area aquiesses,
but Novgorod tries to reject Mongols.
|
|
|
1257 AD
|
Mongol armies reach Tongking
south of China.
|
|
|
1258-1266 AD
|
Ulagchi dies, then Batu's
brother, Berke, a Moslem convert, becomes Khan of Kypchak Horde, Mongol census
of Rus begins. Berke supports alliance with Mamlukes in Egypt against his
cousin, Hulagu. Berke shifts Mongol attention from northern Russia to Middle
East and western Russia.
|
|
|
1258-9 AD
|
Aleksandr Nevski and Andrii go
with Mongol officials to Novgorod to impress on people the futility of
resistance. Nevertheless Novgorodians start a riot and Aleksandr has to use
troops from Vladimir to protect Mongol officials and suppress riot. The census
proceeded and Novgorod citizens are conscripted into Mongol army for duty in
China. Novgorod avoids stationing of permanent Mongol officials.
|
|
|
1258 AD
|
Venice defeats Genoa in naval
war.
|
|
|
1258 AD
|
Yaroslav III Yaroslavich, receives yarlik for
Tver principality.
|
|
|
1258 AD
|
In February Hulegu sacks Baghdad,
last Abbasid Caliph executed, contingents of Kypchak Horde sent by Ulagchi
participate. Mongols reorganize and rest in preparation for campaign against
Egypt.
|
|
|
1258 AD
|
Mendovg changes policy of
alliance with Daniil and arrests Daniil's son, Roman, leaving Daniil without an ally against the
Mongols.
|
|
|
1259 AD
|
Hulagu prepares to invade Syria.
|
|
|
1259 AD
|
Mongka dies of dysentery
contracted while supervising operations in China. Kubilay concludes truce with
Sungs and prepares to contest the Mongol succession. Hulagu returns to Mongolia
leaving in Syria a small army consisting of a single Turkish division with
Mongol officers under command of the Nestorian Christian general, Kit-Buka.
|
|
|
1259 AD
|
Berke replaces Mongol general
(Kurumshi) in Podolia with new and more active commander (Burunday) with orders
to suppress Daniil's independence and the Lithuanian expansion. Burunday orders
Daniil and Russian princes to support his initial campaign against Lithuanians.
Combined Mongol-Russian army raids Lithuania and seizes booty, but Lithuanian
army avoids battle.
|
|
|
1259 AD
|
Conflict between Novgorod and
Hanse league over Lubeck trade ends in June with new treaty.
|
|
|
1259-61 AD
|
Michael VIII, Paleologus,
Byzantine emperor at Nicea (at Constantinople until 1282) has Englishmen
Varangian guard.
|
|
|
1260 AD
|
One quriltai elects
Qubilai as khan and another elects Arik-Boke - civil war in center of Mongol
empire, Qubilai wins. (Great Khan 1260-94).
|
|
|
1260 AD
|
Hulegu invades Syria, between
January and March captures Aleppo and Damascus, but withdraws due to struggle
over succession to Mongke. On September 3rd Mamlukes including now Kypchak and
other Turkish troops defeat Mongol detachment of Kypchaks and Turks left behind
at Ayn-Jalut ,Crusaders wondering whom to support.
|
|
|
1260 AD
|
Burunday leads Mongol army into
Volynia and orders Russian princes to destroy their own town fortifications.
Daniil flees to Poland. Russians comply by destroying forts. Mongols establish
tax and conscription districts throughout southwest Rus region under
supervision of their own officials. Burunday then withdraws Mongol army back to
Dnieper steppe.
|
|
|
1260 AD
|
Battle of Durben, Lithuanians led
by Mindovg defeat Teutonic Order when landsknekht flee the field disrupting the
battle order, leading to a new revolt by Prussians. The Livonian Order
magistrate, Borkhardt von Hornkhauzen, the Marshall von Botal' and the Swedish
Hertzog , Carl all perish. The Danish- Swedish army is severly defeated. 150
titled knights fall and 14 are taken prisoner, of which 8 are burned at the
stake to appease Lithuanian pagan gods. Curland defects from Christiandom and
Prussia returns to Prussians. Mindovg is stripped of his title as Roman king.
But the Baltic region seeks his protection from the Teutonic knights and he
also defends the Rus population of Chyornaya Rusi (Ukraine) and Byelorussia,
Volynia and Pskov. Mindovg sends ambassadors to Vladimir to unite against the
Teutonic Order and Aleksandr accepts. But nothing comes of this.
|
|
|
1260 AD
|
Ottokar II of Bohemia defeats
Hungarians.
|
|
|
1260 AD
|
According to Marco Polo's
account the Polo brothers (Venetians) have a trade post and real estate at
Sudak.
|
|
|
1260-83 AD
|
After the above revolt the
Teutonic Order finally subjugates the Curonians, southern Letts and Prussians.
|
|
|
1261 AD
|
March, Emperor Michael VIII
Palaeologus recaptures Constantinople with Genoese help. He already has treaty
of Nymphaeam with Genoa favorable to them, that closed Black Sea to all but
Genoa and Pisa. Venetian quarter of Constantinople burned. Michael eventually
gives one daughter each in marriage to Mongol Khans Abaga and Nogay. At first
he blocks trade and communications between Kypchak Horde and Egypt, but later
is forced to reopen it.
|
|
|
1261-2 AD
|
Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baybars (
who is Kypchak ) sends letter to Berke urging his assistance against Hulagu.
Warfare begins between Berke and Hulagu over control of northern Iran.
|
|
|
1261 AD
|
Orthodox archbishop established
at Sarai, capital of Kypchak Horde.
|
|
|
1262 AD
|
Revolts in Rus towns against
Mongol tax collectors centered in Suzdalia towns, Rostov, Vladimir, Yaroslavl
and Suzdal. Aleksandr Nevski goes to Berke to plead forbearance and pardon for
his people. Berke agrees.
|
|
|
1262 AD
|
Lithuanians raid Volynia.
|
|
|
1262 AD
|
Berke orders his Kypchak troops
with Hulagu to defect and they go to Egypt to reinforce the Mamlukes. Berke's
initial campaign against Hulagu is led by Emir Nogai and is defeated in Derbent
area in late 1262.
|
|
|
1263-72 AD
|
Aleksandr dies on return
journey at Gorodets on the Volga. Berke gives yarlik of Vladimir to
Aleksandr's brother, Yaroslav III of Tver, making
Tver the political center of Rus. He is also the appointed prince of Novgorod,
but his policy to expand Tver at Novgorod's expense fails. Aleksandr's son,
Dmitrii, becomes prince of Peryeyaslavl-Zaleski, the family base holding.
|
|
|
1263 AD
|
Following death of Aleksandr
Nevski and assassination of Mindovg in the fall by his opponents, Dovmont of
Nal'shenai and Troinat of Zhematiisk, the hopes for a united Russian,
Lithuanian block against the Teutonic knights are put to rest forever.
|
|
|
1263 AD
|
Envoy of Sultan Baibars of Egypt
arrives to build mosque at Solkat in Crimea for the Mamluk ruler commemorating
his birthplace.
|
|
|
1263-4 AD
|
Berke leads Kypchak Horde army
into Transcaucasia and defeats Hulagu. Both armies suffer heavy losses in
battle seriously weakening Mongol power. Berke levies conscription on Russia
for troops for campaigns in Caucasus and TransCaucasus. Kypchak Horde is now
firmly allied with Mamluks in Egypt against Il-Khans in Persia. Many Egyptian
troops continue to come from Kypchak Horde including Russians and Alans.
|
|
|
1264 AD
|
Qubilai defeats Arik-Boke,
Qubilai moves capital from Qaraqorum to Beijing.
|
|
|
1264 AD
|
Venice declares war on Genoa and
destroys their fleet off Trepani on Sicily. Byzantine emperor abandons Genoa
and reestablishes relations with Venice.
|
|
|
1264 AD
|
Berke sends Nogai with army into
Thrace to secure assistance of the vassal Bulgarian Tsar, Constantine, against
the Byzantines.
|
|
|
1264 AD
|
Daniil
Romanovich, King of Galicia, and Mendovg of Lithuania die. Andrei II
Yaroslavich also dies.
|
|
|
1265 AD
|
Byzantine-Venetian trade treaty
reopens Black Sea for Venetian traders.
|
|
|
1265 AD
|
Combined Mongol- Bulgarian armies
threaten Constantinople.
|
|
|
1265 AD
|
Khan Berke gives Sudak as
appanage to Seljuk Sultan Kai Karnes II as wedding present.
|
|
|
1265-66 AD
|
Khan Berke again campaigns in
Transcaucasia with advance guard commanded by Nogai.
|
|
|
1265-82 AD
|
On death of Hulagu, Abaqa becomes
second khan of Il Khan empire in Iran.
|
|
|
1266 AD
|
Genoese found colony at Kaffa by
buying land from a Tatar noble, agreed to by Khan Berke, but city is already
ancient from before 10th century, they build mostly new city and provide
earthen wall defenses initially.
|
|
|
1267 AD
|
The Novgorod
posadnik, Mikhail Fyodorovich, and the veche call for aid from the son of
Aleksandr Nevski, Dmitrii Alexandrovich, and his
Pereyaslav polki. Upon learning of the call to arms in Novgorod the
Germans at Derpt-Yur'yev, the leaders of Riga and the Order representatives
send emmisaries to Novgorod to ask why war preparations are being made.
|
|
|
1267 AD
|
Ottokar II, of
Bohemia, campaigns against Lithuanians.
|
|
|
1267 AD
|
Genoese granted
trading rights at Galatai by Byzantine Emperor, Michael.
|
|
|
1267-80 AD
|
Berke dies in 1266
in Tbilisi during the campaign and his army retires across the Caucasus. He has
no living son. Mangu Temir, grandson of Batu is elected Khan of Kypchak Horde.
Mangu-Temir is a Sky worshipper, which greatly reduces Kypchak pressure to
support Moslems. He grants yarlik of immunity from taxes and
conscription to the Russian Church. Nogai is assigned to command the Mongol
armies in the Balkans.
|
|
|
1267 AD
|
Qubilay begins campaign again in
South China with assistance of detachments from both Kypchak Horde and the
Il-Khans (Including Russian units).
|
|
|
1267 AD
|
Hulagu's successor, Abaqa,
attempts to organize alliance with Christian Europe against Moslems in Near
East.
|
|
|
1268 AD
|
Battle of River Kegola. Novgorod
is now prepared for war. In January they send army against Danes at Rakovor in
Estonia. On 12 February they are ambushed by troops of the very cities in
Livonia that had insisted on peace in 1267. Novgorod looses its posadnik, the
tysyatskii, and many polk commanders in a bloody battle into the night.
By morning the Livonians move on to loot the region around Pskov while
Dmitrii retains the battlefield, hence can claim
victory.
|
|
|
1269 AD
|
Kaidu (grandson of Ogodei) gains
control of all Transoxania and Kashgaria.
|
|
|
1269 AD
|
Mangu-Temir and Abaqa conclude
peace treaty.
|
|
|
1270 AD
|
Emperor Michael allows Venice
back into Black Sea.
|
|
|
1271 AD
|
Kaluga founded.
|
|
|
1271- 1281 AD
|
on death of Yaroslav III, his
son,Svyatoslav Yaroslavich prince of Tver, Tver
has bishopric in 1271.
|
|
|
1271 AD
|
Emir Nogai starts Mongol
offensive against Constantinople to reopen Bosporus to traffic between Egypt
and Kypchak Horde.
|
|
|
1272-76 AD
|
Khan Mangu-Temir gives
yarlik to Vasilii Yaroslavich, Grand Prince
of Vladimir- from Kostroma. He was another son of Yaroslav and Rostislava. Khan
sends troops to support Vasilii's claim to the title as prince of Novgorod
against Novgorodian opposition.
|
|
|
1274 AD
|
Official act of Sudak mentions
use of "Soldaia asper" -silver coin - in trade. Three official acts
mention Genoese at Sudak and two at south Black Sea shore town - Batits -
mention payment of visa duties for trade with Sudak.
|
|
|
1274 AD
|
Mongol campaign against Japan is
defeated. Kaidu proclaims his independence in Central Asia.
|
|
|
1275 AD
|
Qubilay orders new census and
conscription in Russia for campaign in south China.
|
|
|
1276 AD
|
Kaidu moves against
Qubilay's officers in Central Asia but the Great Khan restores his power there.
|
|
|
1276-81 AD
|
Vasilii dies as last of the
Yaroslavichi, leaving no brothers. Mangu-temir gives yarlik to
Aleksandr's son, Dmitrii I Aleksandrovich, of
Peryeyaslavl- Suzdalia as Grand Prince of Vladimir (1st time). He also gives
him the title of prince of Novgorod.
|
|
|
1277 AD
|
Kaidu seizes Karakorum briefly
but is soon ousted by Qubilay's troops.
|
|
|
1277 AD
|
Mangu-temir begins offensive
against Alans in north Caucasus and orders Russian princes to bring their
druzhina in support. Aleksandr Nevski's third son, Andrei, among others, participates. The Russians capture
the main Alan fortified city.
|
|
|
1278 AD
|
Ottokar II, defeated and killed
by Rudolf Hapsburg at Marchfeld.
|
|
|
1279 AD
|
Rus princes join Mongol forces in
war against Lithuania.
|
|
|
1279 AD
|
Papal legate Philipp of Fermo,
issues orders showing his concern that the Hungarian king, Laslo IV, is living
according to the Kypchak manner rather than as a Christian.
|
|
|
1279 AD
|
Qubali gains control of all of
China. Khan Mangu-Temir dies and his brother, Tuda-Mangu, is elected Khan of
the Kypchak Horde. Nogai proclaims himself khan also (of the Nogai horde).
|
|
|
1279-88 AD
|
Leszek II, King of Poland.
|
|
|
1280-87 AD
|
Khan Tudu Mangu, of Kipchak
Horde, controlled mostly by Nogai.
|
|
|
1280 AD
|
All Russian princes except Grand
Prince Dmitrii I Aleksandrovich go to meet Khan
Tuda-Mangu. Dmitrii is busy attacking Novgorod. Tuda-Mangu cancels his
yarlik and gives Vladimir to Dmitri's younger brother,
Andrei prince of Kostroma and Gorodets, Dmitri
refuses to surrender the yarlik and conflict follows. Tuda-Mangu sends
Mongol troops to assist Andrei. Mongols pillage Vladimir region and install
Andrei on throne.
|
|
|
1280's AD
|
Mongols campaign with modest
success in Cambodia, Annam and Burma. The second Mongol campaign against Japan
fails in 1281.
|
|
|
1281 AD
|
Treaty between Byzantine Mikhail
VIII Paleologus and Egyptian Sultan Quallou to protect merchants trading at
Sudak (slave trade).
|
|
|
1281-83 AD
|
Andrei
Aleksandrovich, Grand Prince - from Gorodets - He brings Tatar troops in
support against Tver and Torzhok.
|
|
|
1281 AD
|
Dmitrii
goes to Nogai and receives yarlik for Vladimir and troops for support to
regain the throne. Andrei is forced to give up and move to Kostroma. However,
Tuda-Mangu continues to consider Andrei the legal Grand Prince. Rostov princes
likewise remain loyal to Tuda-Mangu.
|
|
|
1281-1318 AD
|
Mikhail Yaroslavich, younger brother of Svyatoslav, is
prince of Tver with his mother, Ksyena, as regent at first.
|
|
|
1282 AD
|
Nogai sends 4,000 select Mongol
(Kypchak) troops to support Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII, but Michael dies
before the campaign begins.
|
|
|
1282 AD
|
Orthodox bishopric of Sudak has
its own metropolitan. Church accounts mention that by mid 13th century
population of Sudak is 8300. (Possibly only males counted). The account lists
Greeks, Tatars, Armenians, and others.
|
|
|
1282-1328 AD
|
Andronicus II, Byzantine
emperor.
|
|
|
1282-84 AD
|
Teguder Ahmad, Khan of Il-Khan
Dynasty in Iran.
|
|
|
1283 AD
|
Tuda-Mangu converts to Islam and
becomes a religious mystic.
|
|
|
1283-94 AD
|
Dmitrii I Aleksandrovich, Grand Prince - 2nd time.
|
|
|
1284-91 AD
|
Arghun, Khan of Il Khan Dynasty
in Iran.
|
|
|
1285-6 AD
|
Nogai leads his own Mongol
(Kypchak) troops in offensive into Hungary from the south. Tele-Buga leads the
army of the main Kypchak Horde into Slovakia from the north but is stopped by
snow in the Carpathian Mountains and forced to retire to Galicia, which he then
loots in compensation for missing out in Hungary.
|
|
|
1286 AD
|
Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver leads united troops of
Tver, Moscow, Novo-torzhok, and Rzhev against Lithuanian invasion. In following
two years he shows independence from Grand Prince of Vladimir, Dmitrii I
Aleksandrovich.
|
|
|
1286 AD
|
Nogai arrives in Galicia to work
together with Tele-Buga to attack Poland. They order Russian princes to join as
well. Nogai attacks Krakow and Tele-Buga moves toward Sandomir.
|
|
|
1287 AD
|
After looting Poland both Mongol
armies return to Galicia and Volynia to complete the destruction there. This
destruction reduces the local ability to resist the subsequent advance by
Lithuania.
|
|
|
1287 AD
|
Baptism of one of Nogai's wives
at Chufut-Kale.
|
|
|
1287 AD
|
Venetian consul mentioned at
Sudak - possibly existed from some time after 1265.
|
|
|
1287-91 AD
|
Tele Buga, Khan of Kipchak Horde
after resignation of Tudu Mangu. He opens new war against Il-Khans in Persia to
try to take Azerbaijan, but fails.
|
|
|
1288 AD
|
Galician chronicles mention
presence of merchants from Sudak, Germany, and Novgorod.
|
|
|
1289 AD
|
Rostov people try to use
opportunity to rebel against Mongols, but revolt is suppressed by Russian
princes with Mongol aid.
|
|
|
1290 AD
|
Teutonic Order from Livonia
conquers Semigallia.
|
|
|
1290's AD
|
Sudak population is one third
Tatar.
|
|
|
1290 AD
|
Date of earliest surviving
official Genoese regulations for local government in Kaffa.
|
|
|
1290-96 AD
|
Przemyslav II, King of Poland.
|
|
|
1290 AD
|
Tele-Buga again at war in
Azerbaijan. He tries to arrest Mangu-Temir's son, Tokhta, who escapes and finds
refuge with Nogai.
|
|
|
1291 AD
|
Mamluks drive last Crusaders out
of Palestine, Venice establishes trade with Turks at Acre, Genoa tries to close
Dardanelles to Venice.
|
|
|
1291 AD
|
Nogai captures Tele-Buga and has
him executed. He then places Tokhta on throne as Khan. Tokhta revitalizes Horde
and its army. The Russian princes split with some including Andrei and the
Rostov princes going to swear allegiance to Tokhta and others including Dmitrii
and Michael of Tver going to swear allegiance to Nogai.
|
|
|
1291-1313 AD
|
Tokhta, Khan of Kypchak Horde.
|
|
|
1291-95 AD
|
Geikhatu, Khan of Il-Khan empire.
|
|
|
1292 AD
|
Swedes establish outpost castle
at Viborg in Karelia.
|
|
|
1292 AD
|
Metropolitan of Gothia in
Crimea, Sophronius, attends Council at Constantinople.
|
|
|
1293 AD
|
Tokhta confirms
Andrei as Grand Prince of Vladimir and sends Mongol
army to support Andrei in battle against Dmitrii. Result is extensive
destruction in entire Vladimir princedom and looting of Vladimir, Moscow and
other towns. Tver tries to resist against another Mongol army. Dmitrii flees to
Pskov and then dies.
|
|
|
1293 AD
|
Mongols are defeated in Java.
|
|
|
1293 AD
|
Nogai invades Serbia and forces
king to acknowledge him as overlord.
|
|
|
1294 AD
|
Genoa wins naval victory over
Venice at Alexandretta, but Venice reopens Dardanelles and sacks Genoese
quarter at Galatia.
|
|
|
1294-1307 AD
|
On death of Qubilai, Temur
Oljeitu becomes Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty) in China.
|
|
|
1294 - 1304 AD
|
On death of Dmitrii
Aleksandrovich, Andrei III Aleksandrovich, again
Grand Prince of Vladimir.
|
|
|
1295 AD
|
Baidu and then Ghazan (1295-1304)
become Khan of Il-Khan empire, convert to become Muslim.
|
|
|
1297 AD
|
Tokhta calls all Russian princes
to meeting at Vladimir with his representative and forces them to unite in his
support. War between Tokhta and Nogai between the Volga and the Pruth. Nogai
brings his army from Bulgaria and Romania to the battle between the Pruth and
Dniester Rivers. Nogai wins and drives Tokhta back across the Don River but
fails to complete the pursuit and follow up the victory.
|
|
|
1297 AD
|
Venice and Genoa at war in Black
Sea with each seeking support from one of the rival Mongol khans. Venice gains
temporary control of Evpatoria.
|
|
|
1297 AD
|
Staritsa founded.
|
|
|
1297 AD
|
Civil war in Livonia.
|
|
|
1298 AD
|
Tatars sack Moscow.
|
|
|
1298-1300 AD
|
Steppe war among Kypchak clans,
Nogai, instead of following up against Tokhta, turns into Crimea. He captures
Eski-Kerman,
Chufut
Kale, attacks Kaffa,
Chersonesus
and
Sudak. Acceleration of decline of Chersonesus with Tatars controlling
western Crimea.
|
|
|
1299 AD
|
Genoa wins decisive victory over
Venice at Curzole in Adriatic.
|
|
|
1299 AD
|
During steppe war Metropolitan
Maksim leaves Kyiv for Vladimir. Kyiv is now too unsafe a location for church
headquarters.
|
|
|
1299 -1300 AD
|
Khan Tokhta has new army and
returns to the attack. Battle of (Kukanlyk) Kagamly River, near modern Poltava,
Khan Tokhta defeats Nogai, who is killed by one of Tokhta's Russian troops.
Tokhta executes him for daring to spill the blood of a Mongol emir. Soon the
Nogai Horde divides and some move back to steppes north of the Caspian Sea
while others remain along the Dnieper. Tokhta sets about restoring order and
power after damage caused by the civil war.
|
|
|
End 13th early 14th century
|
Arab writers and travelers list
Sudak among the most important trading cities of the world - call the Black Sea
the "Sudak Sea".
|
|
|
|
|